, _ -."TRU'O'NG DAI HC)C S U PHAM TP H 6 C H I MINH HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
]M^ TAP CHI KHOA HpC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ISSN- KHOA HQC XA HQl VA N H A N V A N SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES 1859-3100 Tip 14. S6 2 (2017): 97-106 Vol. 14, No. 2 (2017), 97-106
Email. Uipchikhaahac@hcmue edu vn; Website. htlp://Kkh.hcmue edu.vn
TIEU THUYET LICH SU T f GOC NHIN PHl/ONG PHAP SANG TAC
Boon Thi Huf
NgAy Tda soan nhin dtiffc bAi: 19-12-2015: ngiy phin biin Oinh gii: 20-01-201S: ngiy chip nhin aing- 22-02-2017
TOMTAT
Phucmgphdp sdng tdc Id mpt trong nhiing vdn de quan trong dugc ddt ra trong li ludn vdn hoc vd ml hoc thdi hien dai. Xdc dinh ro phuang phdp sdng tdc, ngudi nghien cihi cd dieu kien xdc dfnh duoc chat lugng li tudng xa hdi thdm mi, khai thdc chieu sdu nhdn thuc cua tdc gid vd ddc gid trudc mot hi$n tugng van hoc cu the. Bai viet nay tim hieu ve phuong phdp sdng tdc tieu tlntyet lich sir nhdm gdp phdn giup ban dgc cd cdi nhin todn dien han ve the logi tieu thttyet ndy.
Tir khda: phucmg phap sang tac, tieu thuyet Ijch sii, nhan v^t trung tam, thi phap.
ABSTRACT
Historical novel from a composing method perspective
Composing method is one of the important issues in literary theory and aesthetics of modern times. Clearyty identifying the composing method allows the writer to identify the ideal quality of aesthetic society, exploiting the deep perception of authors and readers in a specific literary phenomenon. This article investigates the composing method in historical novels in order to provide a more comprehensive view of this type of novels.
Keywords: composing method, historical novel, the central character, poetics.
1. D | t vdn de torn, nguyen tic milu ta tinh each trong Tren co so tham khao va tiSp thu mdi lien h$ vai hoan cdnh va thiphap. " [1, quan d i t o cua t$p the tac gia Li lugn Vin tr.473]. Ba linh vvrc thuoc npi ham phucmg hge, Nxb Giao dye, 2002, chung t6i cho phap sang tdc vita kS tren c6 m6i Uen h^
rang: "Phuang phap sang tae la mql hi voi tit ca cac ySu 16 trong tac phim nhu de th&ng hoan ehinh hiiu ea nhOng nguyen lac tai, chu d i , tu tu6ng, cam hung, tuih tiet, tu tudng - ngM thuat ditftc xae dinh bdi c6t truyfn, kSt ciu, ngon ngft, thg loai ciia mgt thi gidi quan nhdt dinh Irong nhimg tac phim. Thyc te cho thiy cac sang tac diiu kifn ljch OTIS hgi nhdt dinh, dimg dk vin hoc co thi thuOc ciing m^t thS loai, phan dnh Om chpn binh gid, khdi qudt) cimg mot ik tai nhung duoc khai trien euge sdng bdng Mnh lugng" [1, tr.470]. bing nhiju phuong phap sang tac khdc Tit dSy, npi ham khai ni$m phuong phap nhau. D i k do cho thiy ba liiih vyc co ban sdng tac dugc xac dinh ro: "Ngi dung ei/ k6 tren 14 ba linh vyc co tdc dimg ciu thanh Ihi cda phuang phdp sdng tdc ehu yiu nOi ham khai ni?m phuang phdp sdng tac Jujr; xet b-ln ta ITnh nrf "'•"" vdt trung d6ng thai cung la ba linh vuc ca ban co tdc
• Truftng Oai hoc KHXH&NV - BHQG TPHCM; Email: [email protected]
97
TAP CHf KHOA HQC - Tru-o-ng OHSP TPHCM T&pl4, So 2 (2017): 96-ml
dung xdc dinh chSt l u ^ g li tudng xa hoi thdm mT, chi^u sau nhan thiic cua chu the sdng tac va chu thi tiep n h ^ truac mot hien tirgng van hoc cu the.
Nhu mpt le tat nhien, dk viec tim hieu ve khdi ni|m tieu thuydt lich sir day dli va s3u sac han, nguoi nghien cuu can xet d8n mpt trong nhihig van de co ban thupc pham trii tilu thuyit ljch str, do chinh la phuong phdp sang tac tieu thuyet ljch sir.
2. Phinmg phap s^ng tac tieu thuyet licb svt - Doi di^u c^n b^n giai
2.1. Nhan vgt trung tdm trong tieu thuyet lieh sir
"(Ing voi phuong phap sdng tdc cua timg thi loai vdn hpc, tdc giS se xdy d\mg nSn m0t kilu nhan v$t trung tdm vira phu hgp vol d^c trung the logi tdc pham viia phii hgp voi li tuong x3 hpi thdm m l Xem xet lai thanh t\m tieu thuyet ljch sir Vi|t Nam tir luc mdi bdt dau voi Hoan Chdu ki cua Nguyen Cdnh Thi (1696) vilt v l c6ng cupc trung himg nhd LS sau khi bi hp Mgc tiem ngoi ciing vdi nhCtng ddng gop to 16n ve m§t v3 c3ng cila d6ng hp Nguyen Cdnh 6 Hoan Chau cho din cdc tdc phSm tilu thuyit ljch sii vira dupe xuit ban trong nhung ndm giin ^ y nhu Bdo tdp triiu Trdn, Tdm triiu vua Ly cua Hodng Quic Hdi, Sdng Cdn mua IS ciia Nguyen Mpng Giac, Hd Quy Ly cua Nguyen Xudn Khanh, cimg vdi mpt s6 tdc phdm khdc nhu Na hodng, Hodng di vd giai nhdn ciia Son Tdp, NH hodng euSi cung, NH hodng Phong Lan ciia Man An K^... ta cd thi thdy nhan v^t trung tdm trong tilu thuyit ljch sii bao gid ciing Id nhan vat lich sii cd
that gdn lien vdi cdc su ki?n lich sii trong dai ciia dan tpc/ cgng ddng. Hon n&a, cac nhan vat Ijch su nay deu la cac cong ih&i khanh tudng, vua chiia, quan lai... la nhiing cd nhan kiet xudt, nhChig phdn tii ini tli ciia cong dong/ dan tgc xet trong m6i tuong quan vdi cdc thanh phdn/ giai cSp khdc trong x§ hpi. Vi nhu ba Tnmg, ba Tri?u trong Hai Bd ddnh gige va Vua bit Tri$u Au (Nguyen Tir Si6u), Quang Trung trong Hodng Le nhdt thdng chi (Ngo Gia van phdi), Trdn Qu6c Todn trong Trdn Qudc Todn (Lxm Son Minh), Ly Cong Uan trong i)i Cdng Udn fNgo Vdn PhO), V5 Tdc Thien trong NH hodng (Son Tap), Alexandre Dgi de trong Hodng di vd giai nhdn (Son Tdp), Tir Hy Thdi hau trong N&
hodng cudi cimg, Ntt hoang Phong Lan cU MSn An K.^... Nhin chung, hg diu 1^
nhihig nhdn v§t ki$t xudt cd tinh chdt U tudng, Id lilnh mau tiSu bieu cho cdc kieu mau con ngudi tdi ba xuat chiing, phim hanh hon ngudi. D^ic bi^t, khi ddt nude d vdo budc ngo$t quanh co cua Hch sii thi h?
ludn Id nhihig cd nhan tien phong bilt d£it li tri l€n tren tinh cam, chien thdng mgi dam me, dye vpng, xem nh^ 1 ^ ich cd nhdn, phyc tung lpi ich va danh d^ cua quoc gia, dan tpc, ddng gilng.
Dilu ndy cd chiit khac bi?t vdi ki^u nhan v^t trung tam trong vSn hpc Hi L?p CO dgi. Tuy dupe the hi?n vdi nhieu s5c thai vd cung bdc khdc nhau nhung kieu nhan vgt tnmg tdm Asin trong Ili(^>
Uylitxo trong Odixe cua Homero, Promete trong Promete bf xiing ciia Ex-Khin... deu cd chung mau s6 d vigc thi hi^n riS tinh
TAP CHi KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Dodn ThiHu^
thdn ngudi anh hiing say me ldp chiln cdng cho tdp the, say me tim 16 sdng trpn ven trong viec phyc timg vd hi^n thgc hda quySn lpi cua mpt thanh bang/ bp tgc.
Trong khi do, nhdn vgt trung tdm trong tieu thuyet lich sii lai la con ngudi mang li tirdng tham mi cao d?p ciia cOng ddng/ ddn tgc nhung khong bi rang bupc bdi thdn quyen, tdn giao. Hg sdng mgnh mg, ty tin vd kien quyet. Trong nhieu tnrdng hop, hp dam ddn thdn vd biet dan thdn de chien ddu va gianh ctiien thdng. Khdng d l dang bi khuat phuc bdi hoan cdnh, hp ludn hien lp rd sy ton nghiem cung tiem ndng phat trien vd hgn cua ban than, khdng ngimg tim tdi, ddn than vd cMin dau vdi tat ca nhi$t huylt va long chan thanh. Dd Id nhihig con ngudi suy nghl va hdnh dgng (suy nghl de hanh dgng vd hdnh dpng cd suy ngh!) theo chieu hudng tich cyc d l ddu tranh gianh lay vd bdo v? quyln loi chinh dang cho dan tpc/
cgng ddng.
Tuy nhien, khdng phdi tdt cd cdc tac gid tilu thuyit lich sii diu tryc tilp xdy dyng logi hinh nhdn vgt trung tdm k l tren.
Trong nhieu trudng hpp, khi tilng ndi chdn thgt ciia vdn hge va tilng ndi khdch quan cua lich sur khdng cdn hda di^u nhu trudc thi bdy gid lich sur phai ddi m?t vdi thyc t l bj truy vdn, thgm chi bj phu nh$n va ddnh d6 nhu ngudi ta danh dd biic tupng g5 timg dugc thd phyng trong di§n thd. Ri6ng ddi vdi cac tdc phdm tilu thuyit ljch sit duprc sdng tdc trong nhihig ndm gdn ddy, chiing ta dl nhgn ra c6 nhChig chuyen bien cdn bdn v l raj^t ta tudng, thai dp cua niid vdn doi vdi nOi dimg cdu chuydn ljch sii. Ddn
thodt khdi dnh hudng ciia tu trudng "y dd chinh sii", tieu thuyit lich su hdm nay dd dung chira trong nd ca nhung hinh thiic vdn hda cua vigc "chgm" vao lich sii d l "phyc dyng" lai l;ch sir. Thong qua vigc sdng tgo them nhihig dong cdn dk trdng trong chinh sii, tac gia tieu thuyet lich sir duong dgi da cd nhieu co sd hon de phdng dodn, bi?n luan va doi thogi cung lich sii trong mdi tuong quan vdi nhip van dpng chung cua cupc song hi?n dai.
NhOng chuyen bien can ban v6 mdt tu tudng ke tren dnh hudng khdng nhd dSn kieu nhan vat trung tam trong tieu thuyet lich sir duong dai. Nhieu nhan vat trung tam trong tieu thuyet ljch sir hom nay khdng con mang dang vdc cua con ngudi li tudng, tinh each mOt chieu chi vdi vua sang, tdi hiln, qudn trung, tudng gioi, ma hp cdn la nhung cd nhdn da bi it nliieu dieu tieng trong chinh sd, thaan chi tiing bi cac sii quan/ sir gia chinh thong phe Id "logn thdn tdc tir". Dd la trudng hop Hd Quy Ly trong Hd Quy Ly cua Nguyen Xuan Khdnh, nguyen phi Y Lan, nhd su Tir Dgo Hgnh trong Gian thiiu cua Vd Thi Hdo, VS Tdc Thien trong Nit hodng ciia Son Tap, Tir Hy Thai hgu trong Nif hodng Phong Lan ciia Man An Kj'... Chpn cac ca nhan ljch sd cdn nhilu nghi vdn lam nhan vat trung tdm, tac gid tilu thuyit ljch sur duong dgi that sy da thdi ludng sinh khi vao ddi sdng tieu thuyit lich sur thdng qua vi$c lgt gid nhilu dilu cdn khuat lap trong chinh sur, dl c^p din nhilu vdn d l ndng hdi tinh thdi su cua thdi hi$n dgi, tir dd dua ra nhihig tham gdp
99
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru-dng OHSP TPHCM Tgp 14, So 2 (2017): 96-166
thilt thyc cho cdeh nghT vd each song ciia con ngudi thdi dgi mdi.
Ddi liic phdi k l din trudng hpp tdc gia tilu thuyit ljch sur hdm nay vln hudng ngdi but ciia minh vdi tat cd niem trdn trpng, dong cam va quy men den nhiing con ngudi binh thudng, hodn toan khong cd ten trong chinh sii. Hp Id nhihig nhdn vdt hu cdu hodn toan, dugc tdc gid xay dyng nhdm lam sang d§p them vl tdi ndng, li tudng va piidm hgnh dgo diic cua ca nlian ngudi anh hiing, cung nhu lam ndi bat chii de tu tudng ciia tdc phdm. Ddi khi hp cdn la ngudi bgn tri ki kip thdi xuat hi?n, se chia va Idng nghe tilng ndi sau khudt b€n trong ciia niidn v^t lich sii trudc nhihig «y ki5n, biln cd trpng dgi cua dan t^c. Nlidn vgt An trong Sdng Cdn miia lit (Nguyin Mpng Giac), Dan Thiem trong VQ Nhu Td (Nguyen Huy Tudng), Hephaestion va Salimba trong Hodng di vd giai nhdn (Son Tdp)...
Thira n h ^ d3 cd nhihig thay ddi nhat dinh trong lihh vyc nhdn v§t trung tam cua tilu thuyit ljch sii hdm nay. Nhihig thay dli dd diu xudt phdt tir sy vgn d^ng ty thdn ciia the logi tilu thuyit l}ch sii trong ddng chdy "khdng ngimg nh|ln thiic lgi" cua tilu thuyit. Id kit qud sy thay dli ve m^t tu tirdng cua nhd vdn bdi dnh hudng ciia li lugn trao luu hgu hign d?u. Tuy nhien, truyln thdng tdn trpng qud khii, tri dn danh nhan, anh himg ljch su ddn t$c von ngy sdu trong tdm thiic da la nguin dgng lyc c6t Idi, ngudn dudng chat d l i dao cho cdeh vilt ciia nha vdn. V l cdn ban, nhdn vat trung tdm trong tieu thuyet Ijch sur van ludn
Id cac nhdn vat cd th$t trong Ijch sit. Hp Id nhdn vat trung tam ciia cdc biln c6, sy k i ^ Uch sd trpng dgi. Ddi khi hp Igi Id nhdn vgt cdn nhilu dilm t i n nghi trong chinh sir nhung v l co bdn van Id nhiing cd nhan ki§t xudt, xudt h i ^ kip Iiic vd thi hign tich cyc vai trd cua minh trong gidy phOt chuyin ddng cua lich sii. Hp la nhihig con cd boi khde giiia ddng, la tdm di€m cho con nguoi ngay dy vd hdm nay soi vdo dl hpc hoi, tim hilu vd giai md.
2,2. Ve nguyen tdc mo td tinh cdeh nhSa v^t lich sur trong m6i quan h§ vdi hodn ednh trong tiiu thuyit Ifch su
Qk nggi ca cdc b|ic d l vuong c6ng tich Vl dgi, cdc vT nhdn tdi ngh§ vo song, anh hiing xudt chiing, nhd vdn thudng d$t nhan vgt vdo bdi cdnh hi#n thyc xd hpi r$ng Idn, gdn liln vdi cdc sy ki^n/ biln cl lich sii trgng dgi Ii€n quan den vgn m$nb ddn tpc/ quoc gia - noi n t ^ v^t cd £eu ki§n bpc Ip ban ITnh, tai ndng vd pham hgnh dgo diic. Chuyin tinh giiia Alexandre Dgi de vd Alestria trong Hodng de vd g}ai nhdn dugc Son Tdp md ta sau khi hg g$p gd nhau tren cai nen cua nhihig cugc vien chinh. Alestria d9 bd b$ 1 ^ Amazone sau lung. Cling Alexandre tung vd dan dok quan bdch chiln bdch thdng vupt ng^
trimg, chinh phgt tir co Hi Lgp, Ba Tu, Ai C$p qua cdc xii Iran, Iraq thdi xua cho den sdt lanh thS bdn ddo An Dp. Dl khdc hpa sy kiSn cudng, mpt ldng tgn trung vdi nu6c ciia qudn ddn nha Tran. Nguyin Tii Sieu (@
chpn boi cdnh cdu chuypn Tran Ngu^n chiin Id Id mdng hign thyc xd hgi rpi^ I6n vd sdi dpng, gdn liln vdi cupc khdng chiln
TAP CH( KHOA HQC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Bodn ThjHuf
chong gide Nguyen Mdng cam go vd dc Hgt ciia quan ddn nhd Trdn vao khoang thi ki XIII. Hay d Qugn He Izhcri nghia ciia Ha An (Nxb Qudn dgi niidn ddn, ndm 1963), bdi canh Iam n l n cho cdu chuygn Id nhihig thdng ngay khdi nghia sdi dpng chong trilu dinh Le Trinh ciia ndng dan Ip Hdi Ddng.
Do la b l i cdnh hi?n thyc xd h^i rpng ldn gdn liln vdi chuSi ngdy thdng tao logn, vua Le bit nhin, quyln binh tgp trung vao tay Uy Nam vuong Trjnh Giang, quan Igi thda siic hoanh hdnh, bdc Ipt, dan bdn n^i trdn D6ng, Nam, Dodi, Bdc ddi khd, nhilu ngudi phdi bd lang tha phuong cdu thyc.
Trong hodn cdnh dd, nhdn v^t lich sd Nguyen HOu Cdu dugc khdc hpa nhu hinh anh mpt ngudi thdng minh, bdn Iliih, d?p vl dgo diic, diing v l tdi ndng qudn sy. Tuy cu$c khdi nghia thdt bgi, ngudi anh himg thdt thi sa CO nhung vdi gw^« He khai nghia cua Hd An, ngudi dpc khdng khdi ng$m ngui, thuong xdt va ngudng mO ngudi anh hiing ndng ddn Nguyen Hiiu C^u. Tdc phdm mang dang dap thiSn anh hiing ca d vi?c tdi h i | n nlian v§t Qugn He trong tu the kieu himg, oai phong Iam Ii§t, du thdt bgi trSn chinh trudng nhung dd d l Igi dn tugng sau sdc trong tdm ihiic cOng ding/ ddn tOc.
Cimg vdi sy xuat hi^n lien tilp nhilu sy kign, nhilu biln c6 Ijch sii trgng dgi, nhda v^t trong tilu thuyet Uch sur truyln thing thudng thi6n v l hanh d^ng md thilu cd tinh. Nhieu khi Unh cdeh nhan v^t cd ddng dap nhu sdn phdm ciia hogt d^ng tu duy nhSim truu tugng hda nhdn vat. Di sau phdn tich nhdn v|lt, tdc gid tilu thuyit Uch
sur truyln thong chu ylu sir dung ngdn ngii vd hanh dpng de khdc hpa tinh cdeh nhan v|it. Khi khdc hpa tinh each nhdn \%t, nha vdn t|ip trung Iam ndi bgt va phdng dgi mpt net tinh cdeh nao do md hp cho la ban chdt nhat, cdn cac net tinh cdeh cdn lgi chu ylu Iam nhi^m vy bd trg cho net tinh each chinh. Dieu nay dugc thi hign ro trong tieu thuyet lich sd chuang hdi Trung Qudc nhu Tam Qudc diin nghia ciia La Qudn Trung.
Sy thanh cdng cua La Qudn Trung trong vigc khdc hga tinh each nhdn v^t lich sii Tao Thao, Lira Bi, Quan Cdng, Khing Minh... da xdy dyng nen d nhan vgt nhiing n^t tinh cdeh thiu tri^t nhu tuy^t gian, tuy^t nhdn, tuyft dflng, tuyft tri trong tdm thtic ngudi tilp nhdn.
Cang ve sau, sy the hign tinh each nhan vgt trong tieu thuySt Uch sir cang phong phli vd phiic tgp. Nd khdng chi dugc khdc hga thdng qua hdnh dOng, ngdn ngii ma cdn dugc thi hign qua diln biln n^i tdm gdn li€n vdi ehuoi dgc thogi, ddi thogi ngi tdm nhilu phirc tap vd biln hda cua nhdn vgt. Dd la cac nhan vgt Trdn Hung Dgo, HuyIn Trdn cdng chiia, Quang Trung - Nguyin Hug, Hd Quy Ly, Nguyin Trdi, Tir Dgo Hanh trong mgt logt tilu thuyit Uch sii Vigt Nam duong dgi nhu Bdo tdp triiu Trdn, Tdm triiu vua L^ cua Hodng Qudc Hai, Song Cdn miia lU c6a Nguyin Mpng Gide, Hdi thi cua Nguyen Quang Than, Gidn thieu ciia V3 Thj Hdo, Alexandre Dgi dh trong Hodng di vd giai nhdn, V5 Tdc Thi^n trong NU hodng ciia Son Tap, Tii Hy Thai hgu trong Nu hodng Phong Lan va Nu hodng cudi cimg ciia
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru'dng DHSP TPHCM Tgp 14, So 2 (2017): 96-106
Man An Ky... Dilu nay the hifn mpt budc tiln mdi trong nghe thu^t khdc hpa tinh each nhan vgt lich sii ciia tieu thuyit Ijch sd duong dgi. CJ do, cac nhdn viit Uch sir van la nhflng con ngudi xuat chiing, nhihig cd nhdn kift xuat cua thdi dai. Nhung gid day, hp da Id nhung con ngudi toan vgn hon, cd sinh khi, cd ndi tdm, cd suy tu, cd tinh cam chii khdng phdi Id mft nhdn cdeh trim tugng mang mOt d$c tnmg tinh each ddc ldp. Dugc ca tinh hda cao dg, thi gidi nhan vgt ciia tilu thuyit Ijch sd giai dogn sau Id thi gidi cua "vgn tam hon" - mdi ngudi m$t dang ve, mgt tdm tu, m$t nSi niem, mgt khdt vgng, mOt y chi, mOt nilm tin. Sy xuat hign ciia nhieu dogn vdn mieu td n$i tdm ciing dd gdp phdn mang Igi cho nhdn vgt tieu thuyit lich sd giai d o ^ sau nhilu siic chuyen tdi, hdp dhi vd ldi cuon r^udi dpc.
Nhu v^y, khi sang tac tilu thuyit ljch su, nhd vdn khdng don thudn Iam viec k l Iai cau chuygn lich sir vdi ddy du cdc nhan vdt vd sy kign Uch sit vdn da dugc sii quan/
su gia n6u len trong chinh sii md chu ylu mugn khdng gian lich su d l khdc hga va Iam chan thyc hoa nhfing ca nhdn ddng vai ti-d quan trgng trong cdc sy kien Ijch sur.
Thdng qua vigc lya chgn hodn cdnh lich sii cd vdn de (dat nude cd nan ngogi xam, nf i logn, ddn tinh ddi kho, khdi nghTa khdp noi), nha vdn tgo nen mdi trudng ddy thu thdch, d§t nhdn vgt vao tinh thi bugc phdi thi triln tdi ndng, bf c Ig bdn ITnh ca nhdn va phdm hgnh dgo due. Kl din, thdng qua vifc miSu ta hdnh dgng, ngdn ngu;, dcri sdng ngi tdm nhan v$t, tdc gia tilu thuyit
ljch sir khdng chi lam sing Igi, tai hifn mli quan hf giiia d^ng co xd hgi ydi con ngudi Uch sii d mft thdi diem Uch sir nhdt djnh ma cdn khien cho cac nhdn vat ljch su co tu duy, cd cdm xiic vd hanh dgng nhu chinh con ngudi trong thyc t l cuf c song.
Ho$c ciing cd th€ ndi khdc, thdng qua cdng cy nghf tiiuat vd bdng cdng cy nghf thuat Id tilu thuyit, tac gia tilu thuyit ljch sir da chiing minh dugc tinh hgp Ii v l sy tin t£ti moi quan hf bifn chiing gitia nhdn vdt ljch sii dien hinh vd hodn cdnh Ijch sir diln hinh theo kieu '*thdi thi tao anh hiing" vd din lugt minh "anh hung lgi tgo nen thdi thi".
2.3. vi thi phdp trong tieu thuyit lich sir CJ ddy, chiing tdi xin diing lgi va dilm qua d§c diem thi phdp tilu thuyit ljch sir xet tren bdn phuong difn chlnh Id thi phdp nhdn v$t, thi phdp khong - thdi gian nghf thu^t, thi plidp chi tilt nghf thugt va thi phap cdt truyfn.
2.3.1. Thi phdp nhdn vgt eua tiiu thuyit ljch su
Xet trSn phuong difn thi phap nhdn v^t, net rieng cua tilu thuyit ljch sit so vdi cac thi logi tilu thuyet khdc la trong tieu thuyit ljch sii, ben cgnh hf thing nhan vat hu cdu bao gid cflng phai cd mgt hf thong nhdn v§t lich su. Ve co bdn, hf thong nhan vgt lich sii Id mft hf thing t^ip hgp cac nhdn v$t Ijch sit cd ten tudi, que qudn, cdng trgng vd chien tich dugc ghi ch^p r5 tkag trong chinh sit. Dd Id con ngudi sing c6 U tudng, cd trach nhif m va ciing la con ngudi cua nhung hanh dpng Idn lao, cd kha ndng
"xoay trdi chuyin ddt", tgo Igp trilu dsii, danh duoi gide ngogi xdm. Id Iinh hdn cua
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tn/dng DHSP TPHCM ^0^11 ThfHu^
cdc cuOc ddu tranh giai phdng ddn tf c, xdy dyng va bao vg non sdng, gdm vdc. Trong tilu thuyet Ijch sii, vai trd vd so lugng nhdn vgt trong hf thong nhan v§t ljch sir phai chiem ti trpng tuong ddi (nhilu hon hogc gan bdng) so vdi hf thdng nhan vgt hu cdu.
Vj tri nhdn v|t trung tam, nhan vgt chinh cia tac phdm phdi thupc ve mft trong sd cdc nhdn vgt cd thgt trong hf thing nlian v^t ljch sii gdn liln vdi cdc biln cd ljch sir trgng dgi d vao thdi khdc Ijch sir quan trgng. Khdng dam bao dugc dieu nay, tac phdm do s6 thupc ve mpt the logi vdn hpc khac chii khdng phdi tilu thuyit Ijch sir.
2.3.2. Thi phdp khdng - thdi gian ngh?
thudt cua tiiu thuyit ljch jii-
So vdi cac logi tilu thuyit khac, trong tilu thuyit Uch sii, ti trpng xudt hifn ba logi khdng gian: khdng gian bdi cdnh, khdng gian sy kifn, khdng gian tdm li dd cd sy khdc bift. Phgm vi phdn anh cda tilu thuyit Uch sd tuong ddi rpng ldn va ludn gdn liln vdi cdc sy kifn lich sir trpng dgi d m5i thdi dgi Uch sd nhdt dinh ciia mpt dan tgc/ qudc gia. Nlu d tieu thuyit ndi chung, hai logi khdng gian tam li va khdng gian bli canh gdn lien vdi kieu thdi gian nhan v$t, thdi gian tam li, thdi gian dli thoai chilm iru thi thi d tilu thuyit Ijch sii, logi khdng gian sy kifn gdn lien vdi thdi gian ljch sd lgi dugc ddy ISn d vj tri quan ti-png hdng ddu. Khi mi6u ta logi khdng gian sy kifn, ban than tdc gid tilu thuyit Ijch su phai cd sy am hilu sdu sdc vl ddn tfc, thdi dgi, vl vdn hda, Ijch sd, phong tyc, tap qudn xoay quanh cdc sy kifn Ijch sii d thdi dilm ljch sd ma tdc gia mudn phdn dnh.
Khdc vdi kieu khdng gian sy kifn cd trong cdc logi tieu thuyet khac, khdng gian sy kifn trong tilu thuyet Hch su ngoai vifc phai ddm bdo dugc tinh ehan that d muc dp phan anh so vdi hifn thyc cugc sdng, nd cdn phai dam bao dugc dp chdn th^t trong sy tuong thich giua chuSi cac sy kien ljch sii vdi boi canh xa hdi ma su kifn lich sir ay da timg dien ra tren thyc te vd dugc sd quan/ sii gia ghi chep Igi trong chinh sii.
Khdng dam bao dugc sy tuong thich ndy, tac pham tieu thuyet lich sd tat phdi ddi mat vdi each dgc "i?(5/ chieu" ho^c nhdn sy phdn ling ngugc lgi tir phia dgc gid. Bdi khi din vdi tieu thuyet lich sd, trong ti§m thiic cda moi dgc gid bao gid cimg ton tgi mgt hg quy chieu cdc thdng sd gia trj cua tdc pham vdn hpc gdn lien vdi tri thdc, dft lif u dugc nSu trong chinh sd. Trudc mSi nhdn vat va sy kifn Ijch sd dugc nbx trong tilu thuyit lich sd, moi dgc gid diu dd cd trudc mdt hinh dung, mgt hieu biet nhat djnh (thgm chi la mgt djnh kien) nao dd thdng qua vigc tim hilu lich sd vd tilp thu kmh nghif m sdng/ kinh nghif m thdm mT cua cgng ding.
2.3.3. Thiphap chi tiit nghi thudt cda tiiu thuyit lich sic
Vdi tilu thuyit hifn thyc, sy chdn thyc cda moi chi tilt nghf thu|it dugc xdc djnh ti^n CO sd so sdnh, ddi chilu vdi hifn tiiyc xd hf i duong thdi ma tac phdm phdn anh. Vifc md td chan xdc hifn fliyc cufc sdng cua nhd vdn khdng ngodi myc dich vgch tran ban chdt xdu xa cua chl df xS hgi duong thdi va ndi ISn nSi thdng khd cda con ngudi sdng dudi che df xd hgi dy. Vdi
103
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM Tgp 14, S62 (2017): 96-106
tilu thuyit Uch sd, sy chan thyc, chinh xdc cua tdng chi tilt nghf thu§t dugc xac djnh bdi sy so sanh vdi timg mang hifn thyc dugc Iuu trfl tirong kho tu ligu/ tdi lifu Ijch sd cua ddn tgc. Khi chi tilt ngh? thu$t trong tilu thuyit lich sd cdng chdn thyc, cang dam bdo dugc sy chan xac khdch quan thi biic tranh hifn thyc Ijch sd v l thdi dgi dd qua cdng dugc phyc hifn chan thgt, sdng dfng. Dilu nay cd ^ nghTa ddc bift quan trpng trong vifc t ^ nen mdi trudng ljch sd tuong thich vdi ehuoi hanh dpng, phdt ngdn vd cd nhiing bien chuyin trdn phuong difn ddi sing ngi tam cda nhdn v$t ljch sd. Cfing gilng nhu vj tri, vai trd ciia nhdn v|lt Ijch su trong tilu tiiuylt ljch sd, cdc chi tilt n ^ f thugt gdn lien vdi cac sy kifn Uch sd, thdi dgi ljch sd cdn chilm mft ti trpng tuong dli Idn so vdi cdc chi tilt hu cdu nghf thu$t khac. Neu khdng ddm bdo dugc dieu ndy, tdc pham ay de trd thdnh tilu thuyet hifn dgi, tieu thuyet hifn thyc, thim chi pd thi vdp phdi nhfing sai sdt kilu nhu nhdn v | t thdi Le nhung lgi m|ic trang phyc thdi Trdn vd thi cd, do dgt theo chl df quan trudng thdi Nguyen ho|ic gia cdc cdng trinh kiln tnic/ cac di tich vdn hda Ijch sd cua ddn tgc bj/ dugc tac gia tilu thuyit ljch sd d l cgp va md td chiing qud sdm ho$c qud. mugn hon so vdi thdi dilm thyc t l md nd dugc xay dyng. Nhfing va vdp nhu thi rdt khd dugc chdp nhgn.
2.3.4. Thi phdp cdt truy$n eua tiiu thuyit lich su
Khdc vdi truyfn ngdn, truyfn vda vd mpt s l chung logi tilu thuyit khdng ldy ljch sd lam de tdi mieu td, tilu thuyit Ijch
sd cd nhiing quy udc rieng v l mdt thi phdp cdt truyfn the hifn d cdeh nha vdn tgo dyng vd phdt triln nfi dimg cau chuyfn lich sd. Lay Ijch sd ldm dli tugng mi6u ta Uyc tiep, tdc gid tieu thuyit ljch sd khdng dugc phep dfc sdng hodn toan trong vifc tgo Igp cdt truyfn cho tdc phdm. Ndi nhu the cd nghia la nhd vdn khdng dugc todn quyen hu cdu trong vifc mieu ta tdt ca cac nhdn v^t, hdnh dfng, biln c l cd lien quan din Uch sd dugc d l cdp trong tdc phdm.
Trong chdng myc nhdt dinh, cdc thdng tin thufc v l tinh cdeh nhdn vdt, nguydn nhan diln biln vd dilm kit thtic cdu chuyfn trong tdc phdm phdi cd sy tuong thich nhdt dinh vdi cdc thdng tin cd liSn quan din nhdn v§t vd sy kifn Ijch sd v l n dd dugc nSu trong chinh su. Nlu khdng hodn todn tin vdo Ijch su, nha vdn cd the de cgp, tmy van, bif n gidi va tranh lugn cdc vdn dl c6 lien quan den ljch sd d nhieu gdc df nhung tuyft dli khdng dugc gdn gh^p cho nhan v|it Uch sd nhung n6t tinh cdeh md nhan v$t dd chua timg cd (ho$c Id khdng thi cd), ciing nhu dyng nen cau chuyfn trSn cdc thdng s l hodn toan hu cdu, chua tdng dugc nhdc den trong chinh sd iSn dd sd.
D l i difn vdi cau chuyfn dugc ke trong cdc tdc phdm khdng thufc the lo^
tilu thuyit ljch sd, ngudi dpc cd nhilu khA ndng khdng bilt cdu chuyfn minh sdp dugc nghe Id gi, dien tiln cda cdu chuyfn vd so ph$n cda nhan v|it r l i sS ra sao, ket qud nhu thi ndo. D l i difn vdi cdu chuyfn dugc ke trong tilu thuyit ljch sd, thdng qua chinh sd vd cd dd sd, huyIn sd, huyIn tich trong ddn gian, ngudi dpc dd bilt dupe
TAP CHt KHOA HQC - Truwng OHSP TPHCM Dodn ThjHuf
phdn ndo (th§m chi la toan bp) nfi dung cdu chuyfn md nhd vdn sdp kl. Tac gia tilu thuyit Uch sd tuyft ddi khdng dugc nhdm lan trong vifc lya chgn vd sdp xlp cdc tinh tiet trong cau chuyfn ljch sd md minh dinh kl. v l CO bdn, kit cdu trdn thu|t cd thi dugc nha vdn linh hogt thay ddi nhung bdn chdt sy kifn Uch sd, trgt ty diln tiln cdu chuyfn thi nhd vdn khdng dugc ty y thay ddi. Neu khdng ldm dugc dilu ndy, tdc gid de trd thdnh ngudi mii khodng g^y lung tung vao ljch sd khiln mpi sy rli tung len den noi ty minh chulc ldy sy cdng kich, phdn ung cua dfc gia. Td day cd thi thdy, neu nhu cot truyfn trong cac sang tdc vdn hpc thupc cdc thi logi vdn hge khdc cho ph^p nlid vdn dugc toan quyen hu cdu vd sang tgo tren ca sd cd the md phdng hifn thyc ho$c ldy Uch sd ldm nguon cdm hdng tiii cdt truyfn trong tilu thuyit Uch sd co hd da cd sdn, dd dugc vilt sdn td trong chinh su. Dilm md ddu va diem kit thdc cua cdu chuyfn tuong thich vdi mft khdc dogn trong cdu chuyfn Hch sd chung cua ca dan tgc, cgng ddng. Vifc cdn lgi ciia nhd vdn Id cdn cd vdo khung sudn ay, chpn cho minh mft cdeh kl chuyfn thich hgp dk ndi tiiSm nhflng gi md chinh sd chua ndi hit, dl cung suy ngim vd ban lugn tiidm nhihig gi md chinh sd vilt chua ki ho^lc bd trlng, de tony tim vd chat van nhfing ^ chinh sd dd cd viet nhung cdn mo hd, khd hilu, dl bfc bgch nhfing gi minh da biet, dd nghl vl vifc xua trong mli lien hf mgt thiet vdi tdt ca nhthig ^ thufc ve tam diem cda cufc song hdm nay.
3. Kit lu$n
Xet din cung, tieu chudn quan trpng djnh gid gid tri tieu thuyit ljch sd Id tinh chan that Ijch sd. Tinh chdn tiigt Ijch sd dugc tgo nln ngay trong phuong phdp sdng tac tieu thuyet ljch sd cda nha vdn. Phuong phap sang tdc ndy dugc xet din trdn ba ITnh vyc la nhdn vdt trung tdm. nguyin tdc xdy dimg tinh edch nhdn vdt va thi phdp. d ddy, tieu thuyit ljch sd vda ed dilm chung Iai vda cd diem rieng so vdi cdc sdng tdc vdn hpc thufc cdc tieu loai tilu thuyit khde. Didm chung d the logi gdc tilu thuydt cho phep nha vdn ty do phat huy tri tudng tugng vd kha ndng suy lugn, din ddt ngudi dgc vao the gidi bao la ciia nhihig cau chuyfn hap dan, cam dpng long ngudi.
Dilm riSng xudt phdt td phuong difn dl tdi Ijch sd cda tilu thuyit ljch sd. Cdu chuyfn trong tilu thuyit Uch sd cd the Id cdu chuyfn cdm dfng ldng ngudi nhung myc dich hudng din cua cau chuyfn dd tuyft dli khdng phdi Id van de ve sd phgn cda mft eon ngudi rieng le, mgt con ngudi hodn todn xa Ig vdi dpc gia hdm nay. Cdu chuygn tiong tilu thuyit lich sd cd the Id cdu chuyfn cua mpt ca nhan nhung ca nhdn do khdng dugc tdch rdi tap thi/ cgng dong trong myc tieu, Ii tudng song vd hdnh dpng. Hon nfi:a, cd nhdn dugc chgn Idm nhdn vgt chinh ho|ic nhdn vat trung tam cda cau chuyfn Uch sd phdi la cdc nhdn vgt Ijch sd cd thgt. Id cdc danh nhan, anh hiing, khanh tudng dd cd nhieu cdng trgng vd chiln tich trong cdng cugc lanh dgo nhdn dan chlng gi$c ngogi xam, bao vf bien cuong bd cdi, xdy dyng vd lam hung thjnh ddt nude. Cdu chuyfn cda cd nhan dd bao
TAP CHl KHOA HQC - Tru-dng DHSP TPHCM T^pl4,s62(2017): 96-106
gid cung tiling khdp vdi cau chuygn cda ddn tf c/ cf ng dong d tiing khue quanh thdi cugc. Dieu hdp dan ngudi dpc khi den vdi tieu thuyit ljch sd khdng phdi d sy mdi Ig, gay cdn, biln hda cda c6t tiiayfn md chd ylu d nghf thu|t k l chuyfn, nghf tiiuat II gidi nguy€n nhan, mieu td dien biln vd kit qud cau chuyfn lich sd cda m l i nha vdn.
Din vdi tilu thuyit Uch sd, ngudi dpc khdng chd xem nhd vdn s5 minh hga ljch sd nhu the nao ma hp tham mong dugc nghe nhd vdn trinh bay vd chia se vdi hg nhihig cdm nh$n mdi mh ciia anh ta v l nhiing vdn d l tudng dd xua cfl cda Uch sd,
tirdng chd dugc nghe k l lgi mft cau chuyfn ljch sii hgp H vd thugn ldng ngudi ve nhflng gi dd tung diln ra trong qud khii nhung khdng hdn dd thugc vl qud khd.
Ddy cung Id mft trong nhfing nguyen nhdn chinh khiln tdc gid tilu thuyit Ijch sd khdng ngdng kilm tim mft each k l chuyfn mdi, sdng tgo mft hu cdu nghf thult mdi de cd thi viet nen nhflng cdu chuyfn ddy mau sdc trong sy lien kit gitta ljch sd dd qua va thyc tgi trudc mdt, dem lgi cho ngudi dpc cdm xuc tuoi mdi khi dgc lgi cac cdu chuyfn dd thufc v l qud khd cua cha dng.
TAI LIfU THAM KHAO 1. Phucmg Lyu (chii bifin) (2002), Li ludn vdn hge, Nxb Gido dye.
2. Meletinsky, E. M. (2004), Thiphap cda hi^in thogi, Tran Nho Thin vd Song Mfc djch, Nxb Dgi hpc Quic gia Hi Nfi.
3. Trin Dbih Sd (2008), T^fst/ehgc- Mgt so vdn di li lugn vd Uch sic, tgp 2, Nxb D^i hpc Su ph^HdNfi.
4. Trin Dinh Sd (2005), Thi phdp vdn hge trung dgi Vi^t Nam, Nxb Dgi hpc Quoc gia Hd Nfi.
