Kinh te& Chinh sach
VGIAI PHAP PHAT TRIEN DU LICH SENH THAI
TAI VT/dN QUOC GIA TAM BAO
Biii Thi Minh Nguyet ThS. Trudng Dgi hQc Ldm nghiep T 6 M TAT
Du ljch sinh th41 la Enh vuc mdi du^c hmh thinh til giila thap k;^ 90 cua th^ ley XX va dang ngay cing phap trifin. Du ljch sinh thai la m$t loai hinh du ljch dira vio tliien nhien v i vin hoa bin dja c i tinh hip din cao, tao sir thu hiit ciia c^ng dong din voi thifin nhien va nang cao trach ohi^in ctia cong dong voi thfi giai tv nhifin. Day Ii m$t lihh vuc kinh doanh diy tifim ning trfin c i g6c do kinh tfi va mfli tnning. Bai vifit niy dira trfin co so phin tfch thitc trang hoat dflng kinh doanh du ljch sinh thii trfin cic khia canh khac nhau; Danh gii nhQng t i ^ nang, lpi thfi v i cin u d trong kinh doanh du ljch sinh thii tai Vu6n quflc gia Tam Dao, tir dfl dfi xuit giii phip ph4t hifin du lich sinh thii tai Vufln quflc gia Tanj Dio. Bao gom 8 nhflm giai phip: Quy h o ^ h tflng thfi v l cic difim khu du ljch sinh thii; thu hiit cac thinh phin kinh tfi tham gia ho^t dflng kinh doanh du Iich sinh thai; Giai phip da d ^ hfla sin phim du Ijch; giii phap vfi ting cuflng cflng tie xiic tifin, quing b i du lich, giai phip dio t^o oguin nhin lire; ning cao tinh giio dye mfli tniflng v i bio tfln; du lich smh thii kfit hop voi su tfaam gia ciia Cong d6ng dja phuong; phit trifin co su ha ting vi luu mi du Ijch.
Tir khfla; Du Uch sink thai, vtcdu quScgia Tam Sao
I. D4.T VAN Bft
Du ljch sinh thii (DLST) ngay nay dang phat trien nhanh ch6ng nhu mot trio luu t ^ nhieu quoc gia tren th6 gioi, trong do co ViSt Nam. DLST dang c6 chiSu htrong phat triSn va tro thanh mpt bg phan c6 toe dp tSng tiircmg manh nhat trong nginh du Iich cua Viet Nam.
DLST l i mgt loai hinh du Iich dua vao thien nhiSn va van h6a bin dia, tao su thu hiit ciia c^ng dong ya nang cao trich nhiem cua cong dong vtJi thj gicri tv nhien. Ngoai y nghia gop phan bio ton thien nhien, bao ve da dang sinh hoc v i van hoa cpng d6ng, phat triSn DLST da v i dang mang lai nhiing ngu6n Ipi kinh t« to Itjii, tao CO hoi vice Iim, nang cao thu nhap cho qu6c gia v i dia phuong, nhit la ngu6i dan vimg siu vimg xa - ncri co cic khu bao ton thiSn nhien va cac canh quan hip din. Hien nay, DLST dang dupc quan tam phat triin, thuc te cho thay o nhimg khu vuc con gia dupc nhiSu nguon tii nguyen, it bi xam hai nhu cac Yuan quoc gia (VQG) la o do se co nhiSu tidm ning dl phat triin DLST.
Tuy nhien, tren thuc tS DLST VQG phat triin chua tuong ximg voi tiim nang hien co. D i DLST VierNam thuc su phat triin hieu qua v i ben vimg thi phai co cac chiin lupc phit triin
hop Iy. Day khong chi la vin di rieng dii voi nganh du lich ma con la vin d i ciia toin x i hoi.
VQG Tam Dio l i mpt trong nhiing VQG co nhiiu lpi thi phat triin DLST voi khi hau mdt me, trong lanh, tai nguyen thien nhien phong phu va da dang vcri tren 2.000 loii thuc vat va hang nghin loii dpng vat, con tnong. Tuy nhien, hoat dpng DLST 6 VQG Tam Dio vSn con nhieu kho khan va bit cap can giai quyit (K huong toi su phat ttiin DLST bin vung. Bii bao niy tap trung danh gia thuc trang phit triin DLST tai VQG Tam dio tir do dua ra mdt si giai phap phat triin tiim nang DLST thich ung.
II. NQI DUNG VA PHU'ONG PHAP N G H i i N c i r u
2.1. Noi dung Dghien ciru
Nghien ciiu dupc tiin hinh 6 VQG Tam Dao vcri 3 npi dung sau:
- Nghien ciiu tinh hinh khai thic DLST
~ Dinh gia nhiing tiem nang, can trd trong khai thac DLST
- De xuit giii phip phat triin tiim ning DLST
2.2. Phu-ong phap nghien cihi - Phuong phap thu thap s6 lieu, tii lieu:
+ Doi voi cac so heu thii cap: K i thira cac T ^ C H i KHOA HQC VA CONG NGHE L A M NGHnf P .srt 2 - 2 0 1 3
Kinh te& Chlnh sach
so lieu thong ke, tai lieu, cac bao cao, cac coBg trinh nghien cmi vh DLST a Viet Nam va VQG Tam Bao.
+ E>6i vai cac so lieu sa cap: Tien hinh khao sat tai VQG Tam Dao theo cac mlu phiSu phong v i n cac doi tucmg nhu ban quan Iy VQG, can bo quan ly du lich, chinh quyen dia phucmg, khach du lich va cOng dfing dan cu tai dja phucmg, day la nhung nguoi lien quan d6n bao ton va hucmg lai gia tri dich vu moi truong ciia VQG.
- Phuang phap phiin tich: Sii dung phuong phap thong ke kinh tS, phuong phap SWOT d6 tong hop va phan tich k^t qua.
m . KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ
3.1. Danh gia tinh hinh khai thac DLST tai VQG Tam Dao
Vuon qu6c gia Tam Dao dugc thanh lap theo Quy6t dinh s6 136/TTg cua Thu Tuong Chinh phil ngay 06/03/1996 hen co so ning cap va ma rong Rimg cam Quoc gia Tam Dao.
Ngay 15/5/1996, Bo tnicmg Bo NN&PTNT da ra quyat dinh s6 601 - NN.TCCB/QD vh viec thanh lap VQG Tam Bao true thupc Bp NN va PTNT. B6n ngay 15/6/1996, VQG Tam Dao da chinh thuc duoc thanh lap voi tong dien tich la 36.883 ha va 15.515 ha dien tich vung dem.
Ngay 12/11/2002 Thu tuong Chinh phu co quySt dinh s6 155/2002/TTg ve viec diau chinh lai ranh gioi VQG Tam Dao voi dien tich giam xu6ng con: 34.995 ha.
* Cdc sdn phdm du lich vd dich vu du lich tai VQG Tam Bdo
Voi tiem nang hien co, VQG Tam Dao dang tao ra nhieu san pham du lich nhu: Du lich mao hiem, du lich the thao, du lich kham pha thien nhien, du Uch cam xiic, du lich tam linh, DLST va cac dich vu du lich: dich vu du lich nghi duong, dich vu huong din du Ijch, dich v u a n uong,...
Cac san pham du Uch ma cong ty cung cap cho khach du lich dua tren co so khai thac cac tiem nang sin co de tang thu nhap cho Vuon va cai thien doi s6ng cho can bo cong nhan vien. Cac san pham va dich vu du lich con khiem ton chua khai thac het cac tiem nang san CO cua Vuon nen ket qua kinh doanh chua cao.
* Cff cdu kbacb din DLST tai V(^ Tam Bao VQG Tam Dao duoc thien nhien uu dai voi nhieu canh quan thien nhien dep, nguon tai nguyen tKng thuc vat phong phii; hang nam da thu hiit duoc mot luong lon khfch du lich d^n Vuon. Qua ket qua khao sat cho thdy: Khach du lich dSn tham quan VQG Tam Dao c6 xu huong tang ve s6 luong nguoi va so luong doan, dong nhit vao mda he, ngay nghi Ie, cuoi tuan. Muc dich cua khach den VQG Tam Dao chii yeu la tham hiem thien nhien, di bo trong cac rung ciy lau nam.
Co cau khach ciia VQG Tam Bao co su chenh lech tuong doi lon, chii yeu la khach-noi dia chiem 60%, khach quoc te chiem 40%.
(hmh 01).
^1
hhaen na 4ia / ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ H
gia S%
Hinh 01. C<r cdu khich du lich den VQG Tam Bao nam 2010 (Ngudn: Trung tam dich vu DLST va GDMT)
'-"'•' — — t L.A.M NGHIEP S 6 2 - 2013
Kinh te& Chinh sad Khach qu6c t8 den VQG Tam Bao ngoai nhu
cau ve tham quan thdng canh, da ngoai con co nhu cau dm hieu ve van hoa dan too, du lich ie hpi tam linh va dac biet la iham hiem thien nhien. BQiach npi dia thuong tap tnii^ vao doi tuang hpc sinh, sinh vien voi nhu cau hpc tap va n ^ e n cuu. Can bp cong nhan vien chiem 20% thuor^ den day vao nhung ngay nghi cuoi tuin hoac cac ngay nghi l l de nghi i^oi sau nhur^ ngay lam viec.
Can bp nghi huu ngucri gia chiem 5% chii yeu la du lich le hpi tim Unh va nghi du5ng. Khach npi dia 0%) cao chi^m 5% diy la d6i tupng co nhu ciu tham quan thdng canh, nghi duong va du Iich le hOi tam linh, du khach thudng co nhu cau nghi lai
qua dem tai VQG Tam Dao. B6i tuang khach du lich khic nhau den voi Vuon vi nhtog muc dich khac nhau, vi vay d6 thu hiit khach d6i h6i Vudn phai xay dimg dupc nhijng chuong trinh thich hpp cho tung doi tupng.
* Kit qud thu hut khdch du lich din VQG Tam Bdo
Lupng khach du lich toi VQG Tam Bao ngay cang tang 6 ca hai doi tupng 1^ khich nuoc ngoai va khach trong nuac. Khach du Iich dSn VQG Tam Dao giai dogn nim 2008 - 2010 CO xu huong nam sau tang cao han nim truac (hmh 0 2 ) , tuy nhien lupng ting tuy?t d6i ve khach chua tuong xiing voi tiSm ning, Ipi the ciia VQG Tam Bao.
• Tong so khach VQG tam Dao I Khach npi dra
Hinh 02. Bien dpng khdch du lich din VQG Tam Bdotheo dSLtupng (Ngudn: Trung tdm dich vu 'DLST vd GDMT - VQG Tam Ddo) vh khach du ljch qu6c ti d6n VQG Tam
Bao c6 xu huong gia ting qua cic nam voi toe d6 phit tridn binh quan tu nam 2008 - 2010 dat 134,85%. Bihu do cho thiy, VQG Tam Bao dang thu hiit dupc su quan tam cua cic du khach quoc te. Hien nay, khich qu6c th tai VQG Tam Bao thuong g6m cic qu6c tich: MJ, Phap, Due, Nhit Ban, Trung Qu6c, Lao...Muc dich du khich quoc te dSn vcri Vuon ngoai nhiing muc dich nghi dudng con co muc dich thim hiem thien nhien, tun hi^u dong vat...
Khach nOi dia dSn voi VQG Tam Dao nhung nim qua Uen tuc tang, gdm cac lo?u hinh CO ban: Du lich nghi du5ng, du lich tam linh - tin nguong, du lich ket hpp hpi nghi bOi thao va DLST. K h i nang duy tri ting trucmg khach n6i dia den voi Vuon la rit I6n bdi nhGng tiSm nang vk tai nguyen thien nhien va nhin van, ben canh do Vuon con co lpi thS li gin cic D3 thi lon, cic khu Cong nghidp dang phat trien.
122 TAP c m KHOA H Q C VA CONG N G H | ; LAM NfiHIEP S 6 2 - 2013
, Kinh lei Chinh sach
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• • • • • • • • ^
3 A 5 6 7 8 9 10 H 12 BNam 200s BNam 20G9 MNam 2010
Hinh 03. Biin dpng kbacb du licb din VQG Tam Bao tbeo cac tbdng trong nam (Ngudn: Trung tdm dich vu DLSTva GDMT- VQG Tam Ddo) Lupng khich du Uch dhn VQG tap trung chii
yeu vao cac thing tu thing 4 d^n thing 8 hang nam vi vao thoi diSm nay la ky thuc tip ciia sinh vien, nha nghien cuu khoa hpc va ky nghi he ciia hpc sinh Lupng khach vio diu va cu6i nam co xu huong giim. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy, hoat dpng DLST ciia VQG Tam Bio mang tinh chat miia vu vi vay cac nha quan ly dieu hanh
hoat dpng DLST can dieu tiet lupng khich du Uch mot cich hpp ly nham hanh nhung tie dpng
&hn moi truang, cinh quan thien nhien do khach gay len.
* Doanh thu hoat dpng du lich sinh tltdi tai VQG Tam Bdo
Doanh thu tu hoat dpng kinh doanh DLST cua VQG Tam Dao dugc the hien qua Bang 01.
Bang 01. Doanh thu du lich sinh thdi cda VQG Tam Ddo giai doan (2008 - 2010) Donvi tinh: 1000 c TC
1 2 3
Chi tieu DT banve DT djch vu DTkhac Ting
Nam 2008 25.568 10.543 3.487 39.598
Nam 2009 35.892 15.247 5.478 56.617
Nam 2010 48.933 16.452 6.124 71.509 (Nguon: Phong tai
Dbq (%) 138,34 124,92 132,52 134,38 chinh - ke todn) Qua bang 01 ta thiy, ket qua kinh doanh ciia
Vudn tang len qua cic nam vdi toe dp phat tri^n bmh quan la 134,38%, ngu6n thu chii y^u l i tu bin ve chiem 87,57%, hoat dpng dich vu chiSm 8,1%, hoat dOng khic chi^m 0,44%. Cac hoat dpng dich vu ciia Vudn chu yeu tir dich vu an u6ng, phong nghi, phi din khach...co xu huong tang m?nh vdi t6c dp phat trien binh quan li 124,92%. Cic hoat dpng khic ciia Vudn bao gdm: van chuyen khich tham quan, thue thuydn hoic ca no di tren hd... ciing co xu huong tang qua cic nim.
Hinh 04. Cff caa aguoa thu cua VQG Tam Dao nam 2010
(Ngudn: Phong Tai chinh • Ki todn - VQG Tam Ddo)
TAP CHT KHOA HOC VA r ^ N n ^C.^ LAM NGHlEP SO 2 - 2013 123
Kinh te& Chinh sac Co ciu nguon thu ciia VQG tam Bao khdng
can doi, chu yeu la tu nguon ngan sach cap, nguon thu tii phi tham quan va cic hoat dong khac la khong ding ke. Xu huong ngudn thu tir ngan sich Nha nuac cip giim din vi vay neu VQG khong khai thac dupc cac gia tri dich vu moi truong rung thi se lam cho thu nhap cua Vudn cang ngay cing giam.
32. Danh psi cac yeu td anh hutrng dm boat dong DLST tai VQG Tam Dao
* Vi tri ^^vd cdc ngudn tdi ngityindu lich -^ Vi tri Ma ly: VQG Tam Dio co dieu kien rdt thuin lpi cho viec phat triSn DLST, co vi tri gan Trung tam, gin cac thanh phd ldn nhu Ha Npi, Viet Tri, gan san bay qudc te Ndi Bai.
+ Ngudn tdi nguyin thiin nhien: VQG Tam Bao la noi hoi tu nhieu loai dpng, thuc vit da dang bao gdm he sinh ttiii dac tnmg cua Tam Dao, nhu he sinh thii rimg mua nhiet ddi thudng xanh vdi 5 kieu rimg chinh: Rimg kin thudng xanh mua am nhiSt ddi, rimg kin thudng xanh mua i m i nhiet ddi, rung Kin, rung tre nira, rung phuc hdi sau nuong riy. Ve tmh dang dang loai, VQG Tam Dao co tdi 904 loai thuc vit thupc 478 chi, 213 hp; trong dd cd 64 loai tiiuc vat quy hidm co ten trong Sach do Viet Nam va 42 loai dac huu Ben canh dd, VQG Tam Dao con co he ddng vat rimg phong phii va dac him vai 39 loai dupc phin lam 3 nhdm: Nhom loii die huu hep chi cd d VQG Tam Dio gdm 11 loai, nhdm die huu midn Bic Viet Nam cd d VQG Tam Dao gdm 22 loai, nhom nhCing loai die him Viet Nam co d Tam Dao gdm 6 loai.
+ Cdnh quan cua VQG Tam Bdo: Co he thdng hd, dap, sudi vai nhirng canh quan thien nhien dep nhu: Hd Lang Ha, hd Xa Huong, sudi Bac, thac Bac, sudi Vang,...
+ Tdi nguyin du lich nhdn vdn: VQG Tam Bao cd ngudn tii nguyen du lich nhan van phong phu gdm tai nguyen vat the nhu he thdng d6n, chiia, di tich lich sir (d6n Ba chiia thupng ngan, den Thach Kidm, d6n Mau, ddn
thd Diic Thanh Trin). Ngudn tai nguyen ph vit the nhu phong tuc tip tap quin, le hpi cii ba con dan tdc San Diu, Dao, Tay, Sin Chi.
van duy tri tai cac thdn, ban nhu: le hdi Ta;
Thien, Hpi vat Lang Ha, Nghe thuat, tho ca.
T- Lpi thi vi cdc diim tham quan tiin n dng: VQG Tam E)ao cd nhieu diSm tham quan tien nang nhu: Cdt phat scmg truy&j hinh, khu danl thing Tay Thien, trung tam cuu hp gau quoc gia; rimg hoa Do Quyen; Dinh Thien Thi Thach Ban, Phii Nghia; thimg lung tinh ySu ddng doi cd.
* Cdc ngudn luc diing cho du lich tai VQG Tam Bdo
Bh phit trian DLST, VQG Tam Bao di diu tu ca sd vat chat ky thuat va cac yeu td ngudn luc phuc vu du Iich, tuy nhien cac yeu td niy cdn rit han ehe, chua trd thinh ddng luc de thu hut khich du lich.
Ve ngudn nhan luc, hoat dpng du Uch cua VQG Tam Dio dupc giao cho Trung tam dich vu DLST va giao due mdi truong chju trach nhiem quan ly. Trung tam dupc thinh lap tir nam 2008 vdi sd lupng can bp la 6 ngudi. Vdi dpi ngu can bp vira chua dii ve sd luong, vira chua dam bao chit lupng, nhung can bp niy chua dupc dao tao nghiep vu chuyen nganh du lich, chua cd trinh dp ngoai ngu dap iing duoc yeu ciu. Bay la mdt trd ngai ldn trong phat trien du Uch VQG Tam Dio hien nay.
Ve CO sd ha ting, VQG Tam Bao <E quan tam d^n viec xay dung co sd ha tdng nhim d ^ ling tot nhat nhu ciu cua khach du Iich, bao gdm he thdng phong nghi, nha hang an udng, khu vui choi giai tri. Tuy nhien, do VQG Tam Dao c6 vi tri gin cic khu dd thi Vinh Yen, Viet Tri, Thai Nguyen va Thii do H i Npi nen khach du Iich den Vudn thudng cd thdi gian luu tni ngan, di ve trong ngay. Mat khac, do chua co su da dang ve loai hinh, san phim du Uch nen khach du lich thudng den VQG Tam Dao vao mua he, miia Ie hpi (chiem 85% lupng khach ddn trong nam), nen didi gian nay thuong bj qua tai vd co sd luu tni Ddn nim 2010, VQG Tam Dio mdi
124 TAP C H i KHOA HQC VA CONG N G H | : LAM NGHCf P S 6 2 - 2013
Kinh te& Chinh sach
CO 10 phdng nghi phuc vu khach du Uch, nhung cdng suat sir dung phdng buih quan mdi dat 25%. Nguyen nhan la do phdng nghi chua dupc trang bi day diu thidu tinh sang trpng va do hoat dpng du lich mang tinh mua vu nen rat kho CO the dat cdng suit sii dung tdi da. Ngoii ra, VQG Tara Bao mdi cd 1 nha an phuc vu cho khich du lich vdi sue chiia 100 khich va 1 sd khu vui choi giai tri nhu 01 san phuc vu ddt liia trai va giao lim van nghe, 01 nha thi dkn thd tiiao, 01 nha truyen thdng dimg de luu giu va gidi thieu van hda ciia cac din tdc sinh sdng gan VQG. VQG Tam Bao da diu tu xiy dung duac he thdng dudng mdn sinh thai, cic ban tm diln giii, hudng din cho khich tham quan cac didm du lich, tuyen du lich trong VUOIL
3.3. Danh gia th^nh cong va nhirng ton tai h-ong kinh doanh DLST tai VQG Tam D i e
" Nhung thdnh cong trong kinh doanh DLST cua VQG Tam Bdo
Vdi nhung lgi thd ve tidm nang du Uch va dieu kidn co sd ha ting, sau nhieu nam dupc thanh lip vdi mong muon xay dung VQG Tam Dao tro thanh trgng diem du Uch cua tinh va khu vuc, giai doan tir nam 2008 ddn nim 2010 cdng tic quan ly phat trien DLST cua Vudn d i dat nhimg ket qui chii yeu sau:
- Lupng khach du lich den Tam Dao khdng Qgimg ting len, nam 2010 tang 1,36 lan so vdi nim 2009; trong do khich du lich qudc td tang 1,41 lan, khach npi dia tang 1,29 lan. Tdc dp ting trudng ve khach du Iich qudc td giai doan 2008 - 2010 tang 34,85%/nam, khich du lich npi dia ting 40,85%/nam.
Thi trudng du Uch ngay cing dupc md rdng, san pham DLST dan dupc phat trien ve sd lupng, ning cao ve chit lupng.
- Hd thdng co sd vat chdt ky thuat du lich nhu cac khu DLST, khu vui choi giai tri... dang timg budc dupc xiy dung ddng bp. tao didu kien thiic diy phat trien DLST, gdp phin tao ndn dien mao mdi cho Vudn.
- Cong tac dao tao, bdi dudng ngudn nhan
luc du Uch ciing dang timg budc dugc trien khai nham bd sung ngudn nhan Iuc cd chat luong cho du lich,
Nguyen nhdn cua thdnh cong:
- Yeu td tao ra nhirag ket qua trdn mdt phin rat ldn do nhan thiic ciia chinh quydn cac cap va nhan dan trong dia ban ve tam quan trpng ciia DLST d i nang Ien, diy la didu kidn thuan Igi dd phat trien nginh DLST ciia dia phuang.
- Ban quan ly VQG d i quan tam den viec diu tu cac ydu td ngudn luc dd phat trien DLST, khai thac cic lpi thd de tang thu nhap cho Vircm.
* Nhitng yiu kem vd bdi cap
Ben canh nhung thinh cdng, viec khai thac hem nang dd phat tridn DLST cua Vudn cdn nhieu yeu kem va bat cap, bao gdm:
- Du Uch - dich vu du Iich cua VQG phat tridn chua tuong xiing vdi tiem nang, thd raanh ciia Vudn. Tuy lupng khich ddn VQG Tam Dao ting qua cac nam va mdt sd san phim du Iich chit lugng cao da cd budc phit trien, nhung lupng khach den Vudn vin cdn t h ^ , co sd luu tni, cac san phim dich vu du Iich chdt lupng cao cdn it
- Viec khai thic tai nguyen du lich chua mang lai hieu qua tuong xiing. Cac danh lam thdng canh hau nhu chi khai thic san phim cd sin ciia thien nhien ma chua quan tim ddn vide dau tu ning cap, tdn tao.
- DLST tai VQG Tam Bao hien nay dang d miic dp canh tranh thip so vm cac khu vuc lan can; sin phim, dich vu du lich tuy cd chuydn bien, song chit lupng chua cao, chua du siic hip din va dap iing nhu ciu ngiy cang cao ciia du khach.
- Mdi trudng du lich (mdi trudng canh quan, mdi trudng kinh doanh du Iich, mdi tiudng xa hpi) tuy cd dupc cai thien nhung mdt sd linh vuc da xudng cap. Viec quan ly bao vd, tdn tao cac di tich lich sir van hoa cdn chua phu hgp ve phit trien du lich.
- Ca sd ha ting va co sd vat chat ky thuat du lich chua phit tridti, dudng x i , dien nudc cua mdt sd noi chua dupc diu tu din ddn vide di lai ciia khach khd khin va gii dich vu du lich tang ldn.
TAP r^UT i m r * A -ar\r^ \ • •'VHE LAM NGHIEP S 6 2 - 2013 125
Kinh te& Chinh sad - Trinh dp dan tri phit tridn chua ddng deu,
mpt sd cpng dong din cu tai cac bin ling chua dap ling yeu ciu phuc vu cua khach. Cin bp cdng nhin vien va ngudi din chua dupc dao tao CO bin vd nghidp vu kmh doanh va phuc vu trong linh vuc DLST.
- Ngudn vdn diu tu de phat trien du Uch con han ehe trong khi nhu cau ve von dau tu trong kd ho^ch la rit ldn. Vi vay van de huy dpng vdn cho du ljch la mpt thach thiic ldn cho ban quin ly VQG.
Nguyen nhdn cua nhitng yiu kem vd bdt cap:
- Do nhihig bidn dpng phiic tap ciia ndn kioh td da tic ddng tidu cue den nganh du Uch Viet Nam ndi chung va Tam Bao ndi rieng nhu: Khung khoang kinh td tren pham vi toan ciu, nan khiing bd, djch bdnh, thien tai...
- Tinh mua vy cua du Ijch the hidn kha rd net, vao cac dip Ld, Tdt, miia he khach den nhidu, vdi sd lupng ldn, trong khi do raiia thip diem (miia mua, miia ddng) khach den khdng nhidu lim hifu qua dau tu khdng cao.
- VQG cdn thu ddng trong viec xiy dung chidn lupc phat tridn kinh doanh DLST. Viec ap dung cac tien bp khoa hpc ky thuit tien tien vao kinh doanh du lich chua dupc VQG quan tam.
3.4. Djnh hirdng giai phap phaf tridn DLST ciia VQG Tam Dao
Vide phan tich "didm manh, didm yeu - co hpi, thach thuc" li co sd dd ra cic giii phap phat tridn phii hpp ddi vdi VQG Tam Bao.
* Biim manh
Didm manh ciia DLST VQG Tam Bao dugc xic dinh trdn co sd phin tich nhung loi thd so sanh ve cic ydu td chii yeu co tic ddng den phat tridn DLST.
- Tinh da dpng vi tdi nguyen du lich: Vdi hem ning du Ijch da dang va phong phii (cinh quan, khi hiu, dia hmh, sinh tiiii, cac hd ldn, sdng suoi, di tich lich sir van hda; Id hdi, nghd huyen thong) VQG Tam Bao hoin toan co co sd dd phat tridn nhimg san phim DLST khdng trimg lip so vdi nhidu dia phuong.
- Hinh dnh du lich: Dia danh VQG Tam
Dao tir lau di noi tidng nhu mdt diem ngh duang nui va tham quan thing canh. Diy dugc xem nhu mdt diem manh ma nhidu dia phuong lan can khong co dugc. Van de d cho la cSs duy tri va phit huy hinh anh da co va tao dupc nhiing hinh anh mdi dd VQG Tam Dao thyc su li diem den hap din trong con mat du khach la hdt siic quan trpng.
- Hg tdng du lich tuang ddi phdt triin: VQG Tam Dio thupc huyen Tam Dio - la m^t dja phuong nam trdn true giao thdng noi vimg ddng bing sdng Hdng vdi vimg niii Vidt Bdc, cd qudc 1$ 2 ndi Ha Npi, ciia khau hang khdng qudc td Ndi Bii ndn diy la didu kien quan trpng thd VQG Tam Bao cd thd thu hiit khach qudc te vi Hi N^i den vdi Vudn. Nhu vay co thd khing dinh ha tang du lich, die bidt li he thdng giao thdng li mdt "diem manh" ciia du ljch VQG Tam Bao so vdi mdt sd dia phuong trong vimg.
* Biim yiu
Bdn canh nhung "didm manh", DLST VQG Tam Dao ciing c6 nhiing "didm yeu" cin phai khdc phuc:
- Vi dpi ngU lao dong: dpi ngu nhin vidn du ljch cdn thidu ky ning nghiep vu vd phuc vu du ljch va ngogi ngir.
- vi ca sa ha tdng: DLST VQG Tam Dao dang phii ddi mit vdi mdt thuc te co sd ha ting han chd, chua dap iing dupc ydu ciu. Day khdng chi la mpt "diem yeu" ma cdn la thach thiic ddi vdi DLST VQG Tam Dio.
- Ve sdn phdm du lich sinh thdi: Flee diu tu cho xiy dimg, phat tridn cac san phim du lich va hoat dpng xiic tieu quang ba du ljch Tara Bio cdn nhidu bit cap, chua cd dupc mpt chidn lugc cu the vi vay chua dugc nhieu ngudi bidt den.
- Anh htc&ng ciia tinh miia vu trong hoat dpng du lich: VQG Tam Bao nim tiong vimg Bic Bp, hoat dpng DLST mang tinh "mua vu"
rit ro pet, do chju inh hudng sau sdc ciia die didm khi hau A nhi?t ddi. Bdn canh dd, hoat dpng du ljch cdn chiu inh huoi^ khic mang tinh xi hpi nhu "mua" le hdi; "miia" nghi be ciia hoc sinh, sinh vien; "mua" du lich ciia
126 TiM* CHi KHOA HQC VA CONG NGH|: LAM NGHItP sO 2 - im ^
Kinh te& Chinh sach
khach du ljch qudc td. Tinh miia vu trong hoat ddng du ljch dugc xem la mot ti-ong nhiing nguyen nhan quan trpng anh hudng ddn sd ngay luu tni trung binh va miic dp chi tieu ciia khich du ljch khi ddn VQG Tam Bio.
- Hoat dpng lien Mt du lich giita cdc viing:
Du ljch la rapt nganh kinh te nhung de phit tridn dugc du Ijch doi hoi trudc het phai cd su Udn ket giiia cic nha lim du ljch, giua cac vimg. Du lich hien nay each Iam DLST cita VQG Tam Dao cdn qua rdi rac, manh ai nay lam chua co su lien kdt du lich. Bay la didm yeu, can phai cd sir didu chinh hpp ly cd nhu vay mdi phat tridn du lich rapt cich ben vQng.
* Cff hpi
Ddi vdi bit cii su phat tridn nao, vide xac djnh diing va nam bat dupc co hpi cho su phat tridn la rat quan trpng, VQG Tam Dio cd nhQng co hdi sau:
- Du ljch Viet Nam ndi chung va du ljch VQG Tam Dio ndi ridng hidn dang diing trudc CO hpi to ldn khi nhu cau du ljch tien thd gidi vi khu vuc dang ngiy mdt ting, con ngudi dang than thidn vdi thidn nhien thdng qua DLST. Ndu VQG Tam Bao td chiic tot va xay dung dugc nhihig sin pham du lich phu hpp tbi do se la CO hpi lon dd VQG Tam Dio tid thanh diem ddn du lich ly tudng cua khach du lich.
- Tuydn qudc Id 2, qudc 10 2B dupc diu tu ning cap hidn dai va di vao hoat dpng; con dudng du Ijch Vidt Nam - Partner (ndi Udn san bay qudc td Npi Bai vdi Bai Lai - Tam Bao I - Tay Thien - Tam Bao II - Tuydn Quang) dang dugc khdi ddng da tao ra co hdi dd du ljch Tam Bao lidn ket chit ehe hon vdi Ha Ndi, tao CO hpi md rpng thj trudng khach qudc te vdi cic dja phucmg tiong vimg.
* Thdch thuc
- VQG Tam Bao phai ddi mat vdi su canh tranh cua du ljch mot sd dja phuong cd tiem ning d trong vimg nhu khu vuc Ha Npi, Phii Thp, Tuyen Quang, Thai Nguyen. Thach tiiuc nay ddi vdi DLST cang trd ndn to ldn khi hinh anh DLST VQG Tam Bao ndi chung con md
•liat, san phim DLST cua vudn nhin chung cdn don didu v i phat trien d miic thap va chua
phat huy dugc het nhimg tidm nang cua Vudn.
- Mac du thdi gian qua'da co nhung thay ddi ve nhin thiic ciia ca he thdng chinh tri va cac ting Idp nhan dan ddi vdi tim quan trpng cua phat tridn DLST, tuy nhidn thuc td cho thay nhin thiic nay cua xa hpi, die biet ciia cic nhi quan ly con cd nhidu han chd. Didu nay thd hidn ro tiong hoat dpng xay dung co sd ha tang inh hudng ddn canh quan, mdi trudng du ljch.
Ban quin Iy Vudn chua cd nhimg chinh sach thda dang ddi vdi hoat dpng dau tu ha tang du lich, xiic tidn quang ba va dao tao phat tridn ngudn rihin luc du ljch.
3.5. Mot sd giai phap nham khai thac tiem nang DLST tai VQG Tam Dao
* Quy hoach tdng thi vi cdc diem khu du lich sinh thdi
Ndn cd quy hoach tdng tiid, chi ro phin vimg cho DLST, xay dung bin dd d nhihig ndi tidn hanh hoat dpng DLST. Dd cd dugc quy hoach tdt can phii nghidn ciiu, didu tra tai nguydn thidn nhien, tii nguyen nhiu van ciia Vudn, can cd su phdi kdt hpp ciia nhidu cap, nhieu nganh, cac thanh phan co Udn quan....
* Thu hut cdc thdnh phhn kinh ti tham gia kinh doanh DLST
Phat huy siic manh tong hpp gitia cac thanh phin kinh td thdng qua co chd chinh sach uu <Ei, thu hut diu tu dugc coi la bien phap quan trpng dd phat tiidn DLST d VQG Tara Dio tiong giai
&)an hidn nay. Vudn cin cd bien p h ^ khuydn khich cac thanh phin kinh td diu tu vao cac khu vui choi giai tri, thd thao, nghi duong v i an udng chit Itrgng cao, uu tidn vdn diu tu nudc ngoai vao cac du an co quy md ldn, kinh doanh nhimg sin phim du lich cao cip, cac loai hinh du Uch moi h ^ din can ddi hdi cd tiinh dp quin ly va chuyen mdn cao. Tridn khai chinh sich cho thud mdi tmdng rung vdi cac td chiic d ^ iing dugc cac didu kien nhit djnh. Tidp tuc hoan chinh co chd quan ly diu tu, tao mdi trudng thdng thoang vd diu tu phat uien du ljch, don gian hda cac thu tuc hanh chinh va phat trien cac djch vu hd trg diu tu dd thu hiit cic nha diu tu. Tao su binh ddng gitia diu tu tror^ nudc va nudc ngoai, giiia
TAP c m KHOA HOC VA r n i s i n M ' ^ H I : LAM N G H I t P S 6 2 - 2013
Kinh te& Chinh sach tu nhan vdi Nha nudc.
* Ba dang hda sdn phdm du lick, dich vu du lich tai Vu&n
Khai thac tridt dd cic gia tii van hoa, ljch sir, truydn thuydt dd xiy dung kich ban cho cac tour du ljch vdi cic loai hinh va thdi gian khac nhau dd phuc vu cho mpi ddi tupng khach du ljch, lim phong phii da dang cic san phira DLST ciia VQG Tam Bao. Bdn canh do, Vudn cin phat tridn nhidu loai djch vu du ljch dd thoi min tot hon nhu cau cua khach du ljch.
Md them cac tuyen du lich nhan van, du ljch vin hoa vao cac ban ling ngudi; Kinh, San Diu, Dao...Dd lim dupc didu nay VQG Tara Bao ndn xiy dung cac nha san, khoi phuc cac lang nghd thu cdng truyen thdng va phat tridn kinh td cdng ddng dja phucmg.
* Tang cuomg cdng tdc xuc tien, qudng bd du lich
Tuydn truydn, giao due ning cao nhan thirc ve nganh kinh td du ljch tiong cac c ^ , cic nganh va nhin dan; tao lip va nang cao hinh anh cua du ljch Tam Dao trong ca nudc, khu vuc va tidn thd gidi de qua dd thu hiit khich du Uch va ngudn vdn diu tu vao du Ijch d VQG Tam Bao. Vudn ndn xay dung he thdng cac trung tim hudng din va cung cap thdng tin ve du ljch, vd tiem ning va con ngudi Tam Bio cho khach du Uch d nhtmg diu mdi giao thdng quan trpng, tidn tdi ket hgp md van phdng dai dien du ljch tai cac thj trudng trpng diem. Tang cudng iing dimg cdng nghd thdng tin hidn dai, phdi hpp cac co quan thdng tin dai chiing, cac lire lupng thong tin ddi npi va ddi ngoai, nhdm nang cao hidu qui trong kinh doanh du Uch. Thuc hien cic chu- cmg trinh thdng tin tuyen truydn, quang ba ve nhung su kidn se didn ra hang nim tidn dja ban huydn nhu tridn lam, hdi chp, van hda the thao, le hpi truydn thdng; td chiic cac chidn dich xuc tidn, quang bi, p h i t dpng tiij trudng theo chuydn dd; td chiic va tham gia hpi chg, tridn lam, hpi nghj, hpi thio du ljch dd gidi tiiieu rpng rai tidm ning du ljch cua dja phuong, b'ch thich nhu ciu du ljch tiong nudc va qudc td.
Xac djnh cac thj trudng du ljch trpng diem, nghidn ciiu tim ly, thj hidu, tap quan, tiidi
quen tieu dung ciia cac ddi tugng khach, tir do dua ra cic san phim du ljch phii hgp vdi thj trudng, td chiic tidp thi quang b i thdng qua cac hinh thiic tuydn truydn quang cao trdn cac phuang tidn truydn thdng.
* Cdi thiin cdc yiu td ngudn luc phuc v^
cho du lich
Hien nay, ddi ngu can bp cdng nhin vien trong VQG Tam Bio thidu vd so luong va chSt lucmg, ngudi lao dgng hiu nhu khdng cd kidn thiic nghidp vu vd du Uch; trong khi do cic san phdm du Uch tai Vuon cdn don didu va thidu kha nang canh tranh liu dai, tham chi dpi ngii hudng din vidn Igi khdng cd. Bo dd linh dao VQG Tam Dao can dao tao ngudn nhan luc phuc vu phat tridn DLST d ^ iing tidu chi viia dam bao du ve sd lugng vira dim bao chat lupng chuydn mdn cao; ben canh dd, cin ting cudng tim kidm cic ngudn diu tu dt xay dung co sd ha tang phuc vy du ljch nhu khu vui choi giai tri, ca sd luu tni trong Virdn dd hap dan tat c i cac ddi tupng khach khac nhau, nhdt la khich cao cap.
* Ndng cao tinh gido due mdi tru&ng va bdo tdn cua cdc bin liin quan
DLST la mpt loai hmh du Ijch dua vio thien nhien, du Uch cd tinh giio due v i ning cao y thiic bao ve mdi trudng, du ljch cd tiich nhiem.
VQG Tam Dio vdi chiic ning la bao tdn va phat tridn du Uch smh thai, hai chirc ning niy co quan he mat thidt vdi nhau: Bao tdn dd lim co sd cho phat tiidn DLST va phat tiidn DLST khdng lam anh hudi^ den bao tdn va mdi trudng. Dd lam dugc didu nay can tiiay ddi nhan thirc ciia nhieu ben hen quan tir nha bao tdn, ngudi lim du Ijch, du khach va ca cdng < ^ g dja phuong tiidng qua nhiii^ hoat dpng cu the Udn quan (Kn bao v? tai nguydn, bao vd mdi trudng sinh thii.
* Thu hut v&i su tham gia cua cpng ddng dia phuffng trong hogt dpng DLST
Hidn tai cac du i n phat tridn du ljch dang dugc trien khai d VQG nhung hidu qua ciia cac hoat dpng du Uch tdi ddi sdng cu dan v i bao tdn cdn tii^. Dd thu hiit cpng ddng dja phuoi^ vao cic du an DLST, Ban quin ly VQG cin phai -phdi hgp vdi cic bdn lidn quan tridn khai cac
cdng vide sau:
128 TAP Cffl KHOA HOC VA C 6 N G N G H f LAM NGHlEP S 6 2 - 2013
Kinh te& Chinh sach
- Nghidn ciiu phit tridn cac nganh nghd san xuit ndng - lam - nghiep, nghd thu cdng my nghe tmydn thdng, bin sic vin hda, phong tuc tap quan, le hdi va nang cao trinh dp din tri, van hoa du ljch cho mpi ngudi dan cua dja phuong.
Td chiic giao due cho nhin dan dja phuang dd ning cao nh^n thiic bao tdn thien nhien, b i o ve mdi trudng bing cac phuong ti?n thdng tin dai chiing, tii lidu, td rai...
- Xiy dung quy hoach du lich vdi su tham gia ctia cpng ddng ngay tir diu. Hinh thanh cac phan khu cung cip djch vu, cic tuyen tham quan vdi cac san phim vin hda dja phuang.
IV. KET LV^
- Tidm ning DLST tai VQG Tam Bao la rdt Idn do cd vj tri thuan lgi, didu kidn kinh te, xa hpi phat tridn, tai nguyen du ljch phong phii va da dang. Trong tuong lai, ndu VQG bidt khai thac cac co hpi va sii dung tdt mpi ngudn luc, cd CO chd quan ly, cich thiic quin ly khoa hpc, chac chin DLST d day se thu hiit dugc nhieu khach du lich, ddng thdi sdm tid thanh tipng didm du ijch ciia tinh v i khu vuc.
Kmh doanh DLST tai VQG Tam Dio chua tuong xiing vdi tidm nang, ngudn thu tir DLST cdn khiem tdn, chi chidm radt ty tipng nhd tiong tdng ngudn thu cua Vudn.
- V i ^ diu tu cic ydu td ngudn luc chua dip ling dugc ydu cau, chua la ydu td thiic day 6.&
phat tridn. Nguydn nhan la do ngudn vdn dau tu cho DLST con han chd, phu thupc qua nhieu vao ngin sach Nha nudc, chua thuc hidn dugc chinh sich cho thud mdi trudng rirag, chua thuc hien xa hpi hoa djch vu mdi trudng rimg.
- Trdn co sd he thdng ly luan, ket qua khao sat va phan tich thuc trang khai thac tiem ning va kdt qua hoat dpng kinh doanh DLST ciia VQG Tam Dao, bai bao ^ ndu len nhiing thanh cdng, nhimg diem cdn han chd yen kem trong phit trien DLST d VQG, ddng thdi dua ra mdt sd giai phap nhim khai thac cic tidm ning DLST tai VQG Tam Dio trong thdi gian tdi.
Hy vpng ring DLST VQG Tam Dio tiong tuong lai se khdi sac.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Le Huy Ba (2005), Du ljch sinh thai, NXB D?i hoc quoc gia thanh pho Ho Chi Minh.
2. BO NN va PTNT (2007), Quyit dfnh sd 104/2007/OD - BNN ban hanh quy ch^ quan 1;;? hoat dpng DLST tai cac VQG, khu bao tfln thifin nhifin.
3. Nguyin Thj Son (2007), B4i giang Du ljch sinh thai, Tai lieu giang dsiy khoi x&p huin vfi DLST cho cic VQG vh khu bao t6n.
4. Thii tuong Chinh phii (2006), Quyit dinh sS I86/2006/QD-TTg ngay 14/8/2006 ciia Thu tirong Chinh phil vfi ban hinh quy chfi quan ly rimg.
5. VQG Tam Dao, Bio cio qi^ hoach bao tfln va p h ^ trifin bfin vung VQG Tam Dao giai doan 2010 - 2020.
6. Bao cao hang nSm cua VQG Tam Dao.
S O L U T I O N S F O R D E V E L O P I N G P O T E N T I A L E C O - T O U R I S M I N T A M D A O N A T I O N A L P A R K
B u i T h i M i n h N g u y e t S U M M A R Y
Eco-tourism is formed between the 90s of XX century, and is increasingly developed Ecotounsm is a kind of nature-based tourism and local culture with high ^ p e a l , attract the communities to natural and enhance the community's responsibility to the natural world . This is a high potential business area on the both economic and environmental perspective. This article is based on a analysis of business tourism on different aspects; Assess tiie potential advantages and obstacles in the ecotourism business in Tam Dao National Paric, which proposed potential solutions to ecotourism development in Tam Dao National Park. Includes 8 groups of solutions: the master planning for eco-tounsm, attract economic sectors engaged in tourism business. Solution for diversifying tourism products; Solution for strengthening tourism promotion; Solutions workforce training; Enhancing environmental education and conservation; Ecotourism combined with the involvement of local communities;
Development of infrastructure and tourist accommodation.
Key words: Eco-tourism, Tam Dao national park Nou&iphdn bien: PGS.TS. Nguyen Van Tuan N^dy nhan bdi: 15/5/2013
N'^dyphdn bien: 20/5/2013 N'^dy quy^i ^i^h ddng: 07/6/2013
TAP rvd K T r n * vinr- v i <-Axr^ '"'^HE LAM NGHEEP SO 2 - 2 0 1 3 129
