ChiJa {)6ng Oai - Ngdi chiia 1.200 nam tuoi d tinh Nara - Nhat BJn Anh: IMPK
Sir DUNG HGfP TAM GIAO
NENTANGTl/TadNG
CUA THAN DAO N H A T BAN
# PGS.TS. Nguyen Cdng Ly CN. Nguyen Xuan Quynh
TQMTAT
Bai viet de cap den mdt trong cac dac irUng tdn giao quan trpng va pho bien nhat cua viing Dong A, dd la su dung hpp tam giao (Phdt - Nho - Bao) Qua phan tfch, bai viet chi ra nhQng phudng dien cua van hoa Nhat Ban va ciia Than dao, ehiu anh hudng bdi tam giao nha ve tU tudng, giao ly, nghi le, phong tuc dan gian... TQng ton giaotrongtamgiaocdvai trd nhat dinh trong xa hoi Nhat Ban v l deu gdp phan hoan thien Than dao de daoc nha hien nay
SQ dung hop tam giao tai Nhat Ban cung dong thdi la vi du cho hien tapng nay ciia viing Dong A noi chung, Dieu nay co lien he den dac diem cua van hoa goc nong nghiep tai Nhat Ban cung nha nhung quoe gia khac cung chiu anh hudng cua loai hinh van hoa nay
TQkhoa: Than dao, Nhat Ban, Tam giao, SU dung hap.
1. DAT VAN BE
Tdn giao la san pham do con ngQdi tao ra, la mdt dang van hoa tinh than. Viec nghien cQu tdn giao cho phep ta
TAPCHlNGHlENCQUPHATHpC \21
LICH SUVATRIET HOC
t i l p can vdi cac nen van hoa.Tai khu vgc chau A vdi tfnh da dang van hoa thi cac van de tdn giao d day lai cang phQc tap. Bang chii ]? cd viing Ddng A la noi pho bien hien tUOng tam giao. Ba tdn giao Idn eua khu vUc Phat - Nho - Dao cung tdn tai, chi phdi ddi sdng cCia con ngUdi nPi day.Trong cac qudc gia ciia vung Ddng A cd Nhat Ban la nUdc vQa cd tdn giao b i n dja la T h i n dao, vQa cd hien tapng dung hop tam giao. Qua sg phat trien cOa Than dao cd the thay dQpc tQ tQdng dung hdp tam giao, mdt bieu hien tdn giao dac trUng cCia vung Ddng A. Ddng thdi viec tim hieu ve tQ tQdng dung hpp tam giao cua Than dao tai Nhat Ban cung cho thay sg ket hpp cac yeu t d van hoa chung cua khu vQc tai mdt qudc gia eg the.
2. BIEU HIEN CUA SU DUNG HOP TAM GIAO TRONG THANDAO
Than dao Nhat Ban dUpc hinh thanh tr&n cosd niem tin v l sQtdn tai ciia linh hdn trong cac suvat, hien tQdng ciia the gidi xung quanh, ban than T h i n dao ngay buoi dau cung da la sgtong hpp cQa nhQng tfn ngudng dan gian rdi rac. Cho d i n khi cac tdn giao tQ dai lue du nhap vao Nhat Ban, Than dao mdi chfnh thQc cd ten gpi vdi muc dich phan bi&t vdi cac tdn giao mdi vao. Vao liic ay, so vdi Phat giao, Nho giao, Dao giao thi Than dao van la tdn giao cdn kha ldng l l o v l ea npi dung lan hinh thQc. Nhd cac yeu t d t i l p thu dQpc tQ tam giao ma T h i n dao dan dapc hoan thien. Den nay thi tam giao van ton tai ben canh Thin dao. Trong dd thi sg phat trien va anh hudng ciia Phat giao cd the xem nhU rd net nhat trong tam giao dxa hpi Nhat Bin.
TQ khi Phat giao den Nhat Ban thdng qua con dadng ban d l o Trilu T i i n v I o kholng the k)/ VI thi Ijch sQ Phat g i l o d Nhat Bdn cd nhieu bien ddi khac nhau. Trong dd ed nhQng thdi ky phat trien cgc thjnh, dapc gidi cam quyIn cdng nhan nhU phUdng thQc on djnh trat tQxa hdi, chang han nhududi thdi thdi Thien hoang Suiko,Thai tQ Shotoku (Thdnh Ddc Thdi tCt) da cho ban hanh bd Hien phap 17 d i l u . TQ dd ve sau, Nhat Ban khdng chf tiep thu Phat giao qua Trieu Tien ma cdn chO dpng gQi ngQdi sang Trung Qudc hpc tap. Danh dau sQ phat trien cua Phat giao tai Nhat Ban thi tQ thdi ky Mae phu trd dl, Phat giao tham gia nhilu hon vao linh vUc chfnh trj, cd nhQng bade phat trien phQc tap, ket hop vdi ca Nho giao. Dang chu y la viec cac dai sQ b^t dau bien soan nhQng tac pham the hien t u tudng cua minh bSng tieng Nhat, cd y thQc "ddn toe hod gido ly Phat gido" v l ngay cang trd thanh "Phdt gido Nhdt Sdn"the hien tQtQdng cua eon ngudi Nhat Ban ().
Phat giao sau mdt thdi gian du nhap vao xa hdi Nhat san da tao duoe cho dQng vQng chic chii yeu bdi nguyen nhan: dap Qng daoc nhu c l u ciia xa hpi Nhat Ban lue bay gid, thdng qua cac hinh thUe chQa benh, cau nguyen...;
dapc giai cap thdng tn ho trp. Su lien k i t giQa Than dao v l Phat giao p h l n anh rd tinh dung h c ^ ciia tdn giao ban dja cua Nhat San. Phat giao da bd sung nhQng he thdng gia trj ly luan cdn 'ldng tio' cua Than dao. Bay gid cac kinh
dien va tUtUdng Phat giao da cd anh hudng den van hoi, chfnh trj cDa gidi qu;^ tdc Nhat Ban. Ciing vdi viec c h Q ^ ^ den Nhat Ban thdng qua con dudng kinh sach, giao ly thi cac thuat ngQ, tU tUdng Phat giao cung anh hudng vao ddi song ngUdi Nhat Ching han quan niem v l sg thuan khiet cua Than dao dupe cung co bdi quan niem thanh tjnh ciia Phat giao va phat t r i l n trd thanh tinh than de cao tinh chfnh trgc trong xa hdi Nhat Ban. Phat giao vdi nhQng npi dung d l cap d i n sg giai thoat sau khi chet cung dQpc xem la mdt sg bu dap cho t h i l u hut to Idn trong Than dao... Khdng ehl la ve mat ly luan tri:ru tapng ma Phat giao cdn tac ddng d i n Than dao d nhQng phQdng dien cu the nhU cac k i l n true Than xa (Jlnja). Bdi vao thdi ky eo dai,Thin dao chUa cd ndi thd ciing ed djnh, ngudi Nhat thUdng lap ban t h d lam I I xong thi lai dpn dep ngay vi cho r i n g than linh khdng tru ngu tai mdt ndi nhat djnh nao ca. NhUng do I n h hudng t d Phat giao ma nhung den t h d Than dan xuat hien va hoan thi&n nhu hien nay. Vao thdi ky Nara thi nhQng kien tnicThan dao nay chju anh hQdng bdi Trung Hoa nhUThan xa Kasuga d Nara. TQ do, qua thdi gian. Than dao da tim dupe each tao nen hinh anh rieng cho minh nhu hien nay. NhU vay, Than dao nhan dUOc bo sung khdng nhQng v l ndi dung ma ca hinh thQc tQ Phat giao. Trdn tinh than dan tpc ndi chung thi Phat giao vdi quan niem mang tfnh Qu tu, tram mac ed vai trd to Idn trong viec han e h l sg bdc phat cOa van hoa Nhat Ban, mdt n i n van hoa mang khat vpng vUPn len manh liet, mudn khang djnh minh. Phat gi^o khdng ngQng nhSc nhd con ngadi nhd rang moi "tham, sdn, si" d I u la nhat thdi va hu ao, cudc sdng dfch thUc 11 d cdi N i l t Ban, dd nhU mdt sg t i l t c h i nhQng tham vpng, hadng con ngudi den each song nhe nhang, diem d?m hdn. Cung vdi Than dao, Phat giao cung hoa minh vSo n i p song cQa ngudi Nhat, t r d thanh mot trong nhQng net dac sac van hoa khdng the tach rdi, cd tac dung chi phdi eon ngQdi Nhat Ban.
Tiep theo phai ke den nhCftig anh hUdng ciia Nho giao ddi vdi Than dao Nhat Ban lai cang l l m tang tfnh hien t h i ciia nen van hoa da dang nay. Nho giao cung din Nhat Ban tQ kha sdm va phan Idn van la thdng qua ban dao Trieu Tien. Tuy n h i l n vi Nhat Bin tiep thu Nho giao chu y l u vdi muc dfch n h i m he thong trat tQ xa hdi nfin ban dau Nho giao chi pho bien trong t i n g Idp quy t6c 11 nhQng ngudi ed hpc v i n cao, tham gia vao cac edng v l ^ trj qudc ma khdng lan rdng trong dan gian nhUPh^t giao.
Cung nhu Phat giao, Nho giao trai qua nhieu giai do^n phat trien khac nhau tai Nhat Ban, cd IQc dUdc sQ dung trong cac quy dinh, Hien p h l p bdi gidi cam quyIn, cd liic chi nhu chuan mUc cho each Qng xQ, quan niem dao dQc ciia con ngadi Nhat NhQng nhin chung, Nho giao ludn hien dien trong sudt qua trinh lich sQ cQa Nhat Bin, gdp phan hoan thien tUtUdng Nhat thdng qua tac ddng din Than dao, ddng thdi cung cd nhQng c l i bifin n h i t djnh cho phu hop vdi van hoa dday.
Nhat Bin t i l p n h l n clc I n h hudng ciia Nho giaocd
22 TAPCHlNGHltNCUUPHATHpC
Pho tuong Phat co 1.300 nam tuoi d mot ngoi chiia Nhat B3n Anh: MPK
the ke den viec Thiin hoang, hau due cua NQ than Mat trdi trong quan niemTh^n dao sQdung nien hi^u va each diing n l y cdn t i l p d i l n cho d i n tan ngay nay. Tham chi, ca clch gpi "thiin tCC, "thiin /ja"trong cae van thaco cung dupe cho la anh hudng tQ Nho giao. Nhat Ban cung nhu h l u het cac qudc gia Ddng A khac xem Nho giao nhu cdng cu di ciing co vj t h i ciia nha vua trong xa hdi. Va d i l u n l y ludn dUdc sQdung tridt de, cu the nhugiai doan Thai tQ Shotoku (Thdnh Di/c Thdl td) nhiep chfnh. Ban Htin phap 17 d i l u do T h i i tQ ban hanh la sg k i t hpp tQ tudng cOa Phat g i l o vdi trat t u cua Nho giao. Ben canh nhffng n0i dung de cao Phat giao thi Hien phap nay cdn chQ trpng d i n t i m quan trpng ciia h^ thdng phan cap, m^t d^c trung cua Nho giao, cCing nhQng gia trj nhan each nhu ldng trung thanh, chfnh true... Nho giao cdn anh hudng d i n each phan chia thQ bac cac chQc quan trong t r i l u dinh N h l t Bin. Cd the xem Thai tQ Shotoku la
ngadi dau tien, chfnh thQc hpp phap hoa he thdng Thien hoang b l n g nhQng dieu luat cu the, va nhd do Thien hoang dQpc tdn kfnh nhu hau due ciia NQ than Mat trdi d ha gidi.Thten hoang vdn da I I ngudi dQng dau theo quan niem Than dao thi nay lai dUdc bao ve, cung cd quyIn Igc bdi Nho giao. Thdi gian t i l p theo sau do, Nho giao ciing vdi Phat giao va Than dao trd thanh tru c d t t u tudng chfnh tai Nhat Ban. Mdt trong vai b l n g chQng la trong thdi gian tQ t h i ky Vlil d i n t h i ky XII, Daigakuryou (Dgi hgeliiu) la trudng day, nghien cQu ve Nho giao dQpc xay dung de giao due t a tudng Nho giao cho hoing tdc va quy tdc se tham gia vao cdng viec trj qudc.
TQthdi ky Kamakura trdve sau, Nhat Ban bat dau hinh thanh che dp mot qudc gia, hai chfnh quyen, trong do thgc quyen thudc ve Shogun (TUdng qudn) ciing vdi tang IdpvdsT. Nhdthema Nho giao cang dQpc xem trpng bdi h i i u qua trong viec thiet lap trat tQxa hdi vdi tinh thQ bac nghiem ngat
Nhin chung Phat giao v l Nho giao cung tdn tai tren CO sd duy tri sg on djnh ciia xa hdi Nhat Neu Phat giao cd anh hudng den van hoa Nhat Ban nhU mot tdn giao hoan chinh thi Nho giao dUde xem trpng nhU mot hpc t h u y l t chfnh trj de on djnh xa hdi. Dang chu y la sau cudc ndi chien tranh gianh quyen Igc keo dai hon mdt the ky (1467-1573} vao cudi thdi Mac phii Muromachi thi ngUdi Nhat iai eang cd xu hudng tim den mdt hoc thuylt cd the phan djnh rach rdi ngdi thQ, rang budc vdi cac nghTa vy de cham dOt tinh trang loan lac.
Tren thgc te thi Nhat BSn da duy tri tfnh thQ bac theo each rieng thdng qua cac cau k i t xa hdi tQ trudc khi Nho giao den.Vl sau, Nho giao den Nhat Bin thi mdt lan nQa ngQdi Nhat tiep thu va cli b i l n d l phu hpp vdi quan niem ngQdi Nhat, dd la viec de cao quan he cha - con hdn ea quan - than. Day I I net khac biet giQa van hoa Nhat Bin n i u so vdi van hoa Trung Hoa. Cd quan niem nay la bdi do ngUdi Nhat quan niem ddn vi cd ban ciia xa hdi la gia dinh. Su on djnh cua qudc gia trUdc h i t can phai tao dgng d don vi cau tao co ban nhat, do la gia dinh. Hinh tupng Thien hoang cling dUde xem nhU ngUdi dQng dau
"gia dinh" to Idn la dat nQde. Den lupt minh, cae Shogun (Tudng qudn) eung xay dgng md hinh k i l u gia dinh cung vdi cac gia than, tuy tung. Cd nhQng trUdng hpp mdi quan he nay cdn ben chat hon ca quan he huyet thong va keo d i i qua nhieu the he nha gia dinh thuc sU Cae Shogun tin tUdng cae gia than, ngUpc lai clc gia than nay eung tuyet ddi tin tUdng v l trung thanh vdi cac quyet djnh cua Shogun, hp xem mong mudn eua Shogun eung la nhiem vu cua minh. Cd the thay day khdng chi la mdi quan he theo kieu trung thanh dOn thuan ma eon gan vdi sg b i i t on, va dudi tac ddng cua Nho giao, tinh than nay dupe phat trien cao dp va dupe xay dgng thanh bd luat Bushidou (Vd Sidgo) noi tilng. Day la bp luat do Ya- maga Sokou (Sdn Ldc Td Hdnh) phat trien tren co sd k i t hpp tinh than Than dao va quy t&c cua Nho giao. V l mSt dao dQc thi sg de cao tinh thuan khiet cua Thin dao, dudi
TAPCHINGHIENCUUPHATHOC \23
LICH SUVA TRIET HOC
anh hudng eua Nho giao trd thanh yeu cau ve tinh chinh true, that tha, va day chinh la pham chat quan trpng nhat ciia eon ngudi. Viec Than dao va Nho giao ket hpp vdi nhau tieu bieu cdn the hien qua viec bien soan Hoa Luan ngQ, dupe cho la ghi lai ldi day eiia cac vi than, co anh hudng den ddi song dao dQc va ldi sdng ciia ngUdi dan.
Khong ehi vay, khi tU tUdng muon khoi phuc lai vi the cua Than dao, thoat khoi sU anh hUdng cua Phat giao thi viec ket hpp vdi Nho giao cd tac dung tich cue khi nhQng nha Than dao hoc cung la nhQng ngQdi nghien cQu sau sac Nho giao, dieu nay giiip cung co cac ly luan ciia Than dao chat che hdn, dan d i n sg ra ddi ciia Fukko Shinto fPhyccd'T/idn daoj nhQ thanh qua noi bat eiia phong trao Kokugaku fQudc/ipcJ trong thdi MacphuTokugawa.
Trong tam giao thi Dao giao eung cd vai trd quan trong trong sg phat trien ciia Than dao thdng qua viec ket hpp vdi ca Phat giao va cac yeu td ban dja san cd. Dao giao da du nhap vao Nhat Ban bang nhieu hinh thQc khac nhau, cung thdi gian vdi Phat giao. Dao giao von la sg tong hop eiia nhieu ndi dung, khdng chi la t u tudng cua Lao TQva Trang TQ ma do cdn la mdt phan kien thQc ed dien cua Trung Hoa nhU tien tri, giai mdng, cae hoe thuyet am duong, ngii hanh, bdi toan, each tinh Ijch ndng nghiep (lich dm), thien van, chiem tinh, phong thuy... Va Nhat Ban tiep nhan Dao giao nhU mdt dang van hoa Trung Hoa hdn la mdt tdn giao.
Khdng gidng nhQ d Trieu Tien, tai Nhat Ban, Dao giao hau nhakhdng CO bat ky quy dmh nghiem ngat nao phai tuan theo, khdng cd ndi hanh le, khdng ed kinh dien. Dao giao dday chu yeu la cae loi thgc hanh nen thudng dUpc ket hdp vdi cac hinh mau ly thuyet eiia Phat giao, tao thanh cac phong tuc, nghi le trong dan gian nhUtuc Ko- shin (Canh Thdn).Tuc nay van eon dUpc truyen lai cho den ngay nay, dupe hinh thanh tren cd sd niem tin cua Dao giao va ldi thue hanh ciia Phat giao. Tuc Koshin di§n ra vao ngay thQ nam muoi bay trong chu ky sau mUOi ngay.
Tue nay tin rang vao ngay do thi ba sinh vat mang lai bat hanh (cd thi xem nhunhi/ng con bo) trong con ngudi se bao lai vdi cae than linh nhQng sai pham, tdi loi ma con ngadi da gay ra, sau do nhan lenh tQ cae than va quay trd lai nit ngan tuoi tho ciia eon ngUdi bang each gay ra benh tat va dau kho cho hp.Va de tranh nhQng sinh vat nay gay hai thi con ngUdi se thQc sudt dem trong tuc Koshin, thgc hien eac nghi le trQ ta. Tue nay daoe cho la xuat phat tQ van hoa Trung Hoa vaotheky IV, vadNhat Ban tuc nay co tQ thdi ky Heian va ket hop vdi nhQng hinh thQc cung ie cua Phat giao tQthdi Kamakura. Den thdi Muromachi cdn cd ghi chep ve tuc nay la Koshin Engi (Canh Than duyin khdi), tham chi cdn chi ra moi lien he giQa tuc Koshin vdi Sarutahiko (Vien Dien Nggn), mot kami eua Than dao, cd kha nang bao ve con ngadi.. Tuc Koshin la v i d y rd nhat cho sg hien dien eiia Dao giao tai Nhat Ban.
Dao giao tdn tai d Nhat Ban tren co sd ket hpp vdi Phat giao, thdng qua nhQng hinh thQc chQa benh. Chinh vi Phat giao lan truyen trong dan gian nhu mdt tdn giao eua
ldng tQ bi hi xa m l cac phUdng thuat chQa benh eiia Dao giao cung nhanh chdng dupe da so ngUdi dan t i l p nhan, bdi thdi ky Phat giao mdi du nhap vao Nhat Ban thi ngudi dan "khong tha thiit tim hieu kinh Phdt md ehi nhd cdu nguyen de mong keo ddi tuoi tho, tri/ tai dch, chQa binh, cdu mua, gii/nudc"{). Chinh vl vay ma Dao giao vdi tinh chat gan gui, pho bien trong quan chiing nhanh chong dupe phat trien.
Anh hudng ciia Dao giao tai Nhat Ban thudng dUpc noi d i n qua cac phong tue dan gian, va tham chf la ca nhQng dieu dupe xem nhU "me f/'n" chang han nha bdi toan, bua ehu... va theo Livia Kohn, tac gia cua nhieu cuon sach ve Dao giao nhu Daoism and Chinese Culture, Daoism Hand- book... trong bai viet Taoism in Japan: Position and Eval- uations thi noi tdm lai Nhat Bin chu yeu tiep nhan Dao giao thdng qua ba phUong dien. ThQ nhat, mdt phan tU duy eua van hoa Trung Hoa, cu the chinh la nguyen ly Am DUdng. ThQ hai, he tUtUdng ciia Lao TQ va Trang TQ, bao gdm ca nhQng quan niem, truyen thuyet v l sg bat tQ va nhQng thuat y hpc hQdng den cudc sdng trUdng thp.ThQ ba, chinh la nhQng yeu t d than thoai, hoang dudng gop phan tao nen nhQng tap tye, tin ngQdng trong dan gian.
Ben canh anh hudng vQa n§u, mat khac Dao giao con anh hudng thgc sg den viec ciing cd ngudn gdc than thanh ciia Thien hoang. Trong van hoa Nhat Ban thi ban dau khdng ed sU phan biet giQa chinh tri va cae cong viec thd Cling, vi vay ma Thien hoang cdn dupe xem nhU ngudi dai dien, thgc hien cae cdng vtee te le cao cap cua Than dao. Dudi mdt gdc do khac, chinh sU noi tiep ciia cae the he Thien hoang la sU dai di^n eho vj than bat tQ, dieu nay dUpe eho la "lay cdm hi/ng"X.iiBaQ giao.Theo nhi nghien cQu Pham Hong Thai trong cdng trinh TQ tudng Than dao va xa hdi Nhat Ban can - hien dai thi ten hieu Thien hoang cung cd nguon gdc tQ Dao giao, "dd dUac ngudi Nhdt vaymugn di thi hien tUtUdng de cao tuyit doi ngudi thong tri dot nUdc cCia minh". Rd rang each gpiThi&n hoang ve sau mdi ed, bdi trade do, v I o nam 607,Thai tCf Shotoku (Thdnh Ddc Thdi td) da diing tQ "Thiin td" chQ khdng diing tU'Th/en hoang'trong mdt bQc qudc thQ dd sQ than Nhat Bin dem sang trinh vua nha Tuy: '7hiin td nudc mat trdi mgc gCfi cho Thiin td nudc mat trdi tan".
Cae vat bieu trUng cua Than dao, dai dien cho sQc manh quyen Igc ma NQthan Mat trdi trao eho chau trai minh l i thanh kiem, chile gQong va vien ngpe thi trong do chile guong dupe xem nha anh hQdng ciia Dao giao. Theo Jean Chevalier va Alain Gheerbrant trong TQ d i l n bieu tQdng van hoa the gidi thi do tinh chat phan chilu cOa guong ma trong Dao giao, day dUde xem nhQ vat c6 khi nang phat hien, xua dudi, bao ve eon ngQdi khdi cae t h i Igc xau. K i t hdp vdi quan mem trong van hoa Trung Hoa cho rang guong la dai dien cho nQtinh, sg hai hoa ma khi vao den Nhat Ban, trd thanh mdt trong ba vat blu ciia Than dao, chiec gUong cdn ed vai trd vd cung quan trpng.
Dd chinh la vat dai dien cho NQthan Amaterasu, v l dmOc dp cao hdn, dd la b i l u tapng cho sg trong sang ciia tim
hon, t u y thQc chi'nh minh qua viec ludn sol rw lai hanh ddng cOa ban than va cdn la su rgc sang v l trf me. Dieu nay theo mdt so ly giai cho rSng cd the iien quan d i n sU tfch cac vj t h i n dCing chile ggong de "du" NQ than Mat trdi ra khdi hang khi Ngudi t g giam mmh.Trong cac b i i n nien sQ k;^ cCia Nhat Bin dUdc sang tad ra vao khoang t h i k j \fll thi cac y l u to Dao giao, nhat la Dao giao thdi nha Han t d ra rat hOu fch cho vi&c hop phap hoa vUOng quyIn, qua cac ndi dung ve trudng sinh, bat tQ, cdi vTnh hSng dupe de cap trong cac di t h u nhQ trong Kojiki (Co suky) va Nihonshoki (NhdtBdn thuk^). Nhang nhQng ndi dung nay du nhap vao Nhat Ban khdng phai dadi dang tdn giao hoan chinh ma bang cae dien tfch.
3. K^T LUAN
Cd t h i t h i thay tam giao da cd nhQng tac ddng to Idn d i n van hoa Nhat Ban ndi chung vaThan dao ndi rieng.
TQnhQng van deve giao ly,le nghi, tQ tudng, k i l n true...
den nhQng tin ngQdng, thdng tuc t h d ciing trong d i n gian. Ngay ca che dp Thien hoang cung dupe xay dUng bdi nhQng y l u td than thoai, huyin ao eCia tam giao. Sg dung hpp tam giao tai N h l t Ban, mdt mat "Idm gldu'hdn cho T h i n dao, mat khac lai dga vao tdn giao ban dia n l y ma duy tri anh hudng cOa minh. Dieu nay phan anh dac
trUng van hoa chung cua vung Ddng A, cd lien quan d i n ngudn gdc ndng nghiep IQa nUdc, ma trudng hop Than dao Nhat Ban la minh chQng.
TAI LlfU THAM K H A Q
/. Nguyen Thi Thuy Anh, 2011, Anh hUdng cua Phdt gido ddi vdi ddi sdng tinh than dxd hoi Nhdt Bdn, NXB Chfnh trj Qudc gia, HN.
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DUdng v l dat Phat AnhiLS Thang
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