s6io
NG6N NGC
2011
MQT S6 DAC DifeM N G 6 N NGCT
TRUYfN NGAN NGUYfiN HUY THIfP
TS. NGUYfeN THI THU THCJY
1. Dflt v i n d l
Nguyin Huy Thif p IA nhA vAn cd nhilu d6i mdi vl nghf thuflt kl chuyfn cftng nhu ddi mdi v l ngdn ngft nghf thuflt Sy ddi mdi dd mang lgi cho ngdn ngft truyfn ngin ciia tAc giA nAy mOt sftc hip din "khdng cudng ndi"
Sftc hip din cua truyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp till hifn trudc hit d kl tiiuflt lya chpn dilm nhhi (DN) dl kl chuyfn. Tft gdc dO DN ngdn ngft, chiing tdi thiy, cAc truyfn cfta Nguyin Huy Thif p diu dugc kl tft DN bdn ngoAi. Dd IA logi DN mA ngu&i ki (nhfln vflt ngudi kl) "ndi"
ft hem nhfin vflt, "bilt" ft hem nhfin vgt Dfiy IA trudng hpp kl khAch quan (tiiiy thl nAo ndi thl hoflc IA hdnh vi chu nghta) trong dd cAc nhan vflt ho^t dOng trudc mflt chiing ta mA chiing til khdng bao gid bilt dugc tu tudng vA thih cAm cua hp. d day, nOi dung tiuyfn "tdi tAm" din miirc nhu nhftng cAu dti, dOc giA khdng cd bit eft mOt ehi dan nAo dl hiiu dugc tfnh cAch ciing nhu tfim tu, tinh cAm cfta nhAn vflt. Michel Raimond dfl chu thfch rit diing ring tiong nhflng tilu tiiuylt fim muu, phidu luu, sy hftng thu nAy smh tft chd cd mOt "bf mflt", tAc giA
"khdng ndi toAn bO sy vifc mft anh ta bilt" 6 dd, nhfin vflt dugc midu tA, dugc vd ra nhu mOt ngudi khdng quen bilt (din tiieo [7,206 - 208]).
Nhu vfly, cd thl thiy sy tham gia cfla ngudi kl chuyfn (NKC) vAo truyfn IA cyc nhd. Anh ta chi thuin tu;^ IA mOt ngudi quan sAt, khdng giAi thfch, bhih lufln hay cd bit eft mOt hinh thftc dAnh giA nAo.
Nhftng tinh chit nAy cua DN dA chi phdi rit nhilu din nhChig dflc dilm ngdn ngft ttong tAc phim cfta Nguyin Huy Thifp. Ndi cAch khAc, tfnh chit khAch quan cua DN bdn ngoAi dugc thl hifn gin nhu tuyft ddi ttong mdi cau chfl, ldi vAn Ngi^ln Hity Thifp.
DAy ehfnh IA ndt ridng vA cflng IA cAi hip dan rit Nguyin Huy Thifp mA chflng tdi sd trinh bAy dudi dAy d i^iUDng difn cAc tiiAnh phin ldi ndi nghf thuflt (BAi vilt nfty khdng cd dilu kifn tthih bAy vl DN vA kl tiiuflt kl chuyfn tiong tAc phim, chi xin nhic din nd khi cd lidn quan din nhflmg bilu hifn vl mflt ngdn ngft).
2. Ldi vftn mieu tft
Ldi vfln midu tA ehilm mOt ty If khdng dAng kl, vA cAnh hay ngudi, nlu dugc midu tA till hit sure chung chung, tiiyc chit till gidng nhu ngudi ta lift kd nhilu hem. Vl cAnh, cd thl ndi hiu nhu khdng cd khdng gian nAo dupe md tA, chi cd dia dilm dugc Uf t kd cho sy kifn xAy ra. Cd till Uft kd ra dfiy hAng logt cAi khdng gian mA khdng gian nAo cftng chi cd tdn gpi. Thf dy:
40 Ngdn ngft sd 10 nftm 2011 (1) Ddm cu&i ngo^ d id ldng vd
khd dung tye.
(Tu&ng ve htru) (2) Tu nhA tdi ra nghia dja di tdt chi ndm trdm mit nhung di du&ng chinh qua cdng lAng phdi hai cdy so. Du&ng bi, khdng day xe ddn dugc md phdi khieng vai.
(Tuang ve htru) (3) Gan nhA l6i d cd cdu Khdng...
Khdng ldm a xi nghifp nudc mim...
(Tu&ng vi htru) (4) Xe di Cao BAng theo dudng sd Mpt Den noi thi li an tdng cha tdi cu hdnh dd dugc hai tieng ddng hd.
(Tu&ng vi huu) (5) Mg ciia cha tdi ddt trong nghia ttang lift SI.
(Tu&ng vi huu) Ngogi d, tir nhd tdi ra nghia dia, cdng ldng, gdn nhd tdi &, xi nghiip nuac mdm, Cao Bdng, du&ng sd mgt, nghia trang Hit si IA khdng gian xAy ra sy kifn, the hifn cAc mdi quan hf xfl hOi. CAc khdng gian nAy chi dugc gpi ten ra mA khdng cd mOt ldi mieu tA nAo, dOc giA khdng cd dugc in tugmg gi vl cAc khdng gian dd.
Ngogi hinh nhAn vflt cung dugc md tA hit sue chung chung, khdng cd ndt nAo ridng, khdng cd ndt nAo cy till.
Thfdy:
(6) dng Ca sAu muai tudi, qud Thanh HoA.
(7) Cd Ldi mdc ddu gAn dd nhung XOC vAc vA nOi trg gidi.
(8) Tdi ba muoi bAy tudi, /a kl su...
Thuy, vg tdi IA bAc si... Ching tdi cd hai con gdi, dira mudi bdn, dira mudi hai.
(Tu&ng vi huu) (9) Khiim to ldn, Iftng Iftng, tinh ndng nAy.
(Khdng cd vua) (10) Sinh d?p lOng lay.
(Khdng cd vua) (11) Ong Gia cd mgt dua chdu dkh tdn la Phgm Nggc Chiiu tuin tii lg thudng.
(Gigt mdu) (12) Dd Ngogn mit todt th huang ndm Mgu Thin.
(Gigt mdu) Vdi cAch mieu tft nhu d (6, 8) ngudi ta chi c6 till bilt ngudi dugc midu tA giA/ tie, ldn/ tid coa MA khdng tiie bilt dugc vdc dAng, khudn mflt...
cua ngudi dd nhu thl nAo. (Jua (7) till cd the ngam doAn dugc vdc dAng, khudn mflt, phong tiiAi cua LAi qua tfnh cAch (gdn do nhung xdc vdc..) ciia cd. Tuy nhidn, ngim doAn thl cflng khdng cy till dugc. Cd LAi van c6 mOt khudn mflt chung cfta nhflmg ngudi gAn dd, nhung cAi rieng ciia cd tiii khdng till bilt dugc. CAc tiii dy (9), (10), (11), (12) till tA difn mgo nhan vflt nhung cung vin hit sftc chung chung: "dd Ngogn mit todt", nhftng tiidng tin midu tA nAy: to l&n, d^p lgng ldy... chua du d l khic hpa mft khudn mflt, mOt vdc dAng... dOc giA chi bilt IA Khidm to l&n mA chua bilt to ldn nhu thl nAo? hoflc Sinh d?p lgng ldy nhung d?p lOng lly nhu till
MOt sd...
nAo? ciing chua bilt Vi thl, "nhan vflt cua Nguyen Huy Thifp khong ai cd difn m?o ridng" (Trin D90).
Dflc bift khi md tA ngogi hinh nhAn vflt NKC trong truyfn Nguyin Huy Thifp khdng t^t ngang so sAnh, lidn tudng nhu d truyfn kl nOi tAm, kieu:
nhu thi ldn ddm do thu nhat dd di ndng si^ cgy ddng lin ngu&i anh (Nguyen Thi Thu Huf, Miia ddng dm dp) hoflc giAi thich, binh lufln nhu d truyfn ngin Ma VAn KhAng. Ldi vAn md tA ngo^ hinh ciing gan nhu dugc khAch quan hoA tuyft doi.
d truyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp, trgng thAi nOi tam ciia nhAn vflt van dugc md tA tft DN ben ngoAi, bilu hifn d chd trgng thAi nOi tam dugc md tA mOt cAch giAn tiep qua cAc tft chi hogt dOng cAm nghi nhu: thdy, cdm thay, hiiu... hoflc cAc tft chi trgng thAi nOi tAm dA bi mdn di ndt nghia bilu cAm:
bmn, sg, cd dan, ddm chiiu, biit nit...
Thfdy:
(13) Nira dim tdi dgy, thdy m? tdi Icfnh todt, mdt dgi di. Tdi sg, ggi vg tdi.
(Tu&ng vi him) Tft 5(r lAm cho cau vAn khdng dien tA dugc miic dO cfta ndi sg, khdng bOc 10 dugc cAm giAc mit mAt mAu thit cua ngudi con ddi vdi cAi chet dang cfln kl cua m?. S!(r d day cflng chi nhu mOt hAnh dOng vflt If bhih thudng, khdng md tA dugc trgng thAi nOi tAm cua nhan vgt Mudn diln dgt dugc tam tigng, phAi bilu hifn tam ttgng mOt cAch tivc tilp nhu n6 dang ton tgi. (Thing hgn, cAc cAu vAn d tiif dy 13 cd till vilt tiiAnh: Nira dim tdi dgy, thdy m? tdi lgnh todt, mdt
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dgi di. Sao lgi the ndy? M^ ai! Sao lgi nhanh the, me cri!
Nhiing ddi tiiogi nOi tam "Sao lgi... me aiP' cimg vdi nhflmg cau tnic cAm thAn c6 chftc nAng bieu dgt dugc ttgng thAi nOi tam ciia nhan vflt.
Thfdy:
(14) Tdi thay c6 dem qud.
(Tuang vi huu) Cflng IA mOt trudng hgp nhu tfif dy 13. Day chi IA mOt cau tran thuflt thdng thudng (khdng cd dau hifu bieu cAm nAo ngo^ tiir tu qucS). So sAnh (14) vdi cAu vAn ciia Nguyin Thi Thu Huf:
(15) Bdng dtmg tdi thdy sgp xudng ngudi minh mOt ndi ttdng ttAi hoang ving din khung khiep.
(Nguyin Thi Thu Huf, Hgu then du&ng)
Cftng ndi ve tAm ttgng cd dem nhung (15) mdi dfch thyc IA tA tam trgng: "thdy sgp xudng ngu&i minh mgt ndi trdng trdi hoang vdng den khung khiep" IA cAm giAc tiiflt vl ndi cd dem din cyc dilm dang tdn tgi. Cdn thay cd ffon ^ (thf dy 14) IA kl lgi tam trgng, vA nhu vfly thi cAi cd dem iy chi cdn IA mOt sy kifn, khdng cdn IA tam tigng nfla.
Ldi vfln md tA ttgng tiiAi nOi tam cua nhAn vflt d timyf n ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp cung cd chftc nAng tiiuflt lgi sy kifn, till hifn DN bdn ngoAi tuyft ddi cua NKC, sd IA mOt minh chirng cho sy khdng tham nhflp vAo the gidi nOi tAm nhAn vflt cua NKC. Dflc bift d nhflmg dogn NKC tA ttgng thAi nOi tAm ciia ngudi khAc. Thf du:
42 Ngdn ngfr s6 10 nftm 2011 (16) Cha tdi mudn & mdt phdng
du&i ddy nhd ngang gidng nhu mf tdi.
Vg tdi khdng chiu. Cha tdi budn Viic di mf tdi dn riing & riing ldm dng biirt rirt Vg tdi bdo: "Tgi mf ldn" Cha tdi dAm chidu.
(Tu&ng vi huu) CAc tft budn, birt rirt, ddm chiiu ciing gidng nhu tft sg (thf dy 13), cd dan (till dy 14) khdng bilu hifn dugc cy thl, trye tilp trgng thAi tinh tibin ciia chfl till (cAi bdn trong) mA ehl bilu hifn dugc cAi vd ngoAi (ndt mflt ching hgn) eua nhAn vflt Budn, birt rirt, ddm chiiu IA till hifn cua DN bdn ngoAi cua NKC.
Nhu vfly, ngdn ngft ciia Nguyin Huy Thifp, du IA ldi vAn midu tA till van IA kl, tiiien vl kl nhilu hem. Du IA tA cAnh, tA difn mgo, ngogi hinh hay ti-gng tiiAi nOi tAm nhAn vflt till ldi vfln Nguyin Huy Thifp vin ludn till hifn dugc tinh khAch quan cua DN bdn ngoAi.
3. Ldi vftn ke chuyfn
Ldi vAn kl chuyfn IA tiiAnh phin CO bAn cua trin thuflt Nguyin Huy Thifp ndn nd chiim mOt sd lugmg rit ldn ttong truyfn.
+ (5 tiuyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp, sy kifn vA ldi ndi dugc kl tfieo cAch lift kd IA chu ylu, NKC khdng dftng lgi dl nhfln xdt, dAnh gift, bhih lu|n nhu d tiuyfn kl tiieo DN ben tiong (tiuyfn kl nOi tAm) ndn ldi kl chuyfn gin nhu ti-in ti^i sy kifn.
Trong ldi vfln kl chuyfn Nguyin Huy Thifp, sy kifn dugc kd khai ddn dflp, thdng tin ndn dp. Trong hai cfiu
vfln vdi mudi mOt chft mA cd din 4 sy kifn, lgi toAn nhflng sy kifn quan trpng.
Thfdy:
(17) Tdi di lAm, liy vg, smh con.
Mf tdi giA di.
(Tu&ng ve htru) ->-Sft dyng hinh tugng NKC khdng dAng tin cfly, tgo ra ldi kl chuyfn khdng dftng tin cfly 1ft mOt thu phftp dflc bift d timyf n k l Nguyin Huy Thifp.
NKC khdng dftng tin cfly, tiieo Bootii d61ft cfti ngudi mft "khdng j M IA ngudi ndi ddi mA 1ft anh ta "cd khA nflng dAnh lira", anh ta dugc trinh bfty nhu IA ldi ndi cua anh ta bao gid cfhig hoA hgp vdi chuin myc cua cudn sftch, nhung tiiyc tl lgi khdng phfti nhu till"
[3,105].
Vifc anh ta dugc trinh bfty nhu IA ldi ndi ciia anh ta bao gid cftng hoA hgp vdi chuin myc cfta CUID sftch trong tiiiyfn Nguyin Huy Thifp bilu hifn dchd NKC ludn xung 1ft/d/, 1ft tAc gift:
tdi - ngudi vilt tiuyfn ngin nfty (Phdm tiet)... thflm chf cdn k l ra nhftng tiiu thuflt nhflmg cdng vifc cfta minh khi sftng tftc mft Id ra ngudi ta phfti giiu nh^m di. Thi dy:
(19) dng Qudch Nggc Mmh, ngy a Tu Li. huyin ly Dd Bdc viet thu cho tdi: Tdi dd dgc truyin ngdn Kiem sdc cua dng ki vi tdphy tdi Id Ddng Phu Ldn.. dng gdng thu xep len chai, tdi sS cho dng xem vdi tu lifu. biet ddu giup dng cd cdch nhin khde.
Nh4n dirgrc thu tdi dd len thdm gia dinh dng Qudch Ngoc Mnh. Nhiing tu liiu cd md dng Qudch Nggc Minh gin giit thdt ddc ddo Vi Ha Ndi. tdi
MQt so...
viet truyin ngdn ndy. Khi viet, tdi cd tyey thay ddi mgt vdi chi tiet phy vd sdp xep, chinh li lgi cdc tu liiu di hgp v&i vifc ki chuyin.
(Vdng lira)
Vifc kl ra nhflng k5^ thuflt sAng tAc vA kilu xung hd nhu thl nAy dA tgo cho C^ giA mOt niem tin chAc chAn vAo tinh chan thflt cua cAu chuyfn mA tAc giA kl. Hem nflra, NKC ciing khdng ngin nggi ndi rd nhflng hiiu bilt hgn ehl ciia minh vl cau chuyfn, thflm chf minh chi IA ngudi suu tim, chinh If vA vilt lgi tir lifu. Thf dy:
(19) Tdi, ngu&i viet truyin ngdn nay dd cat cdng di tim cdc thu tich cd vd hdi han nhiu bgc bd ldo. Khdng cd tdi lifu gi vd cOng khdng ai biet gi vi thung lOng Qug hodc nhirng ngu&i chdu Au th&i vua Gia Long. Mgi cdgdng cita tdi trong nhiiu ndm nay vd hiiu. Tdi hien bgn dgc ba dogn kit cho cdu chuyin ndy di bgn dgc tuy y lira chgn.
(Vdng lira) Ndi nhu vfly, NKC ngim ndi vdi dOc giA ring: truyfn mA tdi viet ra dAy khdng phAi IA dAng tin cfly hoAn toAn, toi khdng dAm khing dinh vi day cflng mdi chi IA tu lifu, chua bilt dung sai till nAo... NKC da dem vAo truyfn till gidi hifn tiiyc gidng nhu dugc chyp lgi, dugc sao chdp lgi nguydn xi, khdng tiidm bdt cit xdn, sip xlp lgi cflng nhu phan tich, li giAi sy kifn tiieo chu quan cua ngudi vilt DAy IA cAch tgo ra mOt nOi dung hifn thyc hoAn toAn khAch quan. Ldi k l nAy khiln dOc giA phAi lAm vifc tich cyc khi tilp nhgn tAc i^iim, tilp nhfln nhflmg thdng tin mA NKC cung cip. Cau chuyfn cd thl cd nhflng
43^
thdng tin dAng tm cfly (thdng tin tiiflt dA xAy ra) hoflc thdng tin khdng dAng tin cfly (thdng tin giA thilt, chua xAy ra hoflc cd thl xAy ra).
Trong truyfn cua Nguyin Huy Thifp, NKC tgo ra 2 logi thdng tin giA tiiilt:
1) CAc chi tiet sy kifn mAu thuan vdi thyc tl, venh nhau mOt cAch 10 lilu.
Trong trudng hgp nAy, NKC cd tinh nhim lan, kl mOt cAu chuyfn dugc xem nhu mOt khA nAng cd thl xAy ra chu khdng hin IA dA xAy ra. Thf dy dogn midu tA Quang Trung gflp Vinh Hoa, dogn vilt vl ldi Quang Trung ming mOt thuemg gia (Phdm tiit), ve nhflmg trilt If cao sidu cua mOt anh giAo lAng dgy i td (Nhmg bdi hgc ndng thdn)... Dd IA nhiing dogn hu ciu chu quan ciia tAc giA, IA giA thilt cua NKC.
Dua ra nhflng chi tilt khdng gidng vdi lich sft, tiiflm chf cd thl tirAi ngugc vdi nd, NKC mudn giiip dOc giA cd cAi nhin toAn difn, khAch quan vl con ngudi.
Trudc nhftng sy kifn mAu thuan nhu till, dOc giA sd phAi len tiing phAn ddi hoflc ddng tinh, phAi nhflp cuOc nhu dang ddi tiiogi vdi NKC.
2) Vdi nhflng sy kifn cd tinh chit U ki, NKC sft dyng cAch ndi mgp md, nudc ddi, khdng khing dinh phAt ngdn vl phin minh, mA quy vl nhflmg ldi ddn dgi khdng rd ngudn gdg. Thf dy:
(20) Cd ngudi kl ring kh lira bdc cao thi & trong qudn cd con chugt to bdng bdp chdn ngu&i phdng thdng ra ngodi cir cu&i hinh hfch...
(Chdy di sdng ai)
44 Ngdn ngftsd 10 nflm 2011 (21) Trdn bdo dy & bdi Ndi trin
sdng Cdi, sit ddnh cyt nggn cdy mudm dgi thy. Khdng biet ai ndi trdng thdy cd ddi giao long qudn chdt ldy nhau vdy viing ldm dye cd mgt khuc sdng. Tgnh mua, du&i goc cdy mudm, cd mgt dira bi m&i sinh dang ndm. Dira bi dy Id con Thuy thdn di lgi.
Ddn trong viing ggi dira bi dy Id Mf Cd. Ai nudi Mf Cd, tdi khong biet nghe phong tiianh dng tir din Tia ddn vi nudi. Lgi ddn thim Mdng trin phd chg ddn vi nudi. Lgi ddn cdc nhd xa trong nhd tu kin ddn vi...
(Con gdi thuy thdn) BAng sy xuit hifn mOt logt cAc tu ngft mang tfnh da tinh tiiAi: cd ngu&i ki rdng khdng biet ai ndi, ai... tdi khdng biit, nghe phong thanh lgi ddn... NKC da tgo ra cho cau chuyfn kl cAi vd hu hu, tiiyc tiiyc. CAi tiiflt vA cAi giA tiiilt khdng cd ranh gidi rd rAng.
Nhu vfly, d timyf n Nguyin Huy Thifp, NKC chi cd nhifm vy kl chuyfn dem tiiuin. Day IA mOt tiiu tiiuflt kl chuyfn tiieo DN bdn ngoAi. BAng vifc dua ra cAc y kiln cua nhan vgt mang tinh chu quan cA nhan, nhfln thftc cA nhan, nhieu khi tiii vdi hifn tiiyc lich sft, NKC kdu gpi dOc giA nhflp cuOc, len tiing vdi nhftng sy kifn mA mhih duara...
Booth cflng cho ring: vdi NKC khdng dAng tin cfly, dOc giA phAi sAng sudt hem rit nhilu so vdi NKC dAng tin cfly. Anh ta phAi phAn bift dugc, tiong ldi kl y nhu tiiflt cua NKC, cAi nAo IA tiidng tin tiiyc, cAi nAo IA tiidng tm giA tiiilt.
Cflng nhu ldi midu tA, ldi kl chuyfn trong truyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp cd chirc nAng thl hifn tfnh khAch quan ciia hifn thyc dugc ke, phai bAy hifn tiiyc nhu nd vin cd, IA the hifn DN ben ngoAi ciia NKC.
4. Ldi binh lu$n
Can phAi ndi ngay rAng, ttong tAc pham cua Nguyin Huy Thifp, khdng cd ngdn tu binh lufln trye tilp ciia tAc giA, chi cd hAnh vi binh lufln.
Nhung hAnh vi nAy cung rit hiim gflp, mA igi chi xuat hifn kfn dAo, hAm an d ding sau mOt sd chi tilt sau dAy ciia ldi kl:
4.1. Nhftng sy kifn cd tfnh chit bit tiiudng, nghich 11 (khdng cd mOt ylu td tinh tiiAi nAo di kem). Thf dy:
(22) Mgt hdm Phong ddnh liiu hdi chi qudn: "(J day cd con ^m ndo xinh khdng? " Chit qudn ggt ddu. Phong bdo: "Ggi cho tdi mgt dira " Chu qudn hdi: '(^ng thich logi cdn tdn hay dd mdt tdn? " Phong vd diii ddnh dit:
"Cdn tdn thi ndi gi naa? " Chu qudn dimg dgy di xudng nhd ngang, ldt sau ddn lin mdt dua con gdi trgc 15 tudi Cha qudn bdo: "Ddy Id con gdi tdi"
Phong udng nudc, suyt nfla till ngh?n (Gigt mdu) E)fiy IA mOt sy kifn tirAi luan tiiudng dgo If, bd dk dflng con gAi nhu mOt tiift phuang tifn dl kilm tiln (Bd: dng chu nhA chiira, con: gAi dilm) dilu db khiln mOt ngudi chai bdi, nhin tam nhu Phong cftng khdng thl ngd dugc.
Chi tilt Phong udng nu&c, suyt naa thi nghen mang hAm i n dAnh gift.- "Ddi bgi din till IA cung! DA man din till IA cftng!"
MQt s6...
(23) Cha tdi & choi v&i dng vy phd bd ciia Kim Ch mgt ngdy. Ong ndy vira di cdng tdc & An Dg vi, dng bieu cha toi mgt mdnh lya hoa vd nira lgng cao tdng hgp. Cha tdi cho cd LAi mAnh lya hoa, cho dng Ca nfta lgng cao.
(Tu&ng vi hiru) Cha tdi cho cd Ldi mdnh lya hoa, cho dng Ca nica lgng cao cd hai tien giA dinh (pp'):
pp' 1: Lya vA cao nhflmg nAm 80 cua the ky tnrdc IA rat hiem vA quy, lgi IA quA tu nudc ngoAi thi cAng hiim vA quy hem. Vi the tnrdc het phAi cho nhflng ngudi tiiAn tiong gia (£nh, roi mdi den ngudi ngoAi.
pp'2: Ngudi ttong gia dinh cua ong Thuin dA diy dii, chi cd ngudi d (ong Co, cd LAi) IA cdn vat vA vA thilu thdn.
HAnh vi hiln ngdn: Cha tdi cho nhumg ngudi d mdn quA rat quy hiem kia. DAy IA mOt hAnh vi bat tiiudng, c6 hAm in dAnh giA. Cimg vdi chi tilt Cha tdi cho mdi ngu&i trong nhd bdn mit vdi linh Cd dng Ca vd cd Ldi ding thi. () phan dau tAc phim, ta suy ra hAm in: Cha tdi coi ngudi ngoAi ciing nhu ngudi thAn, khdng thidn vi ai. 6ng IA con ngudi ua sy cdng bAng.
4.2. Trong ldi kl cd mOt dilm nhin, mang sAc thAi bilu cAm (diem nhan tu tft)
Dilm nhin nAy tiiudng IA cAc tii chi hAnh vi cua nhAn vflt vA hAm in d ding sau nhflmg dOng tft dd IA quan dilm danh giA cua NKC dugc till hifn mOt cAch kfn dAo. Thf dy:
(24) dng Bdng hay ndi "Qudn tri thuc khdn ngn! Ri ddn lao dgng!
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Ni bo nd. khdng tdi cgch cira!" Ndi the thdi, Ong Bdng vdn sang vay tien.
Vg tdi khdt khe, bao gid cUng bdt dng ky cugc. dng Bdng rdt tic, dng ndi:
"Minh Id cha nd, trdt vay ng md nd cu xu hft nhu dia cha " Nhiiu mdn ng dng cir Id di khdng trd.
(Tu&ng ve huu) DOng tu l& ttong tiing Vift c6 nghia IA lAm ra vd khdng de y, khdng biet hay khdng nhd. Trong dogn nAy, tfnh chat ciia hAnh vi dfl lOt tA cAi bAn chat khong thflt cua dng chii dAnh xe bd id mflng, tAo tgn, lAm du mpi dieu phi nhAn bit nghia lgi hay ndi dieu nhan nghia kia. Tft l& IA mOt diem nhan tu tu cd chftc nAng gpi y dAnh giA. Chi mOt dOng tft /(/da lam sAng r9 cA cai tfnh cAch khdng thflt ciia nhan vflt
(25) Khdm ddt xe ra cua, nghf thi ndo lgi dm cgp vdo nhd. Khdm ma cua budng, trdng tru&c trdng sau khdng thdy ai, m& thing ggo xac ra bd ruai ggo vdo cdp rdi len di ra.
(Khdng cd vua) Len IA di mOt cAch kfn dAo khdng dl ngudi khAc bilt Ta cd hAm an: KhAm IA ngudi ranh ma, khdng thgt tiiA.Tft lin cd chuc nAng dAnh giA.
4.3. Ldi thogi cua nhan vflt Dflc tfnh cua timyf n kl tiieo DN ben ngoAi IA tinh khAch quan. 6 d6, NKC khdng till cd bit eft mOt hinh tiiftc nAo till hifn ttyc tilp tiiAi dO dAnh giA cua minh, mA phAi mugm nhflmg hinh tiiftc giAn tilp nhu ldi thogi cua nhAn vflt. Ndi nhu Bakhtin: "Nai nAo thilu cAc hinh tiiftc tuong ddng dl bilu hifn trye tilp suy nghi cua tAc giA thi
46
ngudi ta phAi tim din vifc khftc xg chung vfto ldi cfta ngudi khftc" [1,185].
Cd Id vl till mft ldi thogi cfla tiuyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp cd gift tii bilu dgt rit ldn. Thl dy:
(26) cdn ldy bat chi ghi tiin ldm dugc hdng ngdy vdo mdt cudn sd, mdt trdm ddng thi ghi ddu cdng, hai trdm ddng th ghi ddu khuyin trdn, lgi vS hinh tam gidc trong chdm mdt cdi chdng biit Id ky hiiu gi. Dodi bdo: "Sd sdch he todn cua dng ndy thdt nhu gidn diipl'
(Khdng cd vua) (27) Thdm thodt din Tit Rdm thdng Chgp, ldo Kiin di ngdn hdng nit ldi tiet kiim dugc tdm ngdn ddng. Ldo Kiin mua cho Tdn cdi do sa mi, mua cho Sinh ddi bit tdt, cdn lgi tiin dua cd cho cdn. Khdm bdo: "Bd chi quy con ddu, con at"
(Khdng cd vua) Ldi thogi cfla £)ofti vft KhAm diu mang nhftng nhfln xdt dftnh gift trye tilp cfta nhfin vflt vl mOt vin dl nAo diy da dupe kl ra d phin tivdc. Ching hgn, sd sAch kl toAn cua c i n (tiif dy 26), tinh cAm cfla lAo Kiln vdi cftc con (thf dy 27). £)l nhfin v$t ndi ldi binh gift titxig nhflng budng hpp nhu till nfty vfta dAm bAo dupe tfnh khftch quan, chfin thyc vua tgo tinh sinh dOng, cy till cho ldi kl.
MOt trudng hgp khAc, ldi thogi cd churc nflng bOc 10 tinh cAch nhfin vflt, hAm in dAnh giA dugc suy ra tft dfiy.
(28) Dodi bdo: 'Tdi nghi bd giA rdi, md cflng till, eft dl chit IA hem"
Tdn khde hu hu (...) Cdn hdi: "Cha Khiim sao im the? " Khiim hdi: "Anh dinh thi ndo? " Cdn bdo: "Tdi dang
Ngdn ngft sd 10 nftm 2011 nghV Dodi bdo: "Mit till gid bd m?.
Ai ddng y bd chit gia tay, tdi bilu quylt nhd"... Dodi bdo: "6ng cy di rdi, tiiflt may quA. Bfiy gid tdi di mua quan tAi"
(Khong cd vua) CAc ldi thogi ciia nhfin vflt DoAi cho thiy DoAi IA mOt con ngudi quft thyc dyng, thyc dyng din miirc mit hit cA tinh ngudi. Khdng chflra bfnh cho bd, dl bd chit vi sg tdn kdm. Khi bd chit lgi thiy mimg May qud.... Nhung ddn mgt din miic nhu DoAi till ngudi kl cd ndi cumg khd mA tin dugc. Bh nhfin vflt ty ndi, ty bpc 10 thi dO tin cfly ldn hem nhilu.
ToAn bO ldi kl chuyfn tmigtniyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp, vdi phuang tiiftc kl tiieo DN ben ngofti, da dgt din tfnh khAch quan gin nhu tuyft ddi. VA trong hinh thiic dd bAn chit mau thuin cua xfl hOi, con ngudi dft dugc thl hifn khA diy du, gay git vA sic ndt nhu chfnh nd vdn cd.
5. Cftc phuong tifn ngdn ngft Ldi vfln Nguyin Huy Thifp chfl ylu sft dyng cftc i^uong tifn n g ^ ngft trung hoft.
Trong ldi vftn cfta Nguyen Huy Thifp, chft ylu IA cftc i^uong tifn ngdn ngft tnmg hoA vl sic thAi bilu cAm.
ft cd nhChig nhfln xdt, dAnh giA trye tilp, khdng cd ldi trft tinh ngogi dl...
Tit eft diu dugc hAm in. Ldi vfln ciia Nguyin Huy Thifp cung dftng nhu ^ kiln cfta Bakhtin khi nhfln xdt vl tftc phim cua Doxtoiexiki: Khdr^ co g i p ^ difu ddnh gid co tinh, ldm cho no tra ra nhu gd, khi het mgi gigng diiu con ngu&i cua nd. [1]
MQt sd...
ToAn bO ldi vAn cfla Nguyin Huy Thifp mang dflc dilm ndi bflt 1ft ngin gpn, cd due, trin tryi sy kifn. Vl hinh thftc, nd gidng lihu ldi bidn bAn cd tfnh chit thdng bAo khd khan. Nhumg lgi c6 sftc cudn hftt lg lflng.
- Xdt v l mflt ciu tirftc: ttong ldi vAn chi cdn lgi nhftng thAnh phin chfnh thdng bAo vl sy vifc, nhflng ylu td tinh thAi hay nhChig ylu td Udn k i t dflc bift IA nhflng ylu td cd chiirc nflng dAnh gift gin nhu bi tinh luge hoAn toAn. Nlu chung cd xuit hifn tiong mOt sd trudng hpp till cflng khdng du dl bOc 10 gigng difu cua NKC hay tftc gift. Thl dy:
(29) Quyin lin b&. Su Thiiu m&i dnr^senSu Thiu hm: "r^on khdng? "
Quyin bdo: "Ngon"
Nin nft mgt ldt rdi vl Su Thiiu chdo. Quyin chdo lgi. Quyin dm bd hoa sen. Su Thiu tin ngin dirng trdng theo.
Tdi di tru&c, Quyin di sau. Quyin hdi tdi ve su Thiiu.
(Thuang nh& ddng qui) Tdnngdn bOc 10 tigng tiiAi nOi tfim cua nhfin vflt (luu luyln, qu^ min) Tdn ngin cd till hifn mOt chftt dAnh giA cua NKC, nhung cung chua thflt r9, chua bOc 10 dugc gigng difu cfta NKC.
Trong ldi kl, kilu ndi tinh luge chu ngft cfta tilu thuyit ehuomg hdi Trung Qudc dugc sft dyng khA nhilu.
Ching hgn: lgi thgy mgt dit chum nOa;
lgi di thue may bam cole vi...; lgi ddo (Tuong vi huu), hay: Ndi rdi. xd chong bdt di ra; ndi xong di lin nhd; ldt sau chgy ra hdi (Khdng cd vua)... CAch ndi nAy vfta thih luge chft till hAnh dOng (cd till eft chu till phftt ngdn) vfta tinh
47 luge cAc ylu td phy chi quft tiinh cua hAnh dOng. Ddng thdi cdn chi ra sy Iflp lgi cfla hAnh dOng hoflc nhin mgnh hAnh dOng (cAc trudng hgp sft dyng kit ciu/(7/+...) ho$c chi till hoAn tiiAnh cfta hAnh dOng (ndi rdi, ndi xong)...
Tftc IA nd cd thl thay thl vft tinh luge bdt nhChig ylu td rudm rA (ttong d6 cd cA ylu td bilu cAm) vft dem lgi mOt hifu quA nghf ^u|it ridng cho logi tiay^
kl theo DN bdn ngoAi nfty.
Ldi din thogi: Hiu nhu khdng cd ldi din thogi dAi ddng. Ldi din tiiogi ca bAn dugc ddng khung tiong ciu time C + DOng tft ndi nflng ^TNN), ttyc tilp chi hAnh vi ndi nAng, ft cd yeu to chi ti-gng thAi, tinh cAm cfla SPi dl ggi y hudng till hifn cua SPi: Tdi bdo, Vg tdi bdo, Cha tdi bdo, dng Bdng ndi, dng thg mgc qudt (Tu&ng vi huu), Anh Bu&ng bdo, Chi Thyc bdo...(Nhimg ngu&i thgxe). DOng tft M ) da tidr tiiAnh khudn mlu, tidu bilu tiong ldi din tiiogi cfla Nguyin Huy Thifp.
Ldi thogi: Co bAn IA ldi thogi ngin (hkih thftc cau dom IA chft ylu).
Cflng cd nhflmg ldi tiiogi dAi, nhung xdt vl mdi tuomg quan gifta Wnh thftc ngdn tft vA sy kifn dugc bilu hifn till ciing dugc coi nhu ldi thogi ngAn.
Ldi tiiogi tian tivi vA tiling bAng nhu nd vdn cd, khdng dugc che dfly bdi Wnh tiiftc ngdn tft tl nhi, hoa ml nAo.
Thfdy:
(30) Ldi tiiogi cua ngudi con tiudc cAi chit cua cha mhih:
dng cy di rdi Thgt may qud. Bay gi& tdi dif mua quan tdi.
(Khdng cd vua)
48 Ngdn ngO-sd 10 nflm 2011 (31) Ldi tiiogi ciia dng bd, ndi vdi
con:
Chang mdy cir giit nhau di, tao cdng mung.
(Khdng cd vua) (y c ^ dp tAc phim, tiuyfn Nguyen Huy Thifp phin ldn IA kieu ciu tnic ehuomg hoi: Tu&ng vi huu: 15 khiic;
Khdng cd vua: 7 mAn cAnh; Tgi dc vd trimg phgt: gidng nhu kit ciu cfla vAn bAn nghi lufln: 1 VAo chuyfn, 2 - Cau chuyfn, 3 - Dogn kit...
c i u time chuemg hdi cflng IA mOt dgng ciu tnic tinh luge, cho phdp nit ngin tac phim, ft nhit IA d nhflng phin vAn bAn cd tAc dyng chuyin dogn, chuyen cAnh...
Nhin mOt cAch tdng thl, ldi vAn cua Nguyen Huy Thifp dung IA dA bi trir khi hit mgi gigng diiu ddnh gid, chi cdn tta lgi sy kifn vA sy kifn, gidng nhu mOt bAn lift ke.
Can phai nhic lgi d day ring trong timyfn Nguyin Huy Thifp khdng cd hinh thftc ngdn tft dAnh giA ti^c tilp.
DOc giA khdng dugc dinh hudng, kJidng bi Ap dflt theo mOt quan diem nAo cA.
Mflt khAc, till gidi hifn tiiyc tiong timyfn Nguyin Huy Thifp cd vd nhu rat thd, khdng dugc chpn Ipc, gpt riia, cdn tuoi nguydn, hdn dOn nhu dugc bi y nguyen tft cuOc sdng vAo vfly. VA nhat IA ching bao gid dugc phAn tich.
If giAi.
(32) dng Ca hiin lank chiu kh&
Thu&ng dng ddm nhiim viic chdm vu&n tugc, Igm gd vd ddn chd gidng. Nhd tdi nudi chd bdegid. Tdi cung khdng
ng& viic hnh doanh cho lgi thu lgi l&n.
Khodn thu ndy trgi nhat trong nhd Cd Ldi mdc d ^ gAn dd nhung lgi xdc vAc vA nOi tixjr gidl Vg tdi dgy cd cdch thirc ndu bdng, ndu ndm, ndu gd hdm. Cd bdo: "ChAu chflng An till bao gid". Cd khdng An thflt.
Chdu chdng dn the bao gi& vd Cd khdng dn thgt khdng An nhflp gi vdi gdn d& nhung lgi xdc vdc vd ngi trg gidi, khdng If giAi gi cho tfnh cAch ciia cd. CAc chi tilt cd vd nhu khdng mgch lgc vdi nhau, khdng dugc sip xlp cho hgp li, Nd cd vd gidng nhu hifn tiiyc ngoAi cuOc sdng hem IA hifn thyc trong tftc phim.
Vdi ldi vfln ay, dOc gift luon bi cuon vAo mgch ke, cudn vAo thl gidi cfla nhAn vflt vA sy kifn.
6. K i t lu$n
Ngdn ngft d truyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp chiu s\r chi phdi mgnh eua DN ben ngoAi, mang tfnh khAch quan gin nhu tiiyft ddi. Tfnh chit khAch quan nAy IA nhftng dflc dilm ndi bflt rit quan trpng trong ngdn ngft truyfn ngin Nguyin Huy Thifp. Ndi din tinh chit khAch quan cua ldi vAn till khdng phAi chi din vA chi ridng Nguyen Huy Thifp mdi cd. Nhung cfti tinh khAch quan nhu d ldi vfln Nguyen Huy Thifp vA cAch mft tAc giA tgo ra nd mdi IA sy dAng bAn. E)ilu dd khiln cho ldi vAn Nguyin Huy Thifp mang nhihig dflc dilm ridng bift dOc dfto, dem lgi sue song Ifiu bin cho tAc phim.
NGCLieUTRfCHDAN
Nguyin Huy Thifp, Nhu nhftng ngpn
&6,Nxb Vdn hgc, H, 1999.
MQt sd...
TAI L I $ U THAM KPL^O I. Tiing Vift
1. M.Bakhtin, Nhftng vin dl tiii phAp Doxtdiexki, Trdn Dinh Sir, Lgi Nguyin An, Vuang Tri Nhdn dich, Nxb GD. H.. 1993.
2. M.Bakhtin, Lf lufln vA tiii phAp tilu tiiuylt Phm VTnh Cu ti^n chgn, dichvdgi&i ^aiu, Thrdng viit v&i Nguyin Du, H.. 1992.
3. KBarthes, W.Kgyser. W.C.Booth PkHamon, Thi phAp hpc truyfn kl (Poitique du ricit. Edition du Seuil Tdi liiu dich cita Dinh Trgng Lgc vd NguyinThdi Hod). 1977.
4. Nguyin Th Binh Nhflng ddi mdi cua vfln xudi nghf thuflt Vift Nam sau
1975 (KhAo sAt ti«n nhflng ndt k^X ^ > ^ dnPTS.H..1996
5. DdHihi Chdu, Dgi cuang ngdn ngft hpc, Tgp 2, Nxb GD, H. 2001.
6. Os.Ducrot. Tz.Todorov. Tft diln bAch khoa vl cftc khoa hpc ngdn ngft (Dictionaire oicyclopddique des sciences du langage, Seuil - Pcp-is. Tdi lifu dich cua Nguyin Thdi Hod). 1972.
49^
7. G Genette. CAc phuang tiiftc tu tft (Figures. Tdp UI, Edision Seuil, Tdi liiu dich caa Nguyin Thdi Hod), 1972.
8. Nguyin Thdi Hod, Nhftng vin dk till phAp cfla truyfn, Nxb GD, H, 200O
9. Nguyin Thi Hucmg, Hifu quA nghf thuflt cua ldi thogi nhfln vflt trong tmyf n ngin Tu&ng vi huu cua Nguyin Huy Thifp, (NhOmg vin dl ngft dyng hpc), Hdi ngdn nga hgc Viit Nam vd tru&ng Dgi hgc Ngogi nga Hd Ndi, H., 1999.
10. Phgm Xudn Nguyin, Di tim Nguyin Huy Thifp (Tiiu ludn vdphi binh). Nxb Vdn hod thdng tin. H. 2001.
11. Nguyin Thi Thu Thuy, Ngdn ngft kl chuyfn trong truyfn ngin Vift Nam sau 1975 (Dilm nhin vA ngdn ngft kl chuyfn), Ludn dn tien si Nga vdn, H, 2003.
12. Tz.Todorov, Thi phAp hpc ciu tftc, Trdn Duy Chdu dich bdn in rdnid.
n. Tiing Anh
13. W.Bright (Editor in chief).
International encyclopedia of linguistics,
Vo. 3, New York Oxford, Cb^brd University Press. 1992.
