TAP CHi CONG THlTdNG
PHAT TRIEN NGUON NHAN LlJC CHAT LIJ0NG CAO Cf VIET NAM
TRONG HOI NHAP QUOC TE
• NGUYIN THI LE TRAM
TOM TAT:
Cuoc cdch mang cdng nghiep 4.0 hay viec md rong quan hd hop tdc gii?a cdc nifdc da, dang lam thay ddi can ban, nhanh chong cd cS'u lao ddng va thi trifcJng lao dong. Dtfdi tdc dong Hy, doi hoi ngu'di Iao dpng phdi thay ddi de trd thanh ngudn nhan life cha't lu'dng cao (NNLCLC) nham thich tfug vdi qua trinh hpi nhap. Bdi vie't nghidn clJu v^ phat tridn NNLCLC d Viet Nam trong hdi nhap qud'c t6'-
Tijf khda: Ngudn nhan ldc chat lu'dng cao, hpi nhap quS^c te, kinh te, cd cS^u lao ddng.
1. Tmh hinh NNLCLC tren the gidfi NNLCLC la mot bo phan nhan lijfc cd silc khoe dap iJng yeu cau, du'dc dao tao dai han, cd chuyen mon ky thuSt cao, cd pham chS't dao diJc tieu bieu, cd kha nang thich iJng nhanh vdi nhu'ng thay ddi cua cdng nghe, biet van dung sang tao nhiing tri thtfc nhang ky nang da du'dc dao tao vao qua trinh lao dOng san xua't, ddng gdp cho sif phdt trien kinh te' - xa hpi mdt each hieu qua nha't. Cha't luTdng NNLCLC du'dc th^ hien qua 4 tieu chi: The life;
Tri ltfc; Nhan each; Nang ddng xa hpi. Theo bd tieu chi nay, nhtfng ntfdc cd thtf hang cao nha't cd thtf ttf la: Thuy ST, Phan Lan, Singapore; tid'p den la cdc ntfdc gdm: Ha Lan, Thuy Dien, Dtfc, Na Uy, Dan Mach, Anh, Canada. My la nen kinh te' ldn nha't the' gidi, nhtfng NNLCLC d vi tri thtf 16 vi hang muc su'c khoe dtfng thtf 43 [6].
Ngan hang Anh qud'c (2015) dtfa ra dtf bao, se cd khoang 95 trieu lao ddng truyen thd'ng bi mat viec trong vdng 10 - 20 nam tdi. Hang loat nghe nghiep cu se mat di, thi trtfdng Iao ddng tai qudc gia nay cung nhtf qud'c te' se phan hda manh me giffa nhdm lao dpng cd ky nang tha'p va nhdm lao dpng cd ky nang cao. Lao ddng gia re khdng cdn la ldi the canh tranh cua cac thi trtfdng mdi ndi d
khu vtfc My La-tinh va chdu A. Dac biet, cuoc each mang cdng nghiep lan thtf ttf (CMCN 4.0) khdng chi de dpa viec Iam cua nhffng Iao dpng trlnh dp thS'p ma ngay ea lao ddng cd ky nang bSc trung eung se hi anh htfdng, nd'u nhtf hp khdng dtfdc trang bi nhffng ky nang mdi - ky nang sang tao eho nen kinh te'4.0 [7].
Ddi vdi Viet Nam, ttf h-tfdc dd'n nay, ndn kinh td vdn dtfa nhieu vao cac nganh si dung lao ddng gid re va khai thdc tai nguyen thidn nhien; trtnh do ciaa ngtfdi lao dpng ndi ndng va cua ca nen Idnh te Vidt Nam ndi chung cdn lac hau. Day la mdt trong nhffng thach thtfe ldn nha't khi ddi dien vdi cudc CMCN 4.0 va viec md rong quan he hdp tac qud'c te'. Ngudn nhan ltfc dang d trong thdi ky cd ca'u "dan so'vang", nhiftig NNLCLC ludn thid'u hut vd sd Itfdng, han ch^
ve cha't Itfdng va bat cap vd cd ca'u.
2. Md hinh phat trid'n NNLCLC trdn thd'gitfi De phat trien ngudn nhdn ltfc, da cd mdt sd qudc gia de ra md hinh va chinh sdch cua rieng minh. Ntfdc My rat coi trpng mdi trtfdng sang tao va khuye'n khich phdt trien nhan tai, bdi dtfdng va thu hut nhan tai trong nhieu ITnh vtfc. Vi vay, hien nay My la mdt trong nhffng ntfdc cd nhieu nha khoa hoc hang dIu thd' gidi trong nhieu ITnh vtfc.
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6 Nhat Ban, gido due va dao tao rd't dtfde chii trpng, Chinh phu coi day la qud'c sach hang dau.
Theo dd, chtfdng trinh giao due dd'i vdi ca'p tieu hpc va trung hpc cd sd la bdt budc, ta't ca hpc sinh Irong dp tudi ttf 6 dd'n 15 tudi dtfde hpc midn phi.
Kdt qua la,ty Id hpe sinh thi dd vao eac trtfdng dai hpc, eao ddng d ntfdc nay ngay cang nhieu. Nhat Ban trd thanh mdt trong nhffng ctfdng qud'c giao due ciia the gidi. Trong si^ dung va quan ly nhan life, Nhat Ban thtfc hien che' dd ldn Itfdng va tang thtfdng theo tham nidn.
Tai Han Qud'c, ehinh sach gido due dtfpc xSy dtfng phu hdp vdi ddi hdi eua nen kinh te'. Chinh phu ehu trtfdng xda mii chff cho toan dan (1950).
Phat tnen giao due htfdng nghiep trong cdc trtfdng trung hpe (1960); phat trien cdc trtfdng day nghe ky thuat (1970); day manh hoat ddng nghien effu va gido due tren ITnh vtfc khoa hpc cdb^n va cdng nghe, nang cao chat Itfdng giao due va hpc sud't ddi (2005). Npi dung chinh cua cac chie'n ltfde nay dd cap tdi stf tang ctfdng hdp tde giffa cac doanh nghiep, trtfdng dai hpc va cdc cd sd nghidn ClJu; nang cao trinh dp sff dung va quan ly ngudn nhdn Itfc, nang cao tinh chuydn nghidp cua ngudn nhan ltfc trong khu vtfc cdng; xay dtfng he thd'ng ddnh gia va quan ly kid'n thtfc, ky nang va cdng viec; xay dtfng ke't cd'u ha tdng thdng tin cho phdt tridn ngudn nhan Itfc; xay dtfng va phdt trien thi htfdng tri thtfe...
Tai Singapore, hd thd'ng giao due cua ntfdc nay rd't Iinh hoat va Iudn htfdng de'n kha nang, sd thich cung nhtf nang khie'u cua tffng hoc sinh nham giiip cae em phat huy eao nha't tiem ndng cua minh. Ben canh viec ffng dung cac tien bd cua khoa hpc - cdng nghe mdi vao giang day, chtfdng trlnh dao tao Iudn chii trpng vao gido due nhan cdch, truyen thd'ng van hda dan tdc. Nha ntfdc dau ttf vao rat it trtfdng cdng lap de cd chat lifdng mdu mtfc, cd chinh sdch tin dung thich hpp de thu hiit dao tao nhan tai, vdi khd'i ngoai cdng lap, Chinh phu tao dieu kidn de phdt trien, khuyd'n khieh vide lien thong, lien ke't vdi ntfdc ngodi, mdi gpi cac dai hpc qud'c te dat chi nhanh...[8]
3. Tac dpng cua h^i nhap quo'c td' tdi phat trid'n NNLCLC S Vi^t Nam
Vdi dan sd tfdc tinh khoang 94 trieu ngtfdi vao ndm 2018; trong do Itfe Itfdng lao ddng tff 15 tudi trd len la 54,61 trieu ngtfdi (59,5%), Viet Nam vdn dang trong thdi ky dan sd' vang vdi ngudn
cung Iao ddng doi dao va dn dmh, so'Iao ddng qua dao taottf 3 thang trd Ien chie'm khoang 19%.
Theo ddnh gia cua Ngan hang Thd'gidi (2016), chd't Itfdng ngudn nhan life cua Viet Nam dat mtfc 3,79 diem (trong thang didm 10), xe'p hang thtf 11 trong so' 12 qud'c gia dtfdc khao sat tai chau A (Han Qud'c dat 6,91 diem; An Dp dat 5,76 diem;
Malaysia dat 5,59 diem). Danh gia nay cOng cho bid't nhan ltfc Viet Nam ye'u ve chd't Itfdng, thid'u nang ddng va sdng tao, tac phong lao dpng cdng nghiep [9].
Tham gia Cdng ddng Kinh te ASEAN (AEC) va Hiep dinh Dd'i tac xuyen Thdi Binh Dtfdng (CPTPP) da khie'n cho thi trtfdng lao dpng trong cac khu vtfc ky ke't dan trd nen ddng nhd't vdi nhau, thi trtfdng Iao ddng se khong cdn phan dinh bien gidi lanh thd, cac Iao ddng cd chuyen mdn, dtfdc edng nhan se cd cd hdi di ehuyen, tim kid'm viec lam theo kha nang, nhu cau ban than.
Hpi nhap mang de'n nhieu cd hdi cho Vidt Nam trong phdt tridn NNLCLC;
Mot Id, ngtfdi hpc ed nhieu cd hdi hdn trong hpc tap, tie'p can vdi cdc chtfdng trlnh dao tao tidn tidn eua ntfdc ngodi va dd d&ng hdn trong vide tim kid'm vide lam sau qua trinh hpc tap, bdi thj trtfdng Iao ddng khdng chi la thi trtfdng trong ntfdc ma con ea thi trtfdng rdng Idn cua khu vtfc ASEAN. Van bang, chtfng ehi sau qua trlnh dao tao cua ngtfdi hoc cung dtfde cdng nhan d cac ntfdc trong khu vtfc, tao dieu kien de de dang dtfdc cdng nhan bdi cae ntfde khde trdn the gidi.
Hai Id, Viet Nam cd life Itfdng Iao dpng ddi dao va cd cd'u Iao dpng tre. Vi vay, dtfpc ddnh gid la se trd thanh diem den cua ddng chay ddu ttf qud'c te', giup tang nhffng dtf dn dau ttf mang tinh tidn phong ve edng nghe hoac quy md Idn giup thu hep khoang each ve ndng suat lao ddng, tang vd'n dau ttf trtfc tid'p ttf ntfdc ngoai, ciing vdi nang cao trtnh dp qudn Iy, dao tao ngudn nhan ltfc, gdp phan tao ra nhieu vide lam mdi cho ngtfdi Iao ddng.
Ba Id. thu hiit dtfdc NNLCLC tff cac ntfdc den lam viec. bu ddp sif thid'u hut lao dpng chat Itfdng eao.
Bdn la, nang sua't lao ddng ciia Viet Nam se tdng len giup cho nen kmh te'giam khoang each so vdi nen kinh te khdc trong khu vtfc va tren the' gidi.
Tuy nhien hdi nhap cung dat ra nhieu thach thffc dd'i vdi ngudn nhan ltfc Viet Nam ndi cung va NNLCLC ndi rieng:
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TAP CHl CONG THIMNG
Mot Id. canh tranh vd nhdn Itfc chat Itfdng cao se didn ra manh me tren pham vi qud'c gia, khu vtfc vd thd' gidi. Viec di chuyen lao dpng giffa eac ntfdc doi hdi ngtfdi Iao dpng phai cd ky nang nghe cao, cd nang Itfc lam vide trong mdi trtfdng qudc te' vdi nhffng tidu chuan, tieu chf do thi trtfdng lao dpng xac dinh, trong khi mffc dp san sdng ciia giao due Viet Nam cdn cham, stf chua'n bi kie'n thtfc, ky nang; thai dp va tam ly de sdn sang di chuyen sang lam vide tai cdc ntfdc ASEAN cua lao ddng Vidt Nam la chtfa cao. Didu nay ddi hdi Viet Nam phai cai thidn dang ke cha't Itfdng gido due nghe nghiep theo htfdng tie'p cdn dtfdc cdc chua'n cua khu vtfc vd thd' gidi nhdm tdng ctfdng kha nang cdng nhdn van bang, chtfng chl giffa Vidt Nam va cac ntfdc khdc.
Hai Id, kha nang hda nhdp cua hoe sinh, sinh vidn sau td't nghiep trong mdi trtfdng lao ddng mdi. De dat dtfde dieu nay cd 2 yd'u to'quye't dinh ma hpc smh, sinh vidn it dtfdc dao tao trong trtfdng do la tie'ng Anh va tdc phong cdng nghiep.
Kha nang thich ffng vdi thay ddi, ky nang thtfc hanh va y thtfc, tdc phong Iam vide eung la nhffng thach thffc khdng nhd dd'i vdi Iao ddng Viet Nam.
Ba Id, nang sua't lao dpng eiia Vidt Nam edn tha'p. Stf khdng ddng deu ve cha't Itfdng nhan ltfc trong ntfdc va so vdi cdc ntfdc trong khu vtfc trong didu kidn ydu eau cao vd ky nang nghe va ddi mdi nhanh chdng ve sdn pha'm hang hda va dich vu. BGioa hpc, cdng nghd chtfa thtfe stf trd thanh dpng ltfc de ndng cao nang suat lao dpng, nang ltfc canh tranh, thuc day phat trien kinh te - xd hdi. Chtfa cd giai phap du manh de khuye'n khich doanh nghidp va thu hut dau ttf ttf nhan cho nghidn ctfu, ddi mdi va tfng dung khoa hpc, cdng nghd.
Bdn Id, thi trtfdng lao ddng trong ntfdc va the' gidi ddi hdi ngtfdi lao ddng phai dat dtfdc ehuan nghe nghidp, nhtfng he thd'ng tieu chu^n ky ndng nghe qud'c gia dang xay dtfng vd btfdc dau htfdng tdi chuan khu vtfc vd the' gidi.
4. Giai phap phat trid'n NNLCLC & Vidt Nam trong dieu ki^n hdi nh^p qud'c te'
NNLCLC da va dang Id yd'u td' "sd'ng cdn", ed vai trd ddc bidt quan trpng trong phat trien kinh td' da't ntfdc. VI vdy, can thtfe hidn mdt so giai phap phat trid'n NNLCLC d Viet Nam trong dieu kidn hdi nhap qud'c te'nhtf sau:
Mot Id, phdt trien ngudn nhan ltfc la nhu cau ta't ye'u cua thi trtfdng laoddngtrdn toan the'gidi.
Ngudn nhan ltfc la ngudn ltfc chinh quyd't dinh qua trinh tang trtfdng va phdt trien kinh td' - xa hdi, ngudn nhan life la nhan td' quyd't dinh vide khai thdc, sff dung, bao vd va tdi tao cac ngudn ltfc khde. Can xac dinh rang CMCN 4.0 va md rdng hdi nhdp quo'c td' la xu thd' ta't ydu. Ngtfdi lao ddng bat budc phai thich nghi bang cdeh chu dpng hpc tdp, ren Iuyen de cd du nang ltfc chuydn mdn va ky nang mdm can thie't de ddn dau eac ky thuat, cdng nghe mdi dp dung vac nen kinh td thdng mmh vd cdng nghiep hda.
Hai la, phdt trien td't ngudn nhdn ltfc se tao ra lpi the' qud'c gia. Thtfc te' cho tha'y, cdc ntfdc c6 ngudn nhan life td't da va dang ed ldi the'ldn trong vide phdt tridn ben vffng kinh td' - xa hdi eua d^t ntfdc. Ttf mdt ntfdc kem phdt trie'n, Singapore vtfdn len trd thanh mdt ctfdng qud'c cdng nghiep la nhd vide bid't quan tdm dd'n giao due, trau ddi ngudn nhdn ltfc. Tai My, nhffng cuoc chid'n tranh da giiip qud'c gia nay cd NNLCLC, tff do tang ctfdng dtfdc dia vi kinh td' - chinh tri - xa hdi trdn trrfdng qud'c te'. Hai didn hinh trong so' hdn rapt trdm ntfdc trdn the gidi da khang dinh vai tro quan trpng cua vide phat trien NNLCLC.
Ba Id, ddi mdi phtfdng phap giao due nhdm thich nghi vdi tinh hinh hdi nhdp trdn thd gidi.
Hpc tdp ehinh la phtfdng phap quan trpng de tang kie'n thffc, cai thien kha nang ngudn nhan life.
Chinh vi vay, can ddi mdi toan dien ve hd thd'ng kie'n thtfc va phtfdng phap dao tao; La'y ngtfdi hpc ldm trung tam, dao tao nham htfdng tdi phat huy nang Iffe Iam vide, tinh sdng tao cua ngtfdi lao ddng; Giang day Iy thuye't di kem vdi thtfc hdnh thtfc td' de phdt trien cac ky nang mem cua ngtfdi lao ddng, tang tinh thich ffng, thieh nghi vdi mdi trtfdng lam vide thtfc te'. Cde ed sd giao due can phdt trien hdn nffa vao cdc ngdnh nghe chd't Itfdng cao: nhtf ITnh vtfc ky thuat sd', cdng nghe thdng tin, nang Itfdng, vdt Hdu mdi, edng nghd sinh hoc... de giup ngtfdi lao ddng cd the lam chu khi cupc each mang sd' hda bilng nd nhtf hidn nay.
Bdn Id. tang ctfdng vai trd cua Nha ntfdc trong viec phat tridn NNLCLC. Nha ntfdc can phai tao ra nhtfng cd che tdt de giup cdc doanh nghiep vdi nha trtfdng cd quan he de dao tao dung va phii hdp, gan sat nhd't vdi nhu cau cua thi trtfdng. Dong didi, edn ndng cao chat Itfpng dao tao cua cac cd sd gido due, gan dao tao kid'n thffe vdi thtfc tap, thtfc hanh nghe tai ede cd sd doanh nghidp •
156 So 12-Thang 7/2019
QUAN TRj-QUAN IV
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
1. Pham Minh Hgc (2008). -phdt trie'n con ngudi. ngudn nhdn lUc - Quan niem vo chinh sdch: Bdi bdo trong sdch
•Nhang van de ly ludn nd thuc tien mdi dat ra Irong tinh hinh Men nay". Nub Chinh tn qud'c gia. Hd Ndi.
2. Nguyh Vdn Khdnh (2012). -NguSn luc tri tue Viet Nam. hch si?, Men trang vd triin vong '. Nxb Chinh in qudc gia. Hd Noi.
} Duang Van Quang. Bdnh Tiln Long. Trinh Bite Dii(2009). 'Bdo tao ngutn nhdn luc phuc vu hdi nitdp qudc tl'.NibTM gidi. HdNoi. r . . , , , 4 Le Du Phong. (2006). "Nguon luc vd dgng luc phdt trien trong nen lanh tethi trudng dmh hudng xd hdi chd nghia d Viet Nam ". Nxb Ly ludn chinh tri, Hd Ndi.
5. Trin Vdn TUng vd Le Ai Ldm (1998). "Phat trien nguon nhdn luc - Kmh nghiem thi'gidi vd thuc tiin nudc ta"
Nxb Hd Ngi.
6. http://www.businessinsider.com/countries-with-the-best-warkers-2013-10
/•Tap chi Cong sdn. http://www.tapchicongsan.grg.vn/Home/PrintSlary.aspx?distribution=50924&pnnt=true kttp://www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/PrintStory.aspx?distribution=l2926&print=true.
litlps://viettimes.vn/world-bank-viet-nam-xep-l l-12-nuoc-khao-sat-ve-chat-luong-nhan-luc-72037.html.
8 http://cafef.vn/xep-hang-chat-luong-nguon-nhan-luc-thap-lao-dong-viet-nam-co-the-thua-ngay-tren-san-nha- 20160SI5145048708.chn
Ngay nh§n bai: 13/6/2019
Ngay phan bien danh gia va sfia chffa: 23/6/2019 Ngay chap nhjn dang bai: 3/7/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
NGUYIN THI LE TRAM
Tfi'ng C6ng ty Khoang san Xay drfng D^u khi Nghg An
DEVELOPING THE HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN VIETNAM IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COUNTRY'S
INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION
• NGUYEN THI LE TRAM
Petro Nghe An Mineral and Construction Joint Stock Corporation
ABSTRACT:
The fourth indusdial revolution or the expansion of cooperation between countries has changed fundamentally and rapidly the labor structure and the labor marlcet. Under that impact, worlcers need to become high quality employees to adapt to the integration process. This artice is to study the development of high-quality human resources in Vietnam in the context of the country's intemational integration.
Keywords: High quality human resources, intemational integration, economy, labor structure.
So 12-Thang 7/2019 157
