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Cd cau t d chufc quy hoach V i mat td chQc hanh chinh, nQde My chia lam 50 "tieu bang" (state). Mdi tieu bang chia lam nhieu "khu" (county) va mdi khu bao gdm nhiiu "thanh phd" (city). Trong nhieu trudng hdp, nhQng khu gan nhau ed the lien kit tao ra mpt "vung dd thi"
(metropolitan area). Ranh gidi hanh chinh cua mpt thanh phd cd the vUpt ra ngoai ranh gidi cua mpt khu va ranh gidi cua mpt vung dd thj ed the vQdt ra ngoai ranh gidi cua mpt tieu bang. Phan Idn cac tieu bang cd dien tich rat Idn; California cd dien tich hdn 400 ngan km^ hay Georgia cd dien tich hdn 150 ngan kml
NQde My ed mpt cd cau hanh chinh va quy hoach bao gdm nhiiu tang Idp. td chuc va luat le rat khae nhau, tuy theo tQng dia phUPng. 6 nhiiu tieu bang, co cau quy hoach dd thj dupe chia thanh ba cap chinh:
tieu bang, vung va thanh phd. Tieu bang
d i ra cae muc tieu quy hoach chinh (goals) va mdt danh muc yeu cau v i thiet k i quy hoach (required planning elements) cho eac cap dQdi. Diiu dang chu y la tieu bang chi qui dinh nhQng danh muc phai lam va d i ra nhOng chinh sach ehung, cdn phQdng phap lam nhQ the nao, hay giai phap quy hoach cu the ra sao la do cap dQdi tQ quyit dinh. Cae quy hoach eua cap dudi chi cd hieu lUc phap ly de"trien khai sau khi dupe tieu bang duyet.
DQdi tieu bang la eac td chQc lien quan den phat trien vung. Cae td chQc nay cd mat d hau hit cac tieu bang dUdi ten gpi khae nhau nhU: Councils of Government, Economic Development Commissions, Regional Planning Commissions,... Toan nudc My cd hon 500 trung tam nhu vay.
Mdi trung tam dUPc thanh lap dUa tren eac khu cd cung dac diem chung v i kinh t i , xa hpi va dia ly. Nhiem vu chinh cua cac trung
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.XD So 37 .2009Quy hoach & ki^n true th6
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tam dd la kien tao sQ lien ket giQa cae dja phUdng trong vung. Tuy nhien, vai trd cu the ve mat quy hoach thi khac nhau, tuy theo quy djnh cua tQng tieu bang. Ngoai ra, mdi tieu bang cdn cd cac trung tam quy hoach vung v i ngudn nQde hay cae trung tam qui hoach vung v i giao thdng. Chinh quyin lien bang yeu cau tat ca cac thanh phd ed dan sd Idn hdn 50,000 ngudi phai thanh lap mdt trung tam quy hoach rieng ve giao thdng.
Cap quy hoach dudi cung la khu va thanh phd. Phan Idn eac tieu bang d My ed quy djnh la eac khu va thanh phd phai cd quy hoach phat trien tdng the de lam nin tang phap ly va cd sd phat trien cho dja phUdng dd. Quy hoach tdng the dd ed ten gpi khac nhau tuy theo tQng tieu bang: General Plan, Comprehensive Plan, Community Plan, Local Comprehensive Plan, Master Plan...
Neu dja phQOng nao khdng cd quy hoach phat trien tdng the thi se bj phat hoac bj cat ngudn vd'n dau tu tQ tieu bang. Niu trong qua trinh thQc hien ma ed nhQng thay ddi Idn xay ra, thi dja phQOng cd the yeu cau cap tren cho diiu chinh quy hoach. Tieu bang Florida cho phep mdi thanh phd dupe dieu chinh tdi da 2 lan mdt nam neu ed sQ thay ddi Idn ve phat trien d dja phQPng dd.
Su diiu chinh dd phai dupe sQ tham djnh va chap thuan cua tieu bang.
Nhin chung ve mat quy hoach, cap tieu bang va cap vung cd vai trd kiem soat danh muc qui hoach yeu cau ddi vdi eac dia phuong, quan ly cac ngudn tai nguyen Chung va dam bao tinh lien kit giQa cac vung vdi nhau. Ngoai ra, cap tieu bang va cap vung cdn co nhiem vy chi ra cho cac dja phuong nhQng cO hdi phat trien neu hp lien kit vdi nhau cung nhu giai quyit cac mau thuIn ma cac dja phQOng khdng thdng nhat voi nhau dUpc.
Ngoai nhQng yeu cau ehung ra, tieu bang khuyen khich cac dja phUPng ed each lam rieng de giai quyet cac van d i dac trUng cua khu vUc minh. Cac thanh phd cd quyen Idn trong viec vach ra quy hoach phat trien cho dia phQPng minh cung nhU tim cac bien phap de thQc hien quy hoach dd. Do vay ma quy hoach tdng the cua cac thanh phd khac nhau rat da dang va phong phu, tQ phQOng phap lam quy hoach eho tdi each thi hien.
Gidi t h i e u v e mot trung t a m phat trien vung thuoc tieu bang Georgia
Tieu bang Georgia bao gdm 159 khu va 534 thanh phd. Tieu bang dQpc chia thanh 16 trung tam phat trien vung. Trach nhiem chinh ma tieu bang Georgia giao cho mdi trung tam phat trien vung la thie't lap ke hoach phat trien vung, tham djnh quy hoach tdng the cua eac khu hay thanh phd trong pham vi minh phu trach, hd trd cae dU an phat trien trong vung, lap ke hoach trd giup bp phan dan sd trong dp tudi ve hQu, bao tdn cac khu vUc cd gia trj Ijeh sQ, hd trp cac dia phuong ky thuat quan ly cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien, dQ bao dan sd vung, va trd giup cac dja phQdng ve ky thuat thdng tin dja ly GIS. V i quy hoach, mdi trung tam phat trien vung ed nhiem vu thie't lap ke hoach phat triln vung dQa tren cae danh muc va chinh sach quy djnh bdi tieu bang.
Dudi day la cae danh muc tdi thieu phai ed cho mpt dd an quy hoach vung.
Dan sd: Thu thap sd lieu v i qua trinh phat trien va tien hanh dU bao cau true dan sd cho 20 nam. NhQng thdng tin nay phai dUde phan tich de tra Idi eac cau hdi ve: Xu hudng CO ban v i bien ddng dan sd trong vung (tdc dp gia tang, phan bd dp tudi, hpc van, thu nhap...) va so sanh vdi cac vung khac trong tieu bang va lien bang; Xac djnh chien lupc
cdng va md hinh sijf dung dat hpp ly.
Kinh te; Thu thap sd lieu ve qua trinh phat trien va tien hanh dQ bao phat trien kinh te eua vung. Dieu tra ve lao ddng, djch cQ trong vung, yeu td phat trien kinh te hien ed (ha tang ky thuat, nganh kinh te dac biet, giao due, chinh sach, chat IQpng cudc sdng,...) va cac yeu td han che sQ phat trien (ngudn cap nQde, chat IQpng lao ddng,...).
Sau khi phan tich cac sd lieu tren, dd an qui hoach vung phai tra Idi dQpc cac cau hdi sau; Die'm manh va yeu eua vung?
NhQng khu vQc nao se di len hoac di xud'ng va nhQng khu vQc nao se la trung tam td't nhat cua vung? NhOng van de cua IQC IQpng lao ddng? Chinh sach va ChQOng trinh kinh te hien nay ed hieu qua hay khdng trong viee thuc day kinh te? Va cae mau thuin cung nhQ tiim nang hop tac glQa cac thanh phd trong vung cung nhQ vdi cac vung phu can?
Yeu td thien nhien va Ijch sQ; Thu thap sd lieu ve eac vung tai nguyen thien nhien, nhQng khu vQc nhay cam (tang nQde ngam, vung ngap lut,...), vung danh lam thang canh, dat ndng nghiep, va eac tai nguyen ve mat lich sQ.
Sau khi phan tich cac sd lieu tren, dd an qui hoach vung phai tra Idi dupe eac cau hdi sau; Cae yeu td tren se bj anh hQdng nhQ the nao bdi cac ke hoach phat trien?
Dau la bien phap bao ve? Cac ke hoach phat trien eua cac vung xung quanh ed lam hai tdi vung cua minh hay khdng?
Cac mau thuin cung nhQ tiem nang hpp tac giQa cac thanh phd trong vung cung nhQ vdi eac vung phu can?
Ha tang ky thuat va dich vu cdng cdng;
Thu nhap sd lieu ve ha tang va nhQng chQOng trinh nang cap ha tang dang thuc hien. Sau khi phan tfch cac sd lieu trdn, dd an quy hoach vung phai tra Idi dUpc cac cau hdi sau; Ha tang hien nay cd dap Qng dupe nhu cau hien tai khdng? Ha tang hien nay cd dap Qng dUpc nhu cau dupe du bao khdng va neu thie'u thi can xay diing them gl? Ha tang hien nay cd tao ra mau thuin gi vdi cac vung xung quanh khdng?
Nha d: Xac dinh xu hudng ve nha d trong 20 nam tdi (so lupng. the loai va vi tri);
xac dinh nhQng khu vuc tap trung nha d kem chat lupng so vdi tieu chuan qui dinh; va xac dinh su phan bd cua gia nha trong viing.
Sau khi phan tich cac sd lieu tren, dd an quy hoach vung phai tra ldi dupe cac cau hdi sau: Cac du an nha d trong vung cd dap Qng dQdc nhu cau cua dan sd da dupe dQ bao khdng (ea ve sd lUpng l l n kha nang chi tra cua ngudi dan): Cac du an dd cd dpng cham den nhung khu vuc thien nhien can bao ve hay khdng? Cac chinh sach nha d ed tao nen mau thuin gi vdi cac vung xung quanh khong?
Sd dung dat:
m Phan tich viec sQ dung dat: Xac dinh mau thuin cung nhu tiem nang hop tac trong viee sQ dung dat vdi cac vung xung quanh; xac dinh nhQng yeu td lich sQ anh hudng d i n md hinh sQ dung dat hien tai:
xac djnh dien tich dat can thiet cho dan sd va CO sd kinh t i da dUpc dQ bao; xac dinh eac khu vQc ma ha tang hien nay se khong dap Qng dupe nhu cau cua dan sd tUPng lai; xac dinh cac khu vuc cd kha nang bien dpng manh ve viec su dung dat; xac djnh khu vuc cam hoac han che phat trien; va lap mat b i n g su dung dat tuong lai, chi ra bdn khu vUc sau day: khu vUc hien da ed ha tang, khu vUc can xay dung them ha tang, khu vuc ndng thon, va khu vuc can bao ve.
• Vach ra mat bing dinh hudng phat tnen:
Chf ra cac khu vuc se la muc tieu dau tU trong thdi gian tdi trong mat bing su dung dat tuOng lai. Ddi vdi mdi mdt muc tieu. can chi ra each thuC de thu'c hien muc tieu dd.
Quy hoach tdng the cua mot thanh phd thuoc tieu bang Georgia
T l i u bang Georgia yeu cau tat ca 534 thanh phd trong t l i u bang phai cd mdt quy hoach tdng the va phai dieu chinh quyhoach dd 10 nam mdt lan. Quy hoach dd khdng dupe mau thuin vdi qui hoach phat trien vung do Trung tam phat trien vung va t l i u bang da de ra. Quy hoach dd phai dupe Trung tam phat trien vung tham djnh va duoc tieu bang duyet trUdc khi dua vao thuc hien. De tranh viec thu thap
City of Camarillo, Califomia, 2007 General Plan Map
sd lieu va lam cae phan tich khdng can thie't ddi vdi cac thanh phd nhd, tieu bang chia cac thanh phd ra lam 4 cap va dat ra yeu cau rieng cho tQng cap. Quy hoach tdng the cija tat ea cac thanh phd bat budc phai bao gdm 3 phan va mdi phan lai cd nhieu danh muc nhd. Tuy nhien, moi thanh phd chi lam nhQng danh muc yeu cau dd'i vdi cap cija minh. Ba phan quy djnh dd la;
Ke hoach lay y kien cdng ddng ve dQ an qui hoach tdng the: Thanh phd phai vach ra cac ke hoach va eac phQOng phap cu the de lay y kien cua ngQdi dan cung nhU dai dien cac cdng ddng trong qua trinh tien hanh lap dd an quy hoach tdng the.
Phan tich va danh gia ve thanh phd:
Xem xet danh sach liet ke nhOng van de cung nhQ cO hpi phat triln trong vung do tilu bang thao ra. BQdc di dau tien nay nham xac djnh nhQng van de va cO hpi phat trien lien quan den dja phUOng minh tU gdc nhin cua toan viing. Danh sach nay cd t h i se dupe dieu chinh d cac budc nghien cUu tiep theo.
• Phan tich va danh gia hien trang phat trien ve cac mat nhu dan so, dieu kien tu nhien va van hda, kinh te, giao thong, nha d, ha tang, sCf dung dat, va cP cau hanh chfnh trong vijng.
• Xac djnh cac dac diim dac tn/ng cua tUng khu vuc va ranh gidi cija cac khu vuc do.
Xac djnh mgc tieu va lap ke ho^eh thi/e hign: Day la phan quan trgng nhat eiia do an quy hogch vi no vach ra Ig trinh phat trien cho thanh phd. Phan nay gdm ba mgc bat bugc:
• Djnh hudng phat triln tuong lai; mat bang sQ dung dat chi ra cac khu vUe vdi cac dac diim dac trUng rieng; cac hinh thai phat triln dupe khuyen khich cung nhu cae quy djnh cu the ve chQc nang sCr dung dat trong mdi khu va cac bien phap d l phat triln eac khu dd.
• NhOng van de cung nhQ eac cd hdi phat trien cija thanh phd
• Ke hoach thUe hien; De ra cac chQOng trinh va bien phap cu the d l thQc hien cac muc tieu cija dd an trong giai doan 5 nam va cac giai doan tiep theo.
Q u y h o a c h t d n g t h e c u a m o t t h a n h p h d t h u o c t i e u b a n g C a l i f o r n i a Tilu bang California yeu cau tat ca 456 thanh phd phai cd quy hoach tdng thi bao gdm 7 hang muc sau day: sCr dung dat, giao thdng, nha d, bao ve va tdn tao, cay xanh, tieng dn, va an toan. Cac thanh phd phai ap dung cac luat sCf dung dat cho tUng Id dat va cac qui djnh khac d l thuc hien quy hoach.
Ngoai cac hang muc ke tren, thanh phd dupe quyen lap them quy hoach cho cac hang muc khac nhu thiet ke dd thj (urban design), nghf ngoi giai tri, hay cac ha tang xa hdi khac.
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City of Camarillo, California, 2007 Zoning ,Map
Mdi quy hoach tdng the phai bao gom hai phan; Phan thuyet minh bang van ban ndi ve muc tieu, chinh sach va each thUc phan bd dat dai va phan hinh ve bao gdm so dd hay ban dd hien trang va tuOng lai SLf dung dat, he giao thdng va khu vQc ddc hai ve mdi trQdng. Tieu bang yeu cau cac thanh phd cung cap dd an quy hoach tdng the dd cho ngQdi dan ed nhu cau vdi gia dung bang chi phi in an.
Dudi day la 7 danh muc quy hoach ma tieu bang quy djnh ddi vdi mot dd in qui hogch tong the:
• SCf dung dat; bao gdm vj tri va mat dp nha d, thOPng mai, cdng nghiep, cay xanh, trQdng hoc, cdng trinh cdng cdng, khu vQc che bien rac, va cac hang muc sd dung dat khac.
• Giao thdng; Bao gdm mang dQdng hien trang va tQOng lai, ga dQdng sat, cang, va san bay.
• Nha d; Thd'ng ke nhu cau nha d hien tai va tQOng lai cija tat ca cac bd phan dan sd.
• Bao tdn; Bao gdm tai nguyen thien nhien, canh quan, di tich, va du Ijch.
• Khdng gian cay xanh va dat ndng nghiep.
• Tieng dn; Xac djnh va danh gia van de tieng dn trong khu vQc.
• An toan; Xac djnh va de ra chfnh sach bao ve dan cQ dd'i vdi nguy cO ddng dat, lut ldi, va chay rQng.
Tieu bang cdng yeu cau eac thanh phd phai de ra cac luat le quy dinh ve chdc nang sddgng dat va cac qui djnh di kem dethi/e hien quy hoaeh tdng the da dugc duyet Sau day la eae luat le ehinh:
Chi tiet chdc nang sCt dung dat (zoning ordinance):
Mat bang tdng t h i vach ra cac khu chQc nang sQ dung dat ehinh nhQ dat nha d, djch vu thQOng mai, cdng nghiep,... Zoning cu the hoa cac khu dd thanh cac khu vQc nhd hon va qui dinh nhOng chQc nang sQ dung dat nao dQOc phep xay dQng d trong tQng khu vQc nhd dd. Zoning cung dat ra cac tieu chuan cu t h i nhQ dien tich td'i thiiu, chieu cao tdi da, khoang each tdi chi gidi dQdng do,...
Thay ddi chdc nang sd dung dat (rezoning):
Neu nha dau tu mudn xay dQng mdt cdng
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' o f M e n i o P a r k , C a l i f o r n i a , " Z o t n i n g M a p & G e n e r a l P l a n L a n d U s e D e s i g n a t i o n C o r r e s p o n d e n c e T a b l e "
Zonina Orstrtct Residential Estate District Residential Estate Suburtjan Dislnct Single Family Suburban Residential Distnct
Single Family Suburban Residential Distnct iFeiton Gables) Single Family Urban Resldentiai District
Low Density Apartment District Apartment District
Garden Apartment Residential Distnci Aoartment-Office Distnct High-Density Residential District Mixed Use District Retirement Living Units District
Administrative and Professional Distnct, Restnctve Administrative and Professional Distnct Administrative, Professional, and Service Disinct Adminislrative, Professional and Researcti Distnct, Restnctive Neighborhood Shopping Distnct
Neighborhood Shopping District, Restndive Neighborhood Commercial District. Restnctive Neighborhood Commercial District. Special Central Commercial Dislnct
General Commercial Distnct [other than El Camino Real) General Commercial Distnct [applicable to El Camino Real) Light Industnal Dislnct
General Industrial District Open Space and Conservation District Public Facilities District
Flood Plain Distnct Parking DisOict Historic Site Distnct
Allied Arts Guild Preservation Distnct P-D Distnct
Conditional Development
General Plan Land Use Designation
\ e r y Low Density Residential Very Low Density Residential Lov^ Density Residential' ^ Low Density- Residential' Low Density Residential Medium Density Residential Medium Density Residential Medium Density Residential Professional and Administrative Otfices' High Densir/ Residential
Professional and Administi^tive Otfices"
High Density Residential
Professional and Administrative Offices Professional and Administrative Offices^
Professional and Administrative Offices Professional and Administrative Offices Retail/Commercial
RetaifCommercial RetaiL/Commercial Retail/Commercial Retail/Commercial Retail/Commercial
El Camino Real Professional/Retail Commercial Limited industry
Limited Industry ParKs and Recreation Public Facflities Non-Urt>an- Retail/Commercial Medium Density Residentiat' Other
El Camino Real Professional/Retail Commercial fVa"
trinh ma d dd zoning khdng cho phep loai chQc nang dd thi hp phai yeu cau thanh phd thay ddi chQc nang sQ dijng dat cua khu dd. Thanh phd phai td chQc lay y kien cua cdng ddng trQde khi quyet dinh thay ddi zoning. Thanh phd cung khdng bi bSt budc phai thay ddi neu thay khong nen.
Thanh phd khdng dQo'e phep duyet yeu cau dd neu chQc nang dinh thay ddi mau thuan vdi quy hoach tdng the.
Tuan theo ddng thdi nhieu qui djnh ve chijc nang stj' dijng dat (overlay zone):
Rat nhieu thanh phd cd them eac quy djnh ddi vdi cac vung dac biet nhQ khu phd cd, vung ngap lut, vung cd dp ddc cao,... Tat ca cac cdng trinh trong mdt khu vQc deu phai ddng thdi dap Qng tat ca cac quy djnh eho khu vQc dd.
Quy djnh ve chat ludng mdi trUdng (CEQA):
Quy djnh nay yeu cau chinh quyen dja phuong xem xet muc dp anh hudng tdi mdi trudng cua mpt du an trudc khi duyet.
(con tiep)
