S o 1 ( 2 8 1 ) - 2 0 1 9 N G O N N G C & B 6 I S O N G 6 7
INGOAINGIT VQl BAN NGU]
D 6 I C H I E U D A I Tir NHAN XUTVG TRONG TIENG ANH VA TIENG DlTC
L Y T H I E N T R A N G *
TOM T A T : S U dung dai tir nhan xung la mpt phdn trong nang luc giao tilp ciia nguoi noi. That vay, d^i til nhan xung dugc sir dung khong nhQng de chi doi tugng tham gia giao tiep, ma con xay dung moi quan he giira ngudi noi vai nhau. Trong nhOng nam gan day van de md rong giao thuong vdi cac nude chau Au, dac biet v6i nuac Diic, van de dao tao ngoai ngii tieng Dire cQng dan dugc xa hpi quan tam. Tuy nhien, thuc te cho thay khi tiep can vai tieng Dire, nhieu smh vien Viet Nam gap phai rat nhieu trd ngai hon so vdi tieng Anh. Bai viet nay ngoai viec nghien ciiu so sanh he dai tir nhan xung trong lieng Anh va tieng Due khong nhirng se tim ra dugc nhirng dac diem dong nhat va khac biet ve mat ngon ngir ma con tiep can dugc vdi v5n hoa cua hai nuac va tam li con ngudi ciia hai dan toe va tir do dua ra nhirng giai phap giup sinh viSn Viet Nam han che nhirng kho khan khi tiep xiic vdi dai tir nhan xung trong tieng Diic
TU KHOA: dai tir nhan xung; ngoi; so; pham trii.
N H A N B A I : 2/11/2018. B 1 £ N T A P - C H I N H SiTA-DUYETDANG. 10/1/2019 1. Mff &hu
Tieng Diic va tieng A n h thudc ngdn ngii An- A u , n h d m Germanic. N h d m Germanic cd 3 tieu n h o m la: 1/Bac Germanic (North Germanic) n h u rieng Dan Mach, Thuy Dign, Na Uy...; 2/D6ng Germanic (East Germanic) n h u tieng G6-tich va 3/Tay Germanic (West Germanic) n h u tieng Dire, H a Lan, Anh, Flemish, Frisian... T r o n g 3 rigu n h d m tren, tieng Dire va tieng A n h thuoc ciing mgt tieu n h d m la Tay G e r m a n i c (West Germanic). Viec ddi chieu ngon ngii A n - A u vdi nhau d u g c x e m la bac ddi chieu thii hai.
Cac dai tir nhan x u n g trong ngon n g d cau thanh mdt chinh thg nguyen ven. Do la mgt he thong, cdu tnic cac ygu td trd ngudi trong hoat d g n g giao tiep - ddi thoai. Ndi d u n g va gia tri ciia timg yeu td d u g c xac dinh n h d vao su doi lap giUa yeu td ay vdi tat ca nhiing ygu td cdn lai cua hg thdng thdng qua nhirng quan he p h a m trii hay cdn ggi la "pham tru nhan x u n g " (Nguyen V a n C h i l n , 1992, t r . l 2 6 ) .
2. Ddi c h i l u cu the
2.1. Boi chieu pham tru nhan xung 2.1 1. Doi chiiu vi chdt
Phan tich doi chieu dai tir nhan x u n g trong rilng Anh va tieng Diic qua thg ddi lap p h a m trii nhan x u n g .
P h a m trii nhan x u n g nay trd ngudi d u a tren the ddi lap: ngudi san xuat hanh ddng ndi nang - ngudi k h d n g true t i l p san xudt hanh ddng noi nang. P h a m trii nay trong ngil phap tieng A n h v a tieng Diic cdn d u g c gpi la "ngoi".
a.Ngdi thu nhat (ngudi tao ra hanh ddng ndi nang):
- So it:
Hinh thirc danh each (Nominarive forms)
Pronomen Pronoun Examples (vi di^)
Ich (toi) I (toi) Darfich'^tMayl)
Ich bin 16 Jahre alt. (I'm 16 years old) Hinh thiic doi each (Accusative forms
Pronomen mich (toi)
Pronoun me (toi)
Examples (vi dy)
Das freut mich (That pleases me) H i n h thiic tang each (Dative forms)
•^ ThS-NCS; DHKHXH&NV, DHQG TP Ho Chi Minh; Email IranglK^hcmute.edu.vn
NGON NGU' & B 6 I SONG Sd 1(281)-2019
Pronomen mir (toi)
Pronoun me
Examples (vi du)
Er gibt mir das Buch (He gives me the book) 0 ngoi thu nhat sd it, trong tieng Dire dai tii nhan xung tdn tai dudi ba hinh thiic "Ich, mich va mir" trong khi do d tilng Anh chi tdn tai hai hinh thuc "I va me". Dilu nay thudng gay khd khan cho sinh vien Viet Nam d giai doan diiu khi tilp can vdi tilng Diic. Trong tilng Diic "Ich"
khong dugc thudng xuyen vigt hoa nhu I trong tieng Anh.
- Sd nhiiu:
Hinh thirc danh each (Nominative forms) Pronomen
wir (chiing toi, chimg ta)
Pronoun We
Examples (vi du) Wir gehen zum Mittagessen.
(We eo out for lunch) Hinh thii'c ddi each (Accusative forms)
Pronomen Uns
Pronoun us
Examples (vi du) Es freut uns, Sie kennen zu lemen (We are pleased to know you) Hinh tbiic tana each (Dative forms)
Pronomen Uns
Pronoun us
Examples (vi du)
Sie has uns ein Foio gegeben (She has she has given a photo to us)
jiveii us a photo.
Dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii nhat so nhieu dugc xep vao pham trii nhan ximg 4 (truyen thdng ngii phap vSn thudng ggi la pham trii "ngdi gop" "ngdi trir"). Pham tni nay dua tren sir ddi l^p nhung hinh thai nhan xung bieu thi cac thanh td ngu nghia pham trii tro ngoi nhan xung thil nhat;
s6 nhilu bao gdm ca ngudi doi thoai va ciing ngdi nhan xung ay; sd nhieu loai trir ngudi ciing doi thoai, vi du: trong tilng Dire "wir" va trong tigng Anh la "we" (chiing ta, chiing toi). Viec xac djnh ngir nghTa pham trii trd ngdi thii nhat sd nhieu nay phu thugc vao ngir canh hay tinh hudng giao tilp. Ngon ngir An-Au, cu the la tieng Diie va tieng Anh deu khdng cd the hien su ddi lap khu biet "ngdi gdp" va "ngdi trir" qua nhirng hinh thai nhan xung khac nhau, Hai thanh to ngir nghia cau tao pham trii nay nam trong mgt hinh thai nhan xung. Day la net khac biet giiia ngon ngu- An-Au va ngon ngir Dong Nam A
b. Ngdi thu hai (ngudi true tiep ddi thoai vdi ngudi ndi) - Sd it-
Hinh thiic danh each (Nominative forms) Pronomen
Du Sie
Pronoun you (fam.)
you
Examples (vi du)
Kommst du mif (Do you come along'') Kommen Sie heule? (Are you comm^ over today?) Hinh thirc ddi each (Accusative forms)
Pronomen Dich
Sie
Pronoun you (fam)
you
Examples (vi du) Ich liabe dich angerufen (I have called you) Ich habegestem Sie getroffen (1 met yon yesterday) Hinh thuc tang each (Dative forms)
Pronomen Dir Ihnen
Pronoun you (fam.)
you
Examples (vi du) Ich wuensche dir Glueck
(1 wish you Good luck/1 wish Good luck to you) Ich habe Ihnen einen Brief geschrieben (1 have written a letter to you) Ich habe Ihnen ein Buch gegeben (I have given you a book)
So I(28I)-2019 NGON NGU" & DOI SONG
6 ngdi nay trong tigng Dire cd hai thanh td ngu nghia pham tru: thanh td "du" dugc sir dung khi ngudi true tilp san xuat ra hanh dgng ndi nang va ngudi khdng true tilp san xu4t hanh ddng ndi nang cd quan he than thugc nhau (hg cd thg la ban be than, cha me - con cai, dng ba - chau, tre con vdi nhau, quan he nay khdng phu thudc hoan toan vao tuoi tac). Dai tir nhan xung "du"
dugc sir dung khi quan he giQ-a hai ngudi ggi nhau bang "tgn", khdng ggi bang "hg". Thanh td thii hai la "Sie" dugc dung trong quan he cong tac, ngudi quen (khdng than). Trong khi dd, trong tieng Anh, dai tir nhan xung "you" dugc su dung trong tat ca cac quan he (quan he than thudc hoac trang trgng). Trong hau het cae ngdn ngu- An-Au ngoai trir tilng Anh, diu tdn tai hai thanh td ngu nghia pham trii d ngdi thir hai sd it. Trong tilng Anh co, dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai s6 it chi moi quan he than thudc da tung ton tai dudi dang "thou" va nhung biln thi cua no: "thee, thine va thy". Tuy nhien, hien nay nhung su bieu dat nhu thi chi cdn tdn tai trong tho van nhu trong cac tac pham cua Shakespeare hay trong kmh thanh.
0 day cd thg thay net van hda anh hudng dgn viec sir dung ngon ngU. Ngudi Diic thudng cd thdi quen giff khoang each vdi ngudi quen hon so vdi ngudi Anh, ngudi My Ddi vdi ngudi Diic, khoang each chi dugc rut ngan khi mdi quan he tuong ddi gan gui va dilu nay thi cin phai cd thai gian. Ngudi Diic se cam thay khong thoai mai khi dai tir nhan xung "du/Sie" khong dugc sit dung diing ddi tugng, diing tinh huong giao tiep. Tren thuong trudng, dii cho ngudi Diic da eiing hgp tac vdi nhau rat nhigu nam, nhung hg van giu khoang each va xung hd vdt nhau bang ngdi
"Sie" (formal You). Dieu na>; khong cd nghia hg khong than thien, ma hp muln duy tri mdt khoang each nhat dinh giira mdi quan he that su than thudc va mdi quan he cong tac.
Dai tir nhan xung "Sie" (formal You) dugc sii dung khi: 1/Ban dang ndi chuyen vdi ngudi Idn ma ban mdi quen hay khdng khong cd mdi quan he than thupc; 2/Trong trudng hgp ban sir dung
"Mr." (Herr) or "Ms./Mrs." (Frau); 3/Quan he kinh doanh; 4/Ddng nghiep d cdng sd (nlu hp khong phai la ban than); 5/Ngu ban nghi ngd vl viec sir dung dai tir nhan xung "Sie" hay "du"
thi hay dimg "Sie"; 6/Dai tir nhan xung "du" dugc sir dung khi: ndi chuyen vdi ngudi trong gia dinh, hg hang; ndi vdi ban than; ggi tre em dudi khoang 12 tuoi va eon vat; eau nguyen, ggi Chiia; theo de nghi cua ngudi dang trao doi.
- Sd nhieu:
Hinh thirc danh each (Nominative forms) Pronomen
Ihr Sie
Pronoun you guys (fam.) you (plural)
Examples (vi du)
Habt ihr das G e W (Do you guys have the money) Kommen Sie heute'' (Are you (all) coming over today) Hinh thirc ddi each (Accusative forms)
Pronomen Euch Sie
Pronoun you guys (fam.) you (plural)
Examples (vi du)
Er hat euch abgehoit. (He has picked up you) Morgen rufe ich Sie nochmals an.
(Tomorrow I call you again) Hinh thiic tang each (Dative forms)
Pronomen Euch Ihnen
Pronoun you guys (fam.) you (plural)
Examples (vi du)
Sie hat euchein Heft gegeben (She has given you a notebook/ She has given a notebook to you guys) ich habe Ihnen ein Geschenk geschickt (1 have sent you a gift/1 have sent a gift to you)
Trong tieng Dire dai tir nhan xung so nhieu "ihr" dugc sit dung cho cac trudng hgp gidng sd it
"du", tuy nhign "ihr" la dang so nhilu ciia "du". Trong tieng Anh cd ciing da timg tdn tai hinh
NGON NGtr & BCfl SONG So 1(281)-2019
thiic sd nhigu nay dudi dang "ye" dg chi mdi quan he than thudc, la dang bigu thi sd nhieu ciia
"thou". Hinh thiic nay chi co thg tim thay trong van chuong cd.
0 ngoi thir hai trong tilng Dire, co hai loai dai tir nhan xung chi ciing mgt ddi tugng true tigp tham gia giao tiep vdi ngudi ndi. Mdt loai chi miic do than mat, gan giii, mot loai chi quan he trang trgng, lich su, nhu dai til nhan xung ngoi thii hai so it "du" - "Sie" va dai tir nhan xung ngdi thii hai s6 nhilu "ihr" - "Sie". Theo tac gia (Nguyin Van Chiln, 1992, tr.l30) viec phan chia dai tir nhan xung nhu thi duoc xem la pham tru nhan xung 3 (thuat ngu:_ thudng diing la pham trii "Ijch su"). Pham trii nay ddi hdi ngudi ndi trong cac tinh hudng giao tiep phai tign hanh lua chpn cac don vi ngdn ngii nham the hien thai do cua minh ddi vdi ngudi doi thoai. Thai dp nao (gan gui, than mat hay trang trpng) la tiiy thudc vao khoang each xa hdi: tudi tac, gidi tinh, miic do quen biet, dia vi xa hdi... Mdt trong nhiing su khac nhau giiia tieng Diic va tieng Anh dugc phan biet d phuong thiic bigu hien ndi dung pham trii nay.
c. Ngdi thii- ba (ngudi khdng true tiep tham gia hpi thoai) - Sd it
Hinh thirc danh each (Nominative forms) Pronomen
Er Sie Es
Pronoun he she it
Examples (vi du) 1st er da''(Is he here?) 1st sie da'' (Is she here?)
Es isi 4 Jahre alt? - Meaning: (My child (es) is 4 years old)*
Hinh thiic ddi each (Accusative forms Pronomen
Ihn Sie Es
Pronoun him her It
Examples (vi du) 1st er da? (Is he here?) Isl sic da? (Is she here'') Hast du es? (Do you have it?) Hinh thirc tang each (Dative forms)
Pronomen Ihm
Ihr
Ihm
Pronoun him
her
It
Examples (vi du) Seine Frau hat ihm Geld gegeben
(His wife has given him money/ His wife has given money to him)
Am Frauentag hat ihr Mann ihr Blumen geschenkt.
(On the Women's Day, her husband has given her flowers/
On the Women' Day, her husband has given flowers to her) Ich spiele mit dem Pferd. Ich spiele mit ihm (I am playing with the horse. Fm playing with it) Ca trong tieng Anh va tieng Dire, dai tir nhan xung ngoi thii ba sd it deu co su phan dinh gidi tinh, nhu "he, she" so vdi "er, sie". Nhung digm khac biet ndi bat d ngdi thii ba sd it trong tilng Anh va tieng Diic la d dai tii nhan xung "it" trong tieng Anh va "es" trong tilng Diic. Trong tilng Anh, dai tir nhan xung "it" diing de chi dd vat con vat, khdng diing thay thi cho ngudi va khdng xac dmh gidi tinh. Trong khi dd trong tieng Dire "es" la dai tir nhan xung diing dk thay thi tat ca cac dd vat, con vat va ca con ngudi va cd xac dmh gidi rinh (neutral - gilng trung). Vi du:
Das Kind ist in der Schule Ich werde es am Nachmitlag abholen.
The child is at school I will pick up her or him this afternoon.
Diem khac biet thii hai trong dai tir nhan xung ngdi thir ba sd it giiia tilng Anh va rilng Dire la trong tigng Anh dai tir nhan xung "he, she" thudng dugc diing thay thi cho ngudi, trong khi do d tigng Dire d^i tir nhan xung "er, sie" dung thay the cho ca ngudi va vat. "Er" cd thg dugc dung thay the cho dd vat gidng due va "sie" thay thg dd vat gidng cai. Vi du:
S6 1(281)-2019 NGON NGiT & DOI SONG 71
Der Hund mag die Katze Er mag die Katze (The dog likes the cat. It likes the cat) Die Katze mag den Hund Sie mag den Hund (The cat likes the dog. It likes the dog)
"Der Hund" cd nghia la con chd va gidng dugc quy dinh bat bien cua nd la gidng due, cho ngn dugc thay thg bang dai tir nhan xung "er". "Die ICatze" - con meo dugc mac dinh san la gidng cai, cho nen nd dugc thay the bang "sie". Vi vay, trong khoa hgc dich thuat, ngudi dich can luu y khi dai tir ngoi thii ba sd it "er, sie, es" dugc sir dung
Ciing theo tac gia Nguyen Van Chign, pham trii dang xem xet nay dugc xep vao loai pham trii nhan xung 5: Pham trii nay dua trgn sir ddi lap cac hinh thai nhan xung bieu thi cac thanh td ngii nghTa nhigu thanh phan pham trii: cac yeu td nhan xung d ngoi nhan xung thd ba trd ngudi va khdng trd ngudi, vi du trong tieng Diic "er, sie va ca es" deu cd the dugc sir dung de trd ngudi va khdng trd ngudi, cdn trong tieng Anh thi "he, she" diing de trd ngudi va "it" thudng khdng dung de tro ngudi.
- Sd nhieu
Hinh thiic danh each (Nominative forms) Pronomen
Sie
Pronoun they
Examples (vi du)
Wo sind die Kinder'' Sie sind in der Schule (Where are the children? They are at school).
"Sie " duac Viet hoa chi khi dimg a dau cau Hinh thirc doi each (Accusative forms)
Pronomen Sie
Pronoun them
Examples (vi du)
Wer hat die Kinder abgehoit? Ihr Vater hat sie abgehoit Who has picked up the children'' Their father has picked up them.
Hinh thiic tang each {p&twt forms) Pronomen
ihnen
Pronoun them
Examples (vi du)
Wer hat den Kindem bei der Hausaufgaben gehoifen'' Ihre Mutter hat ihnen dabei geholfen.
(Who has helped the children with the homework? Their mother has help them)
Khi so sanh tilng Diic vdi tilng Anh, ta nhan thay trong tilng Anh dai lir nhan xung d hinh thirc ddi each (Accusative forms) "me, us, you, him, her, it, them" dugc su dung lam tiic tir true tilp (the Direct Object) va tiic tir gian tilp (the Indirect Object). Vi du:
He gives it (the Direct Object) lo me (the Indirect Object).
Trong rilng Diic thi dai tir nhan xung d hinh thirc ddi each (Accusative forms) ddng vai trd tiic tir true tilp (the Direct Object) nhu: mich. dich, sie, ihn, sie, es. Cdn dai tir nhan xung d hinh thirc tang each (Dative forms) nhu: mir, dir, Ihnen. ihm, ihnen ddng vai trd lam tiic tir gian tiep (the Indirect Object). Vi du:
Er gibt es (the Direct Object) mir (the Indirect Object).
Bdi vi "mir" la dai tir nhan xung hinh thirc tang each (Dative forms) cho nen nd khdng cSn mdt tir bd nghTa "to" (a modifier) nhu trong tilng Anh.
Trong tigng Diic va rilng Anh su khac biet cdn thi hien ro net d pham tni nhan xung 8 (pham tni each) - pham trii nay cung dugc tac gia Nguyin Van Chiln ban luan At nhigu. Pham trii nay thi hien dua tren su ddi lap cac hinh thai nhan xung bilu thi nhung thanh td ngd nghTa pham triL Trong tilng Diic, sir dung phuang thiie bign hinh dl bigu dat pham trii nhan xung nay. Cd thg de dang nhan ra su hang loat cac biln thi hinh theo each ciia dai tir nhan xung nhu biln thg theo danh each (Nominative forms), bien thg theo ddi each (Accusative forms) va bign the theo tang
NGON NGtr & DOI SONG S6 1(281)-2019
each (Dative forms). Chinh su da dang cua bign the hinh dai tir nhan xung theo each da lam cho sinh vign Viet Nam gap nhigu trd ngai khi tiep xiic vdi tigng Diic han tieng Anh.
2.1 2. Doi chieu ve lugng
Qua phan phan tich trgn ta thay rang sd lugng dai tir nhan ximg trong tieng Diic nhieu hon trong tieng Anh: tilng Diic cd 9 dai tir nhan ximg, con tilng Anh cd 8 dai tir nhan xung. Tuy nhign su Idn hon vg sd lugng nay la khong dang kl. Su chenh lech nay la do trong tigng Diic co phan chia dai tir nhan xung chi ngoi than mat gSn gui ngdi thii hai sd it "du" va ngdi thir hai sd nhieu "ihr".
2.2. Ddi chieu vepham trii ngu phdp 2.2.1. Pham tru "ngdi "
Xet d pham tni "ngoi", giQ-a tieng Dire va tigng Anh co su gidng nhau tuong doi trong vi^c tap hgp cac nghTa vi trd "ngudi" trong giao tiep-doi thoai ngdn ngU, nhiing thanh td ngir nghTa ciia pham trii nay la: I/Ngudi true tigp san xuat hanh dgng ndi nang - va ngudi khdng true tiep san xuat ra hanh dgng ndi nang; 2/Ngudi true tiep tham gia ddi thoai - va ngudi khdng true tiep tham gia ddi thoai.
~'~~~~~-~.._^ T h a n h t o
^^~~~~~~~..^^^ ngQ' n g h i a
N g 6 i ^'~~~~~~~~^
Ngoi thir nhdt Ng6i thii hai Ngoi thir ba
Nguoi true tiep san xuat hanh d6ng noi nang - va nguoi kh6ng true tiep san xudt ra hanh dong noi
nang +
Nguoi true tiep tham gia doi thoai - va nguoi khong tryc tiep
tham gia doi thoai
+ (+,-) Bang tren cho thay, ngdi thir ba eiia dai tir nhan xung trong tieng Anh va trong tieng Diie khac vdi ngdi thii nhat va thii hai: pham vi "tro" ciia ngoi nay rgng hon, khdng chi trd "ngudi"
ma cdn trd ca nhirng su vat "phi ngudi".
Trong tieng Anh: Ngdi thii ba tro ngudi "he, she", khdng trd ngudi sd it "it" va sd nhieu
"they".
Trong tigng Diic: Ngdi thii ba so it "er, sie, es" va so nhieu "sie" trd ca ngudi va tit ca nhiing su kien "phi ngudi".
Nhu vay pham vi "trd" trong tieng Due rpng hon trong tigng Anh. Vi du:
- Der Kuehlschrank ist fast leer. Erist fast leer.
The refngerator is almost empty. It (masculine) is almost empty).
- Ich brauche die Worst. Ich brauche sie./ (I need sausage. I need it (feminine))
- Das Gespraech ist sehwer. Es ist schwer./ (The discussion is difficuh. It (neuter) is difficult) Do dd, khai niem "dai til nhan xung" trong tieng Anh (personal pronouns) va trong tilng Diic (personal pronomen) chua chinh xac vi pham vi "trd" ciia nd khdng nhirng cho "ngudi" ma tit ca cac sir kien, su vat "phi ngudi".
Neu tign hanh phan tich doi chieu dira vao mdi quan he tuong hgp ngd phap giiia d^i tir nhan xung va cac hinh thai dong tir tuong irng trong eau rilng Anh va trong cau tigng Diic, cd thi nhan thay, ti-ong rieng Anh ngudi ta thien ve xu hudng pha vd va ddi khi xda bd nhiing ddu higu hinh thirc khubiet hau td nhan xung ddng tir, trong khi do trong tilng Diic vin cdn duy tri su khu biet cac phu td nhan xung dgng tir.
Ngoi thii nhat Ngoi thii hai
Ich gehe Wir gehen Du gehst ihr geht Sie gehen (sing)
I g o We go You (fam) go You (guys) go You go
So 1(281)-2019 NGON N G f & BOH SONG 73
Ngoi thir ba
Sie gehen (plural) er geht sie geht es geht sie gehen
You go He goes She goes It goes They go Ddi vdi trg ddng tir
Ngoi thii nhat Ngoi thu hai
Ngoi thii ba
Ich kann Wir koennen Du kannst Ihr koennt Sie koennen (smg) Sie koennen (plural) erkann sie kann eskann sie koennen
i can We can You (fam.) can You (guys) can You can You can He can She can It can They can 2.2.2. Phgm trii "sd"
Cd su phan biet giua pham tni "so" ciia dai tir nhan xung vdi pham trii "s6" cua danh tir vg phuang dien ngi dung ngii nghTa. "So" eua danh tir gan lien vdi mdi quan he ve "lugng", cdn
"sd" cua dai tii nhan xung gan lien mdi quan he dudi dang nghTa vj doi lap ca nhan - tap the
"ngudi" trong giao tigp ddi thoai.
Xet d pham trii "so", ca trong tieng Anh va tieng Diic, ngoi thic nhat sd it va ngdi thil nhat so nhieu dgu cd hinh thai goc khac han nhau: "I va we" - "Ich va vi'ir", nhung xet d ngdi thir hai thi trong tigng Diic sd it va sd nhieu cd sir khac nhau d hinh thai gdc, cu the la d ngdi "du" va "ihr"
(dai tir nhan xung chi miic dp than mat). Trong khi d6 d tieng Anh ngoi thil hai sd it va sd nhigu diu cd hmh thai gdc giong nhau hoan toan "you". Chinh su gidng nhau hoan toan nay dS giiip cho sinh vign Viet Nam cam thay de dang hon trong viec tigp thu dai tir nhan xung trong tieng Anh so vdi tilng Dice. Xet d ngdi thu ba, ca trong tilng Anh va trong tilng Diic, hinh thai gdc eiia dai til nhan xung diu khac nhau, nhung diem dl nhim lln trong tilng Diic la hinh thdi gdc sd it "sie" thay thi cho ngudi va su kien "phi ngudi" va hinh thai glc sd nhieu "sie" thay thi cho ngudi va su kien "phi ngudi" lai gidng nhau hoan toan ve phuang dien phat am va chir viet (chi khac nhau d hau td dgng tir). Dieu nay da gay khd khan rat nhigu cho sinh vien Viet Nam va ca sinh vign nude ngoai d giai doan dau khi hgc tieng Dire.
Mgt dac dilm dang luu y khac la, ddi vdi dai tu nhan xung sd nhigu trong tieng Diic thi hau td dgng tir dugc chia gilng nhau hoan toan, trong khi do su bien ddi hau to ddng tir thg hien rat ndi bat trong d dai tir nhan xung s6 it. Trong tigng Anh, tinh dan gian cua ngdn ngu thi hien ro trong su it biln ddi cua hau t l dong tu phu thudc vao "so", thdng thudng su bien ddi hau td dong tir chi thg hien d ngdi thir ba so it.
2.2.3. Phgm trii "'cdch "
Trong ngdn ngir, "each" cua dai tir nhan xung dgc lap vdi "each" cua danh tir. Trong tilng Diic ton tai ca "each" cua dai tir nhan xung va "each" ciia danh tir. Nhu vSy, trong tilng Due cd su khu biet hinh thirc giiia cac he hinh "each" ciia hai tir loai. Nhung trong tieng Anh chi thiy xuit hien "each" cua dai tir nhan xung. Phgm trii "each" cua dai tii' nhan xung la su tap hgp cac nghia vi nhan xung bieu thi each thirc tiep xiic khac nhau giira ngudi va nhiing doi tugng hien thuc khac trong hoat dgng giao tiep d6i thoai. Vi du, ddi vdi dai tu nhan xung ngdi thii nhat sd it
+ Hinh thicc danh each (Nominative forms)
Ich gehe _ Igo -H Hinh thirc ddi each (Accusative forms)
Er liebt mich Er loves me
74 NGON NGU & BCfl SONG Sh 1(281)-2Q19
+ Hinh thirc tang each (Dative forms)
Sie gibt mir das Buch She gives me the book hay She gives the book to me
Qua vi du tren cho thiy, trong tilng Dire va tilng Anh deu xuat hien each ciia d^i tir nhan xung, nhung trong rilng Diic su thay doi ciia dai til nhan xung phu thudc vao each thg hien dac biet ndi bat "Ich - mich - mir", con trong tieng Anh "I - me" -hoac mdt bd tir "to" di kem vdi
"me". Dilu dac biet khd khan dii vdi sinh vign nude ngoai ke ca sinh vign Viet Nam khi hgc tilng Dire la su phan biet giiia ddi each (accusative forms) va tang each (dative forms). Trong mdt s6 trudng hgp, sinh vign khdng thi xac dinh dugc dai tir nhan ximg mdt cau cu the nao dd dugc sii dung d ddi each (accusative forms) hay d tang each (dative forms). Viec xach djnh mgt dai tir nhan xung d ddi each (accusative forms) hay d tang each (dative forms) phu thudc chu ylu vao dgng tir, nhung d rit nhilu ddng tii su phan biet ay ddi khi khdng thg xac dinh dugc dga vao y nghTa, vi vay su lin Idn khi sir dung dai tir nhan xung d hai each tren la rit thudng xay ra. Su khd khan trong viec phan biet nay khong chi xay ra vdi ngudi nude ngoai hgc tieng Diic ma ca nhung ngudi ban xii nlu khdng sir dung thudng ciing de mac phai^ viec nhan dien sai hoac sir dung khong dung dai tir nhan xung theo each. Viec khic phuc su nham lin ay chi cd thg dua vao sg thuc hanh thuyin xuyen va nlu nghi ngd thi sd dung tu dign. Tdm lai, d mgt sd ngon ngii An- Au nhung hinh thai biln the "each" ciia dai tir nhan xung cd lign quan true tiep tdi mdi quan he cii phap giiia cac dai tir va dgng tir vi ngii trong cau
2.2.4. Gidi tir vd "cdch " ctia dgi tic nhdn ximg
Hinh thai biln thi "each" cua dai tir nhan xung khong nhung cd lien quan trgc tilp tdi moi quan he cii phap giUa cac dai tu va ddng tir vi ngir trong cau ma cdn lign quan den gidi tir trong cau. Dilu nay thi hien dac biet rd net trong tigng Diic. Trong tilng Dire, cd thg coi gidi tir nhu mdt dang hien thuc hda ciia nhirng hinh vi ngil phap "each". So vdi tieng Due, su xuit hien gidi tn trong tieng Anh chi quy djnh mdt each eua dai tir nhan xung:
/ would like to talk to him/He plays with them.
The ballon lies over her./ They talk lo me.
Trong tilng Dice, mdt sd gidi tir dugc quy dinh di vdi ddi each (accusative forms): fuer, ueber (loai 1), va mpt sd gidi tir di vdi tang each (dative forms) nhu aus, seit, mit, nach...{\oa.\ 2), va mgt so gidi tir khae lai dugc six dung ca vdi ddi each (accusative forms) va tang each (dative forms) vi du nhu: auf, in, unter, neben, zMfischen,...{\oz.\ 3). Ddi vdi gidi tir (loai 3), viec xac djnh gidi tii' do di vdi ddi each (accusative forms) hay tang each (dative forms) phu thugc chii ygu vao su xuat hien ciia "chu each" (ngudi gay ra hanh dgng khdi phat) hay tam ggi "chii the".
Vi du 1: Das ist ein Geschenk fuer dich (accustive form)/ (That is a gift for you) Ich spreche mitdir (dative form) ueber ihn (accusative form) Vi du 2: sir quyet dinh ciia "chii each" trong viec xac dinh "each"
Ich lege das Buch unter dich (accusative form)/ (Iplace the book under you) Das Buch liegt unter dir (dative form)/ (The book is under you)
3. Nhirng kho khan cua sinh vien Viet Nam khi hoc tieng Diic so vol tigng Anh va giai phap
3.1. Nhung khd khan
Dai tir nhan ximg trong tigng Anh va tjgng Diic khac nhau nhieu ve chat: trong tieng Diic dai tit nhan xung tin tai nhigu hinh thiic hon trong tilng Anh nhu de cap ngoi thii nhit s6 it "ich, mich va mir". Trong khi do, trong tigng Anh chi cd hai hinh thiic "I and me". Ngdi thir hai trong tilng Dire cd hai thanh to ngu: nghia pham tni, thanh td "du" chi mdi quan he than thudc va thanh to "Sie" dugc diing trong mdi quan he cdng tac. Trong khi dd, tigng Anh chi cd mgt dai tir nhan xung "You" dugc sir dung cho tat ca cac quan he Ngoai ra, trong tieng Diic con cd dai tir nhan
S6 1(281)-2019 NGON N G f & DCtt SONG 75^
xung sd nhieu "ihr" dugc sir dung cho cac trudng hgp gidng sd it "du" va la dang sd nhigu cua
"du". Ben canh do, dai tir nhan xung trong ngdi thii ba so it trong "it" trong tigng Anh khdng gidng "es" trong tilng Diic: "es" trong tigng Dire khdng nhiing dimg de chi dd vat ma cdn ehi ngudi va cd xac dinh gidi tinh (trung tinh). Ngay ca ngdi thii ba sd it "er, sie" trong tigng Dire ciing khdng hoan toan gidng "he, she" trong tieng Anh; "er, sie" cd thg thay thg ca ngudi va vat va cd phan biet gidng, ngn ngudi hgc chi cdn each hgc thugc gidng ciia cac dd vat, digu nay vd cimg khd khan cho sinh vign Viet Nam vdn khdng phan biet gidng cho do vat. Su phiic tap cua dai tir (Sie/You Sing.), (Sie/You plural), (sie/she), and (sie plural/they), mac dii each phat am hoan toan giong nhau nhung cac dai tir nay la khac nhau, viec phan biet su khac nhau nay ddi khi chi cd thg nhd vao tinh hudng giao tigp. Vi vay, nhirng khac nhau nay ddi hdi ngudi hpc tieng Diic phaihieu ro cac tinh hudng giao tigp va ddi tugng giao riep de co thai do (gan giii, than mat hay trang trgng), ddi tugng giao tiep va phai hgc thudc gidng ciia timg loai dd vat, con vat,... de lua chgn dai tir nhan xung phii hgp. Mdt su khac nhau vl chat niia trong tigng Anh va tigng Dire la, trong tieng Diic va tigng Anh sir khac biet con the hien rd net d pham tni each: trong tigng Diic, sir dung phuang thuc bign hinh de bieu dat pham tni nhan xung nay: hang loat cac bien the hinh theo each ciia dai tir nhan xung nhu bien the theo danh each (Nominative forms), bign the theo doi each (Accusative forms) va bign the theo tang each (Dative forms). Chinh su da dang ciia bign the hinh dai tii' nhan xung theo each da lam cho sinh vien Viet Nam gap nhieu trd ngai khi tiep xuc vdi tieng Dire han tieng Anh. Dai tir nhan xung trong tieng Anh va tieng Diic khdng chi khac nhau ve chat ma khac nhau ca ve lugng, tuy nhign sir khac nhau vg lugng thi khdng dang kg.
Trong rieng Dire su da dang ban vg gidng, sd, each trong dai tir nhan xung khign cho sinh vign Viet Nam gap khdng it khd khan khi tiep xiic vdi tilng Diic han la tigng Anh. Ngoai ra, hinh thai bien thg "each" cua dai tir nhan xung trong tigng Diic khdng nhiing cd lien quan true tiep tdi mdi quan he cu phap giUa cac dai tir va ddng tir vi ngir trong cau ma cdn lien quan den gidi tir trong cau. Trong tigng Diic, cd thg coi gidi tir nhu mgt dang hien thuc hda cua nhirng hinh vi ngii phap "each". So vdi tigng Diic, su xuat hien gidi tir trong tilng Anh chi quy dinh mgt each ciia dai tir nhan xung.
3.2. Mpt so gidi phdp
1) Khi tilp xuc vdi dai tir nhan xung trong tigng Diic, ngudi hgc se gap nhigu trd ngai hon khi tilp xiic dai tir nhan xung trong tieng Anh vi nhung khac nhau giiia dai til nhan xung trong tieng Anh va tilng Diie nhu dl cap d trgn. Dg khac phuc mpt phan nhirng khd khan nay, ngudi hgc tieng Dire phai thuc hanh sii dung cac dai tii nhan xung trong tieng Due trong nhirng tinh hudng thuc tl, tranh hgc thudc ldng cac dai tir nhan xung mdt each rieng re ma phai van dung vao tinh hudng cu the, cd thg thuc hanh vdi giao vien va ban be trong Idp tren cac tinh hudng gia dinh, hoac tao nhieu ca hgi gap gd va thuc hanh vdi ngudi nude ngoai trong nhiing rinh hudng thuc tg ciia cugc sdng. Bgn canh dd, su phat tnen ciia cdng nghe thdng tin, ngudi hpc cd thg dl dang xem nhiing doan phim, nhung cugc hgi thoai va ghi chii nhirng dai tit nhan xung va each su dung dai tir nhan xung thdng qua phim, tin titc, cac video clip tren tivi hoac trgn Intemet. Ngoai ra, viec dpc sach cung gdp phan khong it quan trgng, cd thg giai doan dau ngudi hgc chua biet nhieu tir vung, nhimg qua viec tigp xiic vdi viec dgc cac mau tmyen ngan, cac neu pham, cae bai bao ngan, ngudi hgc cd thg hinh dung dugc va tiep can cac su dung dai tir nhan xung mdt each chinh xac.
2) Giao vign day ngoai ngii ngn thudng xuyen cho sinh vien thuc hanh vdi dai til nhan xung bing nhirng tinh hudng gia dinh trong ldp, giiip sinh vign higu rd dai tir nhan xung dugc sii dung vao nhitng tinh hudng giao tiep, quan he giao tiep khac nhau, tranh viec day don le cac dai tir
76 NGON NGU & BCfl SONG S6 1(281)-2Q19
nhan xung mgt each may mdc, thieu thuc tg, tao sinh vign tam li cam thay khd khan vi su da dang va phiic tap tuong doi ciia dai tir nhan xung trong tilng Diic. Ben canh viec day ngoai ngft, giao vign con phai ling ghep viec day van hda ma ngon ngil dugc thg hien, nhu Janet Holmes (1989) cho ring hgc mdt ngoai ngii khdng chi ddi hdi bigt y nghTa cua tir, biet each ket hgp chiing vdi nhau va bilt each phat am chung ma cdn ddi hdi ngudi hgc phai higu nghia ciia chiing trong mdt chu canh van hda ma chiing dugc sii dung.
4. K£t luan
Viec nghien cim dii chilu dai tir nhan xung va each sir dung dai tir nhSn xung trong tieng Anh va tilng Diic se giiip sinh vien nude ngoai nhiing ngudi mudn nghign ciiu hai loai ngon ngii nay ndi chung va sinh vien Viet Nam nhiing ngudi hgc song ngii tieng Anh va tigng Dire ndi rieng khong nhung tim ra dugc nhinig dac diem ddng nhat va khac biet ve m5t ngdn ngd tdn tai trong hai ngdn ngu nay ma cdn tiep c^n dugc vdi van hoa cua hai nude va tam li con ngudi cua hai dan tgc. Viec nghien ciiu dii chigu nay eon gdp phan vao viec giiip giao vien day tigng Diic xac dinh dugc tai sao sinli vign Viet Nam nhiing ngudi da hgc tieng Anh ludn cam thay khd khSn d giai doan dau khi tilp xiic vdi tilng Ditc hon la tieng Anh va tir dd hg cd thg rim ra nhinig giai phap khic phuc nhirng kho khan nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyin Van Chiln (1992), Ngon ngu- hoc doi chiiu vd ddt chieu cdc ngon ngii Dong Nam A, Ha Noi. Tnrdng Dai hoc Su pham Ngoai ngii.
2. Ki ylu - tap II Hoi nght qudc ti Idn thd nam ve Ngon n^e hoc vd ngdn ngie hoc lien A. Tap san Khoa hoc X5hgi vaNhan van. So 15, 2000.
3. Bill Manh Hiing (2008), Ngon ngir hoc ddi chieu. Nxb Giao due.
4. Le Quang Thiem (1988), Nghien cuu ddi chiiu cdc ngon ngii: Nxb D^i hoc Quic gia Ha Npi.
5. GaUois,C &.Cs.\\an,\ {\997), Communication and culture John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 6. Gudykunst, W. B. & Yun Kim, Y (1984), Communicating with strangers An approach to intercultural communication. The McGrav/-Hill Companies. Inc.,
7. Spencer-Oatey, H (2000), Culturallly speaking. Helen Spencer-Oatey and contributors.
8. Ting-Toomey, S (1999), Communicating across cultures. The Guilford Press.
9. Brown, H. D (2000), Principles of language learning and teaching. Addison Wesley Longman.
Compare and constrast the personal pronouns in English and German language Abstract: Using personal pronouns is part of conmiunicative competence of the speaker. Indeed, personal pronouns are used not only to address the participants in communicaUon, but also to build relationships between them. In Vietnam, German language has gradually confirmed a certain place.
Having newly developed, but German language has a quick development in Vietnam. The training of German language has gradually drawn much attention of society. However, the fact showed that many Vietnamese students face more difficulties when they learn German than English. The topic "Comparing and contrasting the personal pronouns in English and Gennan will contribute to finding out why Vietnamese students often encounter more difficuUies in the early stages when learning the personal pronouns in German rather than Enghsh. In addition, the comparative study of the system and the way of addressing the personal pronouns in German will help not only find the identical characteristics and differences in language, but also access to cultures of the two countries and psychology of their peoples and then finding solutions to help Vietnamese students overcome these difficulties in learning the personal pronouns in German.
Key words: personal pronoun; nominative forms; accusative forms; dative forms, pronomen.
