60 II TRLfCJNB B A I H P C THiIl B D H A N S J
KHONG GIAN "CHIEU RUOU' TRONG MOC VIIN CClA NGUYEN QUANG LAP
Le Tra My Tru&ng Dgi hpc Suphgm Hd Npi
Tom tat: "Ki ice vun " Id mpt hien tuang vdn hpc ngogi bien. V&i "Ki ice vyn ", Nguyen Qucmg Lap da tgo duac mat phong cdch rieng, do Id xdy dung mot khdng gian giao tiep dgc biet — chieu ruau, mpt nguyen tdc tgo lap vdn bdn theo kieu giai thogi vd noi trgng, mat kieu ngdn tu nghi thugt dam chdt dgi chiing.
Tu khoa: giai thogi, dgichung, khdng gian giao tiep...
Nhan bai ngay 13.7.19; gui phan bien, chlnh suavaduyet dang ngay 10.8.2019 Lien h8 tac gia; Le Tra My; Email: [email protected]
1. D A T V A N B E
Neu van giu ragt each nhin cd tinh "dang cap" trong phan loai van hgc tM Ki uc vun - mdt tap tap van - khdng phai la van hgc dich Muc, vi ve mat Me loai, tap van khdng phai nhan vat cMnh tten san khau van hgc. Neu van giu mdt tu tudng cM'nh Mdng ttong binh gia gia tri van hgc Mi Ki uc vun cung khdng hoan toan la van hgc Meo ngMa ngMem Mc nhat, nd dugc lay ra t u blog ca iMan - mdt each gM chep nhdng tam sy, rMung suy ngM... cho minh va cho ban be, mdt each giao tiep ty do, ngau hung, khdng bi am anh bdi sd menh cua ngudi cdra but nhu cac Me he rMa van di trudc. Nhung Ki uc vun lai Muc sy cudn hiit ddc gia, nd ttd MarM d i i tugng ngMen cuu cho nhung dd tai khoa hgc d bac dai hgc va tten dai hgc. Nd la mgt "Men tugng" van hgc.
2. NOI DUNG
Td tioiyen ngdn ddu tay cho d i n Ki uc vun, Nguyln Quang Lap da cd mdt qua ttinh van ddng ngdi but. Truyen Ngudi linh hay ndi trgng (tac pham ddu tay) cd chdt linh hdm Mnh, vui vui, cai nMn cudc sing va cudc cMdn day tiiM nhan van, cai bi an sau cai hai, nhfmg cM tiit tudng nhu bdng dua ma mang cMeu sau tam ttang. Chinh truyen ngdn nay da dinh Mnh radt Nguyln Quang Lap ma nMiu ngudi biit ngay nay - bg Lap. Tuy nMen, sau sang tac ddu tay, Nguyen Quang Lap lai re Meo mdt hudng khac, hda vao ddng chay cua nhiiu cay but van xudi duong Mdi, anh viet v i nhung am anh cMen ttanh vdi cara
T A P CHf K H O A H O C - BC 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 61 hdng nhan van bi hiing, gipng van ttau chudt, cM tiit giau sue ggi, giau chdt Ma... Phai din Ki ice vun, Nguyen Quang Lap mdi lai frd ve vdi phong each da dugc bao Meu M sang tac ddu tay, M bd ragt ldi viet dng a, dau dau ve Man phan con ngudi dk chpn cai Mc My, cudi cgt cho nhimg frai nghiera cudc ddi. Anh ra khdi dudng bien cua cai ngudi ta van ggi la van hgc cliiiM Mdng de Mu nghiem mdt vung dat mdi: Me van hpc bien duyen (tap van) va van hgc mang. Dugc ngudi dgc ddn nhan, nhimg tniyen ngan, tap van tten blogquechoa ndi chung va Ki uc vun ndi rieng cua Nguydn Quang Lap danh dau sy dich chuyen dudng bien cua van hgc ve phfa iMiMg hien tugng vdn bi coi la ngoai vi cua ddi sdng van hgc duong dai.
Dieu lara cho Ki ice vun ddng ngoai ddng chfnh Mdng chfnh la vi Mi phat ngdn cua ngudi ke chuyen, Meo do la su tao dyng khdng gian ddi thoai va diln ngdn. Nguyln Quang Lap da tdng tam sy: anh viet nhu la dang "bdc phdt" tten cMiu rugu cimg vdi ban be. Cd ngudi da Mng cho rang tap van Nguyen Quang Lap mang tirM Man camavan, cd su chuyen hoa le hpi cacnavan vao tac pham van hgc. Dieu nay khdng phai khdng cd li. Loai Mnh nghi le - didn ttd cua le hdi hoa frang cacnavan cho phep pha bd dudng bien phan each ngudi dien va ngudi xem, nd dugc td chdc tren ca sd tieng cudi le Mdc- mdt hinh thdc frao tieu, bang bd, Moa ma than llnh. Cam quan ve the gidi theo tinh Man cacnavan thugc cai nhm dan gian, phi chinh Mdng, do la mdt Mi gidi Ign ngugc, con ngudi, khdng phan Met dang cap, sang hen, Mdi tac, dia vi thara dy vao mdt trd chai M ^o> cd Me nham vao ragi Mu de cudi cgt, phdi ngau, bat kirM... Trong khdng gian cacnavan. Me gidi ludn bien ao, vda hoan M, rMao bang, che gieu, vda khdng dinh-phu dinh, vda khai M-tai sinh... Le hdi cacnavan giai phdng con ngudi khoi rMdng le phai Mdng ngy va che dp Men huu. Neu dera cai tinh Man camavan nay soi vao tap van Nguyln Quang Lap, de nhan thay cd nMeu diera Mong ddng. Cai nMn phi chinh Mdng khien dng cd the dera nMeu chuyen tudng nhu rat ngMera Mc de ma cudi (chuyen hdn ma va hai cdt, chuyen lanh dao Vien Van hpc, chuyen cudi hdi, chuyen viing dam ma...). Trong Me gidi cac cau chuyen cua dng, ngudi ta May cd rat nMeu loai ngudi, til nhung ngudi ban thdi Mo be, nhdng ngudi hang xdm frong lang ttong xa, rMung larM dao van nghe, nhdng ban van nghe sT, ca tudng ITnh cap cao... Tat ca cac iMan vat do deu Mam dy vao cac giai Moai ma dng Meu det tten ragt cam hdng trao tiiu bdt tan. Hay ndi each khac, cac rMan vat nay khi ttd Manh dd tai ben cMeu rugu tiii hi loai trd iMiing hao quang bao quarM nd de Mam dy vao mdt su dirM gia gia tri khac. Cd nMiu nhan vat cd Mat, da va dang dugc xa hdi ttgng vgng. Vi Me cd ngudi ndi den su giai Mieng ttong van Nguydn Quang Lap. Mat khac, ttong Ki ice vun, Nguyin Quang Lap su dung nMdu khdu ngd, M dia phuong, nhdt la M Mc. Ndi bay (va nghe bay) Moai raai nen ngudi ta Mich dgc Nguyln Quang Lap nhu mdt sy "xa" tdt ca nhung ngM Muc quan phuong di ttd vi vdi ban nguyen M ngu, do dd cung la sy cdi bd nhiMg quyen uy xa hdi di trd vi vdi ban nguyen con ngudi. Tinh suing sa tao nen sy gdn giii gida ngudi kd, ngudi
62 II T R a d N G B A I H O C THiIl B O H A N C I nghe va ngudi dugc ndi tdi. Phan tich nhu vay, xera ra van Nguyen Quang Lap rd rang mang tinh than camavan.
Tuy nMen, kM ngudi Viet dgc Ki uc vun, khdng cdn cd biit camavan la gi hay khdng, van thay het sdc gan gui vdi mdt kiiu sinh hoat Mudng diln ra d cdng ddng, d dd, dara bay ngudi ban tan gau chcri mgi chuyen tten ttdi dudi bi, nd nhu mdt dien dan raa ke dang dan va ngudi nghe khdng phan biet ddng cdp, dia vi xa hdi, d do ragi Md deu cd Me dugc ndi tdi mgt each ty do, ngau hung, khdng cdn ngM thdc, xoa bd vai xa hdi, cimg khdng can hudng den sy Muyit phuc bdng li le hay din chung. Dd la khdng gian cua sy xum vay, be ban (ai cung la ban, ke ca ngudi chua quen), khdng gian cua cai ddi thudng, Meo su Mang hoa ma bien MarM cac giai Moai, do cdn la mdi trudng dien xudng cua cac loai van hgc dan gian hien dai. Dd la khdng gian chieu rugu, mdt net sinh boat van hoa cdng ddng raang tinh dan da (ddi kM cdn hi miet thi, len an), dung nhu Nguyen Quang Lap da thda nhan. Ngudi Viet khdng cd le hgi cacnavan (tat nMen khdng vi Me raa ngudi Viet khdng cd tirM than cacnavan Meu nhu mdt Muat ngu mang tinh phd quat de chi ttang thai chung cua con ngudi), neu gan cho tac pham cua Nguyen Quang Lap cai tinh thSn camavan thi chi la nMn May su tuong ddng nao do cda hai hinh Mdc slrM boat cdng ddng cua hai vung van hoa khac nhau. Chieu rugu khdng phai luc nao cung cd cai tung bung, hoan hi cua le hgi, khdng phai la noi con ngudi dugc giai phdng Mc Mdi. Camavan la ll hgi hoa trang, con ngudi Moa Mue vM nhdng dieu ngay Mudng bi cam ki, bdi luc do, ca nhan khdng bi Men dien. Cdn noi chieu rugu, con ngudi van la chinh nd, vdi rMung phat ngdn ngoai le, song van Me Men rat ro ban sac tam hdn cua cM'nh nd. Day la noi con ngudi khdng phai dugc giai phdng, ma la cd co hdi gat bd nhimg che day do chinh minh tao ra kM ddng cac vai xa hdi.
Ki uc vun la Idi cua chu Md dugc cat len ttong mgt khdng gian giao tiip nhu thi - khdng gian chiiu rugu. Trong khdng gian cMeu mgu, cai tiiieng cai mc, cai Muc cai ao, cai lang man va cai ttdn trul, nudc mat nu cudi... cung Men dien, cdng Mam dy de lam thanh bd raat ddi sing da tap, day chdt sing, mang hoi Md cua mdt sy sing ngdn ngdn, ddy biin ao, mdt Mi gidi dugc nMn d nMeu cMeu. Khdng cd cai tiueng, Mc, thuc, ao, lang man, ttdn trui... thudn My. C) khdng gian cMeu rugu. Me gidi khdng phai hi dao Ign, hi Idn ttai ma dugc nMn vao Myc ttang, xe bd cac raat na, Man Mgng khdng bi ha be, giai Mieng vi khdng cd cai ggi la Mdn tugng (hay dung hem, cai nMdu ngudi cu tdn len radt each Muc bung hoac khdng Myc bung la Man tugng nay dugc nhM d nhung gdc nMn ddi thudng, gdn gui nhdt). Khdng gian cMeu mgu dl dang chap nhan nMdu tieng ndi, nMiu Md loai ldi ndi khac nhau.
Da la cMiu mgu tiii cai dat len hang dau la phai vui, phai tao dugc tiing cudi. Ci Ki uc vun, sy ttao tiiu ttd Manh nguyen tdc sang tao. Dudng nhu mgi diiu ma nha van ndi tdi
T A P C H f K H O A H O C - SO 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 63 deu dugc Igc qua tieng cudi. Tieng cudi nhu mdt miing kinh ki dieu. Mgi cam xuc khac nhau nhu yeu Muong, hoai nhd, chua xdt, cay ddng, ngam ngui, dau ddn, kiiM phuc, ngudng md... deu dugc nMn qua mieng kirM do. Phai chang vdi Nguyln Quang Lap, tiing cudi hda giai tat ca. Trong tac pham cua anh, cd tieng cudi day, nhung khdng bao gid la tieng cudi da kich, cham cM'ch, mai mia, miet tin, ac y, cay ddc, tieng cudi frd MarM mdt Mai do sdng, mgt friet If tvt ngd cda con ngudi biet hda vao chen rugu ragi budn vui va tnmg cat thanh men su sdng. Tren cMeu mgu, neu anh ac y tM ngudi ta khdng udng vdi anh nua, neu anh nghiet nga tM hdt hdng, tan cudc. Cho nen, mpi ndi ddi cd nhe tenh;
nhung dang sau nu cudi la nudc mat, la mat mat, la hoai Mem, la be ban, la nhdng chiem nghiera cudc ddi qua rat nMeu rMiMg Mang fram cMm ndi... Cai bi an ttong cai hai. Cai Mieng lieng hay tuc luy ciing an ttong cai hai. Vdi each nMn ay, khdng cd gi la sai dung, la cao ca hay Map hen, dang ca ngpi hay len an, dang tdn vlrM hay chara ttich Meo radt chan If tuyet ddi. Su rut re, e ap, ngai ngung cua nhimg rung ddng tinh yeu dugc dat canh nhimg sy dl dai, phdng dang (Nu hdn ddu). Sy tdn Md, chung Mdy dat canh cai ddi Mudng, su phan bdi (Chuyin ma). Ngay ca nhdng thdi tat cda con ngudi ciing dugc chap nhan va ttd nen dang ydu (Nhd anh Hdi Bang, Nguyen Trpng Tgo, Hieu Thinh). Tieng cudi ttong tac phdm cua Nguyln Quang Lap nhu mgt phep mau de Mdng nhat, dung hda mgi Mai eye cua cudc ddi, tao mgt mdi trudng dd mgi ddi cue cd Me cung ngdi chung ragt cMeu.
Nguyln Quang Lap cd biet tai lam ngudi ta cudi, vui - cudi, thucmg - cudi, cam phuc - cudi, dau - cudi, gian - cudi... Cai duyen ay cd dugc la rMd arM kdt hgp tti tue dan gian d each tao giai Moai, kiiu ndi ttang va he ngdn td mang tt'nh khau ngd - ldi que, ldi ndi ttong giao tiep thdng Mudng.
Giai thoai la nhimg cau chuyen ttong dan gian dugc luu ttuyen Meo ldi tmyen khau.
Hat nhan cua giai Moai la nhdng chuyen cd Mat, vi sau trong qua ttinh tmyin khdu nd dugc Mem bdt, thdu det hoac td dam, khuich tmcmg mdt mat nao do den rauc hat nhan su Mat bi md di, cau chuyen cd khi frd nen phi li. Giai Moai cd nhung chi tidt rat hap ddn. Su Mdu det, Mem bdt ndi tten cung la nhdm muc dich tao sy hdp ddn, li ki. Ngudi ki va ngudi nghe cd mgt cam kit ngdm la khdng tmy tdra sy Mat, ma chu yiu coi giai Moai nhu mdt cau chuyen di giai tri. Dpc Ki ice vun, ngudi ta Mdy tinch bdi dudng nhu moi cau chuyen diu mang dang ddp cua nhiMg giai thoai dugc ki dau dd hang ngay xung quanh minh.
Nhung cau chuyen ttong Ki uc vun kk vi nhiing con ngudi cd Mat ma tac gia da timg true tiip tiip xuc. ArM cMa hg Manh cac nhdm: nhung ngudi ban khd quen, ngudi timg gap, ban van, nhung ngudi gdn vdi nhirng ki nigra chgt vd ttong ki dc... Anh ke ve hg chu yen bdng lii kf hoa- biim hpa, ma ddng ra la det nen nhdng giai Moai vi hg dya tten mdt vai cM tiit cd that. Ba ban nudc che d cdng Vien Van biit hit mgi diiu, M tinh nit mgi ngudi ttong Vien din lich hgp hanh cua Vien, M chuydn dng nao di ve sinh chdi cau gi den chuyen sdp xip nhan sy cua Vien (Bd Thiim). Chuyen vd Phara Nggc Tiin, ben canh cac
64 II T R I :^ .J7T.".°:iJ'^^ VJ^JILT^CJ ^.^ NQI Mdng tin xac Myc vi nghi ngMep, su ngMep, benh tat tM nhdng dac diim khac nhu tat hung cM udng mgu quen ttdi ddt, tinh bdng hiM... dugc ki Meo Idi nda Muc nda hu cdt nam lay cai Mdn cdt. Dgc din chd Pham Nggc Tiin quen mac qudn ra tiip ban cua vg cd le ngudi dgc chang ban tam su dy cd xay ra hay khdng, ma cM Mdy ndi bat mdt Pham Ngpc Tien d "cai Moi huy hoang say". Nhiiu cM tiit ttong Ki uc vun dugc tao dyng M nhiMg ldi ki lai, ngudi viit nghe lai va ki lai, dung Meo ldi tiruyin khdu. Trong Ki niem nho ve Vd dgi tuong, de neu bat dn tugng vi dai Mdng Vo Nguyen Giap - mgt con ngudi quyet doan, quyet tam, yeu nudc, tac gia ki toan nhiing chuyen nghe dugc qua ngudi khac tii hdi minh cdn la con m't: "Anh Chanh kd tudng Dd cat ggi dien cho cu Hd xin Ma. Cu Hd hdi Dai Mdng y kien chd ra rang? Dai tudng ndi Mua Bac Mdng rad Ma chd Dd cat thi ddt khoat khdng Ma". Nghe qua ngudi khac, ma lai nghe M Mdi cdn rdt be, nen cac thdng tin la khdng dang tm, d day cd hinh Muc ngudi ke chuyen khdng dang tin cay. Se khdng the lay cai li thudng dd bat be nhung didu vd If nhu Mi. Nguyen tdc giai Moai cho phep truyen tai rMiing Mdng diep khac bang each vugt khdi logic Mdng Mudng. Ngudi ki cd Me tao ra r^t nhieu hu huyen de td dam mdt net cd Muc nao dd cua ddi Mgng. Va chfnh nhdng cai hu huyen xung quaiM cai Myc do lai tao dugc sdc hap dan cho cau chuyen.
Trong cac giai Moai dan gian luu truyen nhiing cau chuyen ve ldi ndi trang, la ldi noi ddc, phdng dai qua dang, cdt de gay cudi, de vm. Trong Ki iec vun cd nhidu chi tiet "ndi phet", ndi qua: ngudi di tau tin sal cd kM ngudi ki M nhan rainh la Ngd Tdt Td, con Ngd Tat Td (Chuyen ghi tren tdu); Qudc Trgng mudn di ve sinh nhung lai gap nhiiu ngudi ham md, khdng kim dugc, te udt ca quan (Qudc Trpng); chuyen cac bac anh tai trong lang van nghe udng nudc giai chua benh (Nieu lieu phdp)... Thyc ra day khdng hoan toan la nhung chi tiet "bia", van de d each ke, each phdng but M mdt chut su Mat, each klin tao chi tiit td sy Mat mang tinh ban chat chd khdng phai viec Mat.
Ngudi dgc tap van Nguyen Quang Lap cd cam giac nhu dang true tiip tham du vao cudc chuyen ttd - cudc mgu ao, mgt phan bdi tfnh ngau hung, bat ngd cua cac cau chuyen, rMu bdt ki mgt cudc "budn" chuyen nao. Mat khac, cd le day mdi la Ii do cM'nh, do Nguyln Quang Lap Mudng sd dung khau ngu ttong tap van nen dgc van anh raa nhu la dang dugc nghe "tan phet". Mgi "ngM Mdc" ngdn tu nhudng chd cho sy ty do, phdng khoang, bo ba, chan Muc, hdn nMen, tu nMen nhu ldi an tieng ndi hang ngay. Cac tu ngu anh dung cdn tuoi nguyen nhua sdng, rat dan gian va dan da, am dieu va ngd ngMa y nhu vda dugc vdt len tu ao chudm bd byi rdi dua vao van chuang ma khdng can gia cdng got deo va khoac y phuc cho chung. Dudng nhu Nguyen Quang Lap y Mdc rat rd day la Md chdt lieu dac bidt di tao lap van ban. Nhirng tu dia phuang, khau ngu, M Mc, M long, M phai sinh mdi cd tten mang, tix dugc tao Meo ldi nhan tm dien thoai... dugc arM sd dung cd chu y nhung hit sdc tu nMen. Cach ndi ddi Mudng ttan vao cau van Nguyen Quang Lap, xda bd khoang each ldi ndi thudng va ldi van. Cau van cua Nguyln Quang Lap cdn cd sy pha trdn Idi
-TAP C H I K H O A H O C - S O 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 65
nhan vat, ldi ngudi ke chuyen. Hai loai ldi nay ke tiep nhau Meo dong ngu luu, khdng cd ddu hieu ngd phap de phan biet, Idi ke va ldi Moai hda ttdn. Neu ngudi k i ke Meo y Mdc nhan vat Mi da cd ldi nda tryc tiep. Ci cau van Nguyen Quang Lap khdng cd hirM Mdc ldi nda true tiep dd, ma ldi Moai cua iMan vat chen ngang vao ldi ke, lam Manh kieu dua chuydn rat thich hgp vdi ngu canh nhung c^u chuydn pMdm. Vi du: "Minh noi khdng le ddng lang minh ca chet het sao, aiM cudi budn ndi chet het, mai chdt, ca chet, chim chet, ttam b^u, de ttang chdt. Minh ndi chet hdt Mat ha arM, arM gat dau hac len mgt tieng, ndi d chit hit em a, cM cdn tta khac mgt ddng ngudi vdi radt m d khau Meu nua thdi" (Hdn qui ddu rdi); "Cd Ian Phong Ld tat bat chay ra, hdi ba TMem ba TMem, Mang Nguyen chay dau? Ba ndi nd hgp ban hien dai, Phong Le ndi chet, qudn quen, lai tdt bat chay vao" (Bd Thiem)...
3. KET L U A N
Trong tac pham Ong de cuong in ttong Ki uc vun cd mdt doan nhu Me nay: "Mdng nam Tet keo nhau vao quan, udng vdi rMau chen rugu, anh ndi chu may dai, bd Idc bd leo lam gi, lo lam van chuong dfch Muc di, sdp xudng Id rdi day". Bd loc bd leo ciia Nguyen Quang Lap ban ddu cM la chd thd nghiem mdt ldi viet, khi dan hcrp khau v; ngudi dgc, nhihig bai dang ttdn quechoa dugc tap hgp d i in Manh sach. Tmdng hgp Ki iec vun la nhu Mi. Cho din nay, Ki uc vun da ttd thanh mgt hidn Mgng van hpc dugc nMdu ngudi chu y nhu da ndi tten. CM'nh Ki ice vun va nMiu tac phdm khac tdng dugc dang tai fren blog quechoa da xac lap rapt phong each rieng d Nguyen Quang Lap, do la tao dugc mdt khdng gian giao tiip dac biet - chiiu mgu, mgt nguyen tdc tao lap van ban Meo kiiu giai Moai va ndi ttang, mdt kiiu ngdn M nghe Muat dam chdt dai chung. Cai su bd l i e bd leo Meo ngMa dii lap vdi van chuong dich Myc nhu each h i i u cua "dng d i cuong" ndi tten da ttd Manh mgt cdng vide sang tao Muc sy d Nguydn Quang Lap. Nhdng tac pham cua Nguyen Quang Lap va nMiu tac phdra hi coi la ngoai vi khac dang cd xu hudng tiiiit lap mdt ttung tam khac ttong quan niem van hgc cua iMieu ban dpc duang Mdi.
T A I L I | : U T H A M K H A O
1. Lai Nguyen An (2004), 150 thugt ngie vdn hpc, - Nxb Dai hgc Quic gia Ha Ngi.
2. M.Bakhtin (2006), Sdng tdc cua Francois Rabelais vd nin vdn hda ddn gian trung co vdphuc hung, - Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hgi, Ha Ndi.
3. Nguyin Van Dan, Vdn hda mgng th&i hpi nhdp, - Nguin: http://www.binhdinhffc.com, 18/6/2009.
4. Ngd Phi Hung (2004), "Tim hiiu dac diim ngdn ngd blog", - Tap chi Ngdn ngu vd D&i song, sd 7.
5. Nguyln Quang Lap (2009), Ki uc vun, - Nxb Hdi nha van - Trung tam Van hda ngdn ngu Dong Tay.
T R U f a N Q o A l H u L i i Hili B C H A N p l
THE "CHIEU RUOU" ATMOSPHERE IN THE WORK:
PIECES OF MEMOIRS (KI UC WUN) BY NGUYEN QUANG LAP Abstract: Pieces of Memoirs (Ki uc vun) is a phenomenon of peripheral literature. By Pieces of Memoirs, Nguyen Quang Lap has established a unique style. He has buih a special communication atmosphere - intimate conversation on drinking table (emeu rupu), a rule of creating texts of anecdotes and folklore tales, a type of art talk which is really popular with public.
Keywords: Anecdotes, popular, communication atmosphere
