VE VIEC AP DUNG BIEN PHAP NGAN CHAN BAO LINH v A CAM DI KHOI NOI ClT TRU
TRONG TO TUNG HINH SU*
Nguyen Ngpc Kien*
Torn tdt: Bdo linh vd edm di khdi nai cu trii la hai trong s6 cdc bien phdp ngdn chgn trong he thing bien phdp cuong che td tung hinh su, dugc cdc ca quan tiin hdnh td tung dp dung khi cdn thiit, nhdm tgo diiu kien thudn lgi cho cong tdc dieu tra, truy to, xet xic.
Thuc ti dp dung quy dinh cua Bd ludt Td tung Hinh su ndm 2003 vi cdc bien phdp ngdn chgn ndy bpc IS nhicng vu&ng mdc, bdt cap cdn phdi dugc hodn thien.
Abstract: Bail and prohibition of going away from a residence are two of the preventive measures under the sanction system of criminal proceedings applied by competent agencies if these measures are necessary for relevant investigation, prosecution and adjudication. The application of the Criminal Procedure Code of 2003 on such preventive measures points out flaws in need of being improved.
1. Ve bien phap ngan chan bao Itnh Bao ITnh la bien phap ngan chan it nghiem khac ban so vdi cac bien phap ngan chan khac, nhu: bat, tam giu, tam giam va dugc ap dung khi xet thay khong cin thiit phai ap dung bien tam giam ddi vdi bi can, bi cao.
Ve nguygn tac, khi ap dung bien phap bao ITnh phai dam bao bi can, hi cao khdng tiep tuc pham tpi; khdng can trd boat dpng dieu tra, truy td, xet xd va hp phai cd mat khi dugc trieu tap. Vg dieu kien ap dung, co quan tign hanh to tung phai can cu vao tinh chat, muc do nguy hiem cho xa hpi cda hanh vi pham tpi va nhan than cda bi can, hi cao. Cd thg ndi, nguygn tac va dieu kien ap dung bien phap bao ITnh nhu da di cap d tren mang tinh hinh thdc nhiiu ban. Bdi vi, khi CO quan fien hanh td tyng cho bi can, bi cao bao ITnh thi chi cd thi dy doan chu khong thi biet trudc hp cd tiip tuc pham tdi hay cd can trd hogt ddng diiu da, truy ti,
xet xd hay khdng. Mat khac Bd lugt Td tung Hinh su nam 2003 (BLTTHS) quy djnh vi cac digu kien ap dung bidn phap bao ITnh ddi vdi bi can, bi cao cdn chua cu thi, do la se dugc ap dung ddi vdi nhiing loai tgi phgm nao, nhan than cua bi can, bi cao phai nhu thi nao? Vay, ngn quy dinh chi ap dung ddi vdi loai tgi it nghiem trpng hogc tdi nghiem trpng; hi can, bi cao cd ly lich ro rang , nhan than tdt; cd noi cu trd cd thi xac dinh dugc.
v i thu tuc bao ITnh, chu thi nhgn bao linh gdm cd ca nhan va ti chuc (Diiu 92 BLTTHS). Doi vdi hinh thuc nhan bao linh, la ca nhan thi phai cd hai ngudi, va phai la ngudi than thich cda hi can, bi cao; ddi vdi td chuc, phai dap ung didu kien la td chuc noi cd bi can, bi cao lam viec hoac bi can bi cao la thanh vien cda td chuc do va viec bao ITnh phai cd sy xac nhgn cda ngudi diing
ThS., Khoa LuSt - Dai hpc Hua.
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"CO ly lich ro rang" nen dupe giai thieh la ngu&i dang kh6ng c6 tiSn an (khSng c6, ho§e c6 nhimg da xoa an tich) va loai trir tru&ng hpp dang c6 tign su
dau to chuc. Thu tuc xin bao ITnh bat budc phai cd don xin bao ITnh. Neu la ca nhan cd don xin bao ITnh phai dugc hai ngudi than thich cua bi can, bi cao ky vao don va cd xac nhan cua chinh quygn dia phuong noi bi can, bi cao cu tni hoac ca quan, td chuc noi hp lam viec. Neu la td chde xin bao lihh thi don phai do ngudi diing dau co quan, td chuc dd ky xac nhgn va ddng dau. Lien quan den nghTa vu cam doan, thyc te cd co quan tidn hanh td tung yeu cau phai cd giay cam doan rieng, don xin bao ITnh rieng, ndu d noi khac thi chap nhan cam doan cua ngudi nhgn bao ITnh vigt cung trong dan.
Nhu vay, d day cd sy tuy nghi trong boat ddng td tung hinh sy. Luu y la^LTTHS chi quy dinh ve nghTa vu cam doan cua ngudi xin bao ITnh, chd chua quy dinh nghia vu cam doan cua bi can, hi cao.
van de dat ra la, trach nhiem phap ly cua ngudi xin bao ITnh nhu the nao khi hi can, hi cao dugc bao ITnh vg tiep tuc pham tdi hogc bd trdn? Do chua dugc BLTTHS quy dinh ndn da gay ra bat cap trong thyc tien nhigu nam qua. Mat khac, lugt bat budc phai cd hai ngudi than thich trd len dung ra bao ITnh, the nhung "ngudi than thich" bao gdm nhiing ngudi nao thi chua dugc dat ra cu thi, nen da xay ra nhan thuc khac nhau.
Cd dia phuong cho rang, ngudi than thich phai la vg ching, bd me, anh chi em cua bi can, bi cao; nhirng ngudi than khac nhu cd, di, cau, mg, dng ba bgn ndi, ngoai..., khdng phai la ngudi than thich. Cd dia phuang coi tit ca nhiing ngudi do la ngudi than thich ciia bi can, bi cao dugc nhan bao ITnh. Dieu do gay khdng it phien ha cho duong su khi hg thudng phai viet lai don xin bao ITnh va xin chinh quyen dia phuang xac nhan lai.
Thiit nghT, luat quy dinh phai cd hai ngudi than thich trd len nhgn bao ITnh la chua hgp
ly. Vi thyc te xay ra nhieu trudng hgp, hi can, bi cao khdng cd ngudi than thich thi ai la ngudi dugc bao ITnh cho hg; hoac bi can, hi cao chi cd mpt ngudi la vg hoac chdng, hoac chi cd mgt ngudi than thich d nai cu tru cda hg nhung sdng d dia gidi each xa, khd khan trong viec di lai ky don va xac nhan bao ITnh. Do dd chdng tdi cho rang, chi can mgt ngudi than thich cua bi can, bi cao dung ra bao ITnh la dap ling dugc yeu cau. Trudng hgp bi can, bi cao khdng cd ngudi than thich, neu du cac dieu kien thi nen khuyen khich cac td chde chinh tri, xa hdi, nghg nghiep bao ITnh cho hg, de hg dugc hudng quyen binh dang nhu bi can, bi cao khac.
Ngoai ra, van de xac dinh pham chat ciia ngudi xin bao ITnh khong don gian. Vi ban than hg phai day du nang lyc trach nhiem dan sy, pham chat dao due tot, khong vi pham phap luat thi viec nhan bao ITnh mdi dam bao. Chua cd quy dinh nao bat bupc chinh quygn dia phuong khi xac nhan don bao ITnh phai xac nhan tu each, nhan than ngudi xin bao Imh. Trgn thyc te.viec xac nhan nay khdng thdng nhat ve tham quyen, cd the la Chu tjch hoac Trudng cdng an cap xa, phudng. Du da cd don dugc chinh quyen xac nhan, nhung da sd cac co quan tidn hanh to tung khi cho ca nhan nhgn bao ITnh thudng yeu cau hp kem theo giay chiing mmh nhan dan va sd hp khau gia dinh (ban sao chiing thuc). Viec lam nay tao thdm thu tuc phien ha cho nhan dan, tuy nhien do cac co quan tiin hanh td tung e ngai khi cho nhgn bao ITnh khdng thg bigt dugc pham chat, tu each cua ngudi nhan bao liiih va khdng chic ve noi thudng tni cua hp.
Mgt thuc tg khac khdng the khdng de cap din la, co quan tign hanh to tung thudng chi cho bi can, bi cao thudng tru d dia
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUATSO 10/2014 phuong thudc cap huyen dugc bao ITnh, cdn ddi vdi hi can, bi cao khac huyen va ngoai tinh thi it khi dugc ap dung, vdi Iy do lo ngai viec trieu tap khong thuan lgi va khdng kiem soat dugc bi can, bi cao khi d khac dia ban. Dieu nay vd hinh dung da ban che quyen cua bi can, bi cao dang le phai dugc hudng mdt each binh dang. Vi du: A thudng tru tgi huyen B, tinh H, nhung pham tdi d huyen K, tinh Y (du khac tinh nhung huyen B va K giap ranh). Xet ve mat dia ly thi viec trieu tap A van thuan lgi. Cdn A bd trdn hay khdng chi la phan doan, vi bi can dii d xa hay d gan neu cd y dinh bd trdn thi hg vin thyc hien. Dieu quan trgng d day la ngudi nhan bao ITnh phai chiu trach nhiem nhu the nao, khdng ngn dat nang tam ly lo sg viec bd trdn.
Tu nhiing bat cap neu tren, thiet nghT can hoan thien cac quy dinh cua BLTTHS ve van de nay theo hudng:
Ve thu tyc, chi dat ra yeu cau mdt ngudi dung ranhan bao ITnh cho hi can, bi cao; xac dinh ngudi than thich bao gdm nhiing ngudi nao; dieu kien cua ngudi xin nhan bao ITnh nghTa vu cam doan cua ngudi nhan bao ITnh phai ro rang, nhu phai cd phim chit tdt, khdng phan biet noi thudng trd hay tam tru;
don xin bao ITnh khong quy djnh lam giay cam doan ridng. Quy dinh trach nhiem hanh chinh ddi vdi ngudi vi pham nghTa vu cam doan bao ITnh bing hinh thuc phai nop phat si tiin hi 5 den 10 thang luong tii thiiu do Nha nudc quy dinh, tuy thuoc vao nghTa vu cam doan da vi phgm (bi can, bi cao bd trdn hay pham tpi mdi); ddi vdi ngudi dung diu CO quan, to chde xin nhan bao ITnh niu vi pham nghTa vu khdng nhiing co quan dd phai nop phgt ma ngudi dung dau con phai chiu dach nhiem ky luat. Viec xac nhan don cua ngudi nhan bao ITnh do can bd tu phap cip 82
xa, phudng thuc hien (xac nhan dia chi, pham chat va viec chip hanh phap lugt ciia hg). Quy dinh hi cao khdng dugc hudng tmh tiet giam nhe "an nan hdi cai" neu nhu cd tinh vang mat din lin thu hai khi dugc trieu tap hoac do vi pham nghTa vu cd mat din muc phai ap giai, hi bit tam giam dg dam bao dieu tra, truy td, xet xd.
2. Ve bien phap ngan chain cim di khdi noi cu tru
Dieu 91 BLTTHS quy dinh bign phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu tni dugc ap dung ddi vdi bi can, bi cao cd noi cu tru ro rang; khdng cd can cu dd tam giam. Tuy nhign, nhu the nao la "cd noi cu tni ro rang"
thi cd nhiiu each hiiu va vgn dung phap luat khac nhau. Cd quan diem cho ring,cd noi cu tni ro rang la bi can, bi cao cd dja chi thudng tru hoac tgm tni d dja phuang noi xay ra tgi phgm; quan diem khac la bj can, bj cao dd phai cd dia chi thudng tni tgi noi xay ra tgi pham, loai du dia chi tam du; cimg cd y kiin cho rang, chi can bj can, bj cao cd dja chi noi sinh sing (thudng tni, tam tni) dii bit cu noi dau . Can luu y vg dieu kien ap dung bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu tni khi
"khdng cd can cd de tam giam" nhim phan biet vdi bien phap bao ITnh va la co sd di lya chpn bien phap ngan chan bao ITnh hay cim di khdi noi cu tni. Vi yiu t i "khdng cd can cd ap dung bien phap tgm giam" la mpt sy khang djnh chac chan, do do nd cd lgi cho hi can, bj cao hem; cdn yeu td "khi thiy khdng can thiit ap dung bien phap tam giam" trong bien phap bao ITnh van xay ra kha nang tuy
^ "e6 noi cu tru r5 rang" n^n dupe giai thich la nguai dang c6 dja ehi thufmg tni, hoSlc dang t^im tni hpp phap p bat eii dia phuong nao tren ca nu6c, ehi loai trii d6i tupng khong c6 dia chi thuimg tni hojic sinh sing Of d|a phuang khac nhung khong dang kj t^m tni va pham tpi tai d6.
nghi va tuy tien cua co quan tiin hanh td Uing trong viec ap dung. Tuy nhign, ca hai bign phap vin phai dya vao kha nang phan doan cua ngudi tiin hanh ti tung vi viec nhan dinh bj can, bj cao cd thyc hien nghia vu ciia mmh hay khdng.
Mdt van de nua dat ra la, cim di khdi noi cu tru la cam trong pham vi dia gidi hanh chinh nao, cam di khdi cap xa, phudng hay quan, huyen hay cip tinh? Khoan 2 Dieu 91 BLTTHS chi quy djnh tham quyin quan ly cua cap xa, phudng, dd la "trong trudng hgp bj can, bj cao cd ly do chinh dang phai tam thdi di khdi noi cu tru thi phai dugc su ddng y cua chinh quyen xa, phudng, thi tran noi ngudi dd cu tru va phai cd giay phep cua co quan da ap dung bien phap ngan chan dd". Quy djnh nay chua cu the ve mat khdng gian dia gidi hanh chinh nen da gay ra bat cap . Vi dy nhu, d thanh thi (dac biet la nhiing thanh phd Idn) cac quan rat gan nhau, ngudi bi ap dung bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu tni di khoang may chuc met dudng la sang quan khac. Theo luat dinh, trudng hgp nay dugc coi la vi pham, va co the bj can, bj cao bj thay thg bang bien phap tam giam. Day la mpt bat lgi cho bi can, bj cao va khdng phu hgp vdi thyc tiln. Mat khac, cam bi can, bj cao di khdi noi cu tni cd ddng thdi cam hg tigp xue vdi ngudi lam chiing, ngudi bj hai, ngudi bao chua va viec thu thap chdng cd de chung minh minh vd tgi hay khdng? Hg cd dugc lam nghe gi di sinh sing trong thdi gian bj cim di khdi noi cu tni khdng (vi du lam nghi chgy xe dm)? Cac hogt dpng tren lugt khdng cim, tuy nhien niu chi bd hep
' Tham khao them: Nguyen Duy Thuan, Cdc biin phdp ngdn chdn trong TTHS - Nhirng vdn di ly ludn vd thuc tiin. Nxb. Cong an nhan dan. Ha Npi, 1999.
trong phgm vi cap xa, phudng thi quy dinh cua luat thigu tinh kha thi. Khdng le mpi nhu cau sinh hogt hang ngay cua bj can, bj cao khi ra khdi xa, phudng deu phai xin phep chinh quyen co sd va phai cd giay phep cda co quan cd tham quygn ap dung.
Nhu vay, thu tuc nay la rit nhieu khg. Qk khac phuc vudng mac nay, thiit nghT cin cho phep ngudi hi ap dung bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu tru dugc di ehuyin trong phgm vi quan, huyen noi hg sinh sdng. Neu hp ra khdi quan, huyen vdi muc dich nhu cau sinh boat hang ngay thi khdng can phai xin phep, chi khi di lam nghg gi dd de sinh sdng thi phai dugc su ddng y cua co quan quan ly hp. Neu hp di sang tinh khac vdi bat cd muc dich gi deu phai dugc sy cho phep cua co quan quan ly. Mat khac, can phai thay ten gpi bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu tni bang bien phap "Giam sat noi cu tru", nham phan anh dung ban chit va muc dich cua bien phap ngan chan nay.
Thyc te ap dung thu tuc cam di khdi noi cu tru cho thay, ngudi tien hanh to tung thudng khdng giao true tiep lenh cam di khdi noi cu tru va ddi tugng cho chinh quyen co sd nhu luat djnh, ma thudng dua lenh nay cho bj can va yeu cau ky vao bien ban giao nhan, sau dd bi can ty minh vi trinh chinh quyen co sd. O mot sd vung ndng thdn, viec quan ly ngudi bj cim di khdi noi cu tru rat long leo, dan den tinh trang bi can, bi cao di khdi noi cu tni khdng xin phep, nhu di lam thue d tinh xa, lam nghe xeidm, chay xe khach, xe tai,... khi co quan tien hanh td tung trieu tap khdng den dung hen, phai thdng qua dien thoai va trieu tap nhieu lan, lam cho viec giai quyit vy an khdng kip thdi. Luat cung chua quy dinh trach nhiem phap ly nhu the nao ddi vdi chinh quyen co sd hudng Idng quan ly
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NHA NUOC VA PHAPLUATSO 10/2014 ngudi bi ap dyng bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi nai tni. Dd khic phuc nhihig bit cap nay, thigt nghT can sua ddi, bd sung Digu 91 BLTTHS theo hudng: co quan tign hanh td tung phai giao true tiep ddi tugng bj ap dung bien phap ngan chan cam di khdi noi cu du cho chinh quygn co sd quan ly, viec giao nhan phai dugc lap bien ban. Can xem
xet d^t ra trach nhiem ky luat hanh chinh trong trudng hgp chinh quyin co sd buong long quan ly ngudi bi ap dung bien phap ngan chgn cim di khdi noi cu tru; xd ly hinh sy ddi vdi ca nhan cd thim quyen ndu viec hudng long do gay hau qua nghiem trpng ddi vdi trat tu xa hpi, quyin va lgi ich cua cong dan, co quan, td chde.
(Tiip theo trang 73 - Hien phdp ndm 2013 vd ...)
g) Bd sung Tpi cuong bice lao dpng tre em nhdm gop phdn xod bd lao dpng tre em vd cdc hinh thuc lao dpng tre em
Didu 37 Hien phap nam 2013 nghiem cam viec lam dung, bdc lot sue lao ddng tre em. Trong khi do, Bp luat Hinh su hien hanh mdi chi cd quy dinh vg Tgi vi phgm quy djnh ve sd dung lao ddng tre em (Diiu 228) de xd ly trudng hgp sd dyng tre em
lam nhiing cdng viec nang nhpc, nguy hiem hoac tiep xue vdi cac chat dpc hgi, ma chua quy djnh ve hanh vi cuang bdc lao dpng tre em - mgt hien tugng tieu eye dang thuc su la didu "nhdc nhoi" d nudc ta hien nay. Vi vay, can dugc quy djnh trong Bp luat Hinh su de bao ve tit hon quyin cua tre em theo tinh thin Hiin phap.
(Tiip theo trang 79 - Vi diu hi^u dinh tpi...)
cua digu luat nay. Trong trudng hgp, ngudi pham tdi thyc hien hanh vi xam pham tinh mang, ty do than thi, sdc khoe hoac de dpa xam pham tinh mgng hoac cd hanh vi khac uy hiip tinh thin cdng dan Viet Nam, ngudi nudc ngoai, ngudi khdng quic tjch vdi muc dich nhim ching CQND thi diu phgm tdi khung bi nhim ching CQND va dugc xd li
nhu nhau ma khong can phan biet dii tugng xam hai la "cdn bp, cong chirc hodc cong ddn" vdi "nguoi nu&c ngodi", cung nhu phan biet muc dich "chong CQND" vdi muc dich "gdy khd khdn cho quan hi gudc ti cua nu&c Cpng hoa XHCN Viet Nam"
nhu qui djnh cua BLHS hien hanh.
