Evidences of Great Khorasan Civilization 1 (BMAC) at the Eastern Part of Central Desert of Iran, Based on Findings from Bekanda (Archaeological Site) in
Tabas
Bahram Anani2 & Farshid Iravani Ghadim3 (169-191)
Abstract
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork and case studies in some regions like Tabas city have been insignificant and archaeologists were not interested in working there. However, recent archaeological surveys have provided valuable findings for researchers. Specific geographical location and the connection as a natural corridor among central Asia, North of Khorasan, southeast of Iran, and central plateau of Iran, which was made by central desert, can be a great cause of archaeological studies in this region to get better understanding of ancient cultures from east of Iran. Therefore, to achieve perfect understanding over Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC), and the way it was developed across the east of Iran and its intercultural issues with other regions, all of them would demand completed archaeological studies at the same time with this culture in central east. Recent archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) in central east were led to recognize several settlements and some new cemeteries located on the east for this culture. Bekanda site in Tabas is one of the significant sites in central east in which many evidences of the Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) have been observed. This site is located beside the permanent river and of course, it was damaged dramatically.
According to archaeological evidences it appears that Bekanda is a cemetery correlated with Bronze Age and associated with Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC). The main sources of this research have been chosen from the library sources and excavations of Bekanda of Tabas. This excavation was done for determining and recommending the border of this site, then these findings were analyzed and interpreted in theoretical studies. This paper intends to introduce and describing Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) at the eastern Part of central Desert of Iran; furthermore, its results can demonstrate different aspects of this culture.
Keyword: South Khorasan, Great Khorasan Culture (GKC), BMAC, Bekanda site.
1.Intuoduction
1.Great Khorasan Culture (GKC)
2 . Corresponding Author Email: [email protected].
PhD Graduated in Archeology and Lecturer in Gonabad University Higher Education Complex, Gonabad, Iran.
3 . Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 3, Vol. 13, Serial No. 27 / Autumn 2021
10.22059/jarcs.2020.302631.142875Print ISSN: 2676-4288- Online ISSN: 2251-9297https://jarcs.ut.ac.ir
Received: 11, May, 2020; Accepted: 21, December, 2021
Because of the hot and dry weather of central desert in Iran, archaeological fieldwork and case studies in some regions like Tabas city have been insignificant and archaeologists were not interested in working there. However, recent archaeological surveys have provided valuable findings for researchers. Specific geographical location and the connection as a natural corridor among central Asia, North of Khorasan, southeast of Iran, and central plateau of Iran, which was made by central desert, can be a great cause of archaeological studies in this region to get better understanding of ancient cultures from east of Iran. Therefore, to achieve perfect understanding over Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC), and the way it was developed across the east of Iran and its intercultural issues with other regions, all of them would demand completed archaeological studies at the same time with this culture in central east. Recent archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) in central east were led to recognize several settlements and some new cemeteries located on the east for this culture. Geographically, the central desert is the connection between Khorasan and central Asia with the central plateau and even the southeast of Iran. This geographical-communication factor has caused important issues of archeology in different periods, especially late Bronze Age, to be connected to Archaeological studies in the south Khorasan. The study of the Great Khorasan Culture is important in this region, because studies and investigations that have been done related to this period. Most of the researches did in the central desert associated with the central plateau, But Tabas region in the east of this area has been less considered by researchers. Archaeological fieldwork on Great Khorasan Culture has detected several new settlements and cemeteries in the east of Iran in recent years. New Archaeological findings and evidence from the northeastern settlements of Iran in Chalow of Jajarm (Biscione & Vahdati, 2011:238) and Eshgh site of Bojnourd (Vahdati, 2014:19) in North Khorasan, Shahrak Firoozeh of Neishabour (Basafa &
Rahmati, 2012), Damghani hill (Vahdati & Francfort, 2010) and Ferizi hill (Saboori et al, 2014) of Sabzevar, Yarim tepe of Dargaz (Shaikh, 2014) in Khorasan Razavi, Raze site of Darmian (Soroosh & Yoosefi, 2014), Gavand-e- Baghestan of Fardows and the Bekanda site of Tabas (Farjami, 2015) in South Khorasan province show the new areas of developing and influence of the Great Khorasan Culture. Bekanda site in Tabas is one of the significant sites in central east in which many evidences of the Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC) have been observed. This site is located beside the permanent river and of course, it was damaged dramatically. According to archaeological evidences it has been understood that Bekanda is a cemetery correlated with Bronze Age and associated with Great Khorasan Culture (BMAC). The Bekanda site was first identified as a result of agricultural activities. This area with its border is about 20 hectares, which includes hill and parts of agricultural land (Figure 1). Unfortunately, most of the area has been damaged by farmers. In order to determine the arena and suggesting the border of this site, many surveys were conducted in the area, which showed that the main arena is about 700 × 150 meters. In the initial estimation, an area of about 20 hectares (including privacy) was identified along the northeast-southwest (Map 1). However, evidence of the Bronze Age can be seen mostly in the central (Figure 3) and northern parts (Figure 4) of the hill (a smaller range of dimensions). It appears that Bekanda is a cemetery from the Bronze Age and related to Great Khorasan Culture, and the Archaeological findings approve it.
To do this research, author employed practical and theoretical methods, and the Archaeological findings of surveys and excavations Bekanda, Tabas, was the source of this research. Excavation was done for determine the arena and suggestion of border. Then, these data are analyzed and interpreted in theoretical studies.According to the excavation, there is no evidence of Great Khorasan Culture around the hill. The main evidence found from the main hill are of the northern and central parts. Because no trenches were created on the hill surface, the present data were found by surveys. In general, the data found from Bekanda site include pottery (Figures 5 & 6), marble vessels, agate bead and bronze arrowhead (Figure 7). The potteries found are different and contain a range of prehistoric (Bronze Age) and Islamic
171/ Journal of Archaeological Studies No. 3, Vol. 13, Serial No. 27 / Autumn 2021
periods. Islamic potteries are mostly diffuse around the main hill and this distribution continues closer to the village; however, they are also slightly diffuse on the hill surface. But prehistoric potteries are mostly found over the main hill, unlike Islamic potteries. Bronze arrowhead is an example that is widely used in the Bronze Age, especially in the late Bronze Age (Figure 8).
Such tools and artifacts of Bronze Age have been found everywhere in the graves of the Great Khorasan Culture, which we observe in the prominent sites of this culture, such as Gonur Tepe (Sarianidi, 2007:127). Like the bead of Bekanda, it was found in the graves of Gonur Tepe (Figure 9). In addition, it seems the marble vessels can be examples of the Great Khorasan Culture,and such vessels have been discovered in the sites simultaneous with this period such as Gonur of Turkmenistan and Chalow of Iran. Of course, thesefragments were found around the hill, but bronze bead and arrowhead were identified in the northernmost part of the southern hill and near the central hill. These evidences over the hill, reinforce the hypothesis that this cemetery was correlated with the Great Khorasan Culture, which has been destroyed due to human’s damage. However, fragments of a human skeleton were also found on the hill, which has become disturbed due to extensive damage (Figure 10).This paper intends to introduce and describing (BMAC) at the eastern Part of central desert of Iran; furthermore, its results can demonstrate different aspects of this culture.
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زا يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ نﺪﻤﺗ
) گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽﺨﻠﺑ
- يوﺮﻣ ( رد قﺮﺷ ،يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ ﻪﺑ دﺎﻨﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ
» اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
ﺲﺒﻃ–
«
ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ ماﺮﻬﺑ
1
ﺶﻧاد نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺮﺘﮐد ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ دﺎﺑﺎﻨﮔ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﻟﺎﻋ شزﻮﻣآ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻣ سرﺪﻣ و ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
.ناﺮﯾا ،دﺎﺑﺎﻨﮔ ،
ﻢﯾﺪﻗ ﯽﻧاوﺮﯾا ﺪﯿﺷﺮﻓ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ هوﺮﮔ رﺎﯿﺸﻧاد نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ﺮﻨﻫ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
، .ناﺮﯾا ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا
:ﺖﻓﺎﯾرد ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 22 / 02 / 1399 :شﺮﯾﺬﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ؛ 30
/ 09 / 1400
ﯽﻤﻠﻋ - ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
هﺪﯿﮑﭼ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،ﺲﺒﻃ ﺮﻬﺷ ﺺﺧﻻﺎﺑ و ناﺮﯾا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
و ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ) يدرﻮﻣ
( ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ
بآ اﻮﻫو ي ﮏﺸﺧ و مﺮﮔ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ،
اد نﺎﺸﻧ ﺖﺒﻏر ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ هد
.ﺪﻧا اﺎﺑ ﯾ ﻦ لﺎﺣ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ لﺎﺳ رد ﻪﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ رﺎﯿﺘﺧا رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ار يﺪﻨﻤﺷزرا تﺎﻋﻼﻃا ،ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ .ﺖﺳا هداد راﺮﻗ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا و ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ هﮋﯾو هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ
يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺳآ نﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ روﺪﯾﺮﮐ ﮏﯾ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ لﺎﻤﺷ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ يﺎﯿ
بﻮﻨﺟ قﺮﺷ تﻼﻓ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ،ناﺮﯾا
صﺎﺧ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ور ﻦﯿﻤﻫ زا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﻞﻣﺎﮐ و ﺢﯿﺤﺻ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
) گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽﺨﻠﺑ
- يوﺮﻣ (،
رد نآ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ هزﻮﺣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا قﺮﺷ
و ﺎﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ
ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ
، ﻞﯿﻤﮑﺗ ﺪﻨﻣزﺎﯿﻧ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ رد رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﻣز هزﺎﺑ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ قﺮﺷ
.ﺖﺳا ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ عوﺮﺷ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هزﻮﺣ رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ )
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ ( لﺎﺳ رد ،ناﺮﯾا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ قﺮﺷ رد هﺎﮔراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳرﻮﮔ و ﺎﻫ يﺎﻫ
.ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﺪﯾﺪﺟ ﺲﺒﻃ ياﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
زا ﻢﻬﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ نآ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ قﺮﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ )
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ ( .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﮏﯾ رﺎﻨﮐ رد ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا
ﯽﻤﺋاد ﻊﻗاو هﺪﺷ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا و
ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾد ﺐﯿﺳآ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺘﺳرﻮﮔ ﮏﯾ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﺳر ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
گرﺰﺑ ) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ ﺖﺳا ( . ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ و ﯽﻧاﺪﯿﻣ ترﻮﺻ ود ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا مﺎﺠﻧا شور يا
ﺖﺳا . هداد ﯽﻃ ،ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ
ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ و ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ياﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ ﯽﻧز ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ و ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ ﯽﻧز
ﻮﺑ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻢﯾﺮﺣ هداد ﻦﯾا يﺪﻌﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ رد .د
ﻪﻧﺎﺨﺑﺎﺘﮐ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﻃ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺮﯿﺴﻔﺗ و ﻞﯿﻠﺤﺗ درﻮﻣ يا
.ﺪﻧا رﺎﺘﺷﻮﻧ ﻦﯾا زا فﺪﻫ
ﯽﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ )
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ ( رد قﺮﺷ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺖﯿﻤﻫا رد
كرد ﺮﺘﻬﺑ
ﺢﯿﺤﺻ و ﺮﺗ زا يﺎﯾاوز و دﺎﻌﺑا ﻦﯾا
ا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺳ .
هژاو يﺪﯿﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ :
نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ بﻮﻨﺟ
، ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
- يوﺮﻣ
، اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
1.
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺖﺷد و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ هﺪﻤﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد تﻮﻟ
.دﺮﯿﮔ بﺮﻏ رد ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ
دﺎﯾز ﺖﻌﺳو ﺎﺑ و هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻊﻗاو ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﺘﺳا 55460
ﮐ ﯿ ﻊﺑﺮﻣﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠ ﺖﯿﻌﻤﺟ ﻢﮐاﺮﺗ و
ﺑ ﻢﮐ رﺎﯿﺴ ،
ﻪﻄﻘﻧ
نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﺘﺳا ﺶﺷ لﺎﺼﺗا .ﺖﺳا نﺎﻣﺮﮐ و نﺎﻨﻤﺳ ،نﺎﻬﻔﺻا ،دﺰﯾ ،يﻮﺿر و ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ
گرﺰﺑ ياﺮﺤﺻ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ
ﻪﮐ
ﯽﻣ زﺎﻏآ نﺎﻨﻤﺳ بﻮﻨﺟ زا دﻮﺷ
، رد بﻮﻨﺟ ﻗﺮﺷ ﯽ ﯽﻣ داﺪﺘﻣا ناﺪﻫاز و نﺎﻣﺮﮐ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺎﺗ ،نﺎﺷﺎﮐ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ و ﺪﺑﺎﯾ
ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ رد ار ﺪﻨﺟﺮﯿﺑ و دﺰﯾ ،نﺎﮐدرا ،ﻦﯿﺋﺎﻧ ،نﺎﺘﺳدرا ﻋ .دراد دﻮﺧ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﯾوﺮﺸﺑ ،سودﺮﻓ يﺎﻫﺮﻬﺷ ﺪﯾﺎﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼ
يﺎﻫزﺮﻣ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ار راوﺰﺒﺳ و لﺎﻤﺷ
ﻗﺮﺷ ﯽ .ﻢﯾروآ رﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻊﯿﺳو نﺎﺑﺎﯿﺑ ﻦﯾا ﺮﻈﻧزا
ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ
ﻘﻠﺣ ﮥ ﺎﺑ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ يﺎﯿﺳآ و نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﯿﻣ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا يﺰﮐﺮﻣ تﻼﻓ
و قﺮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ ﯽﺘﺣ .ﺖﺳا
ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ
1 . ﮥﻣﺎﻧﺎﯾار ﺪﻨﺴﯾﻮﻧ ة لﻮﺌﺴﻣ :
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 13
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 173 /
ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ -
ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا
، ﺎﺗ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺴﻣ
ﺋﺎ ﻞ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ و ﯽﺳﺎﺳا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
هرود رد ﺺﺧﻻﺎﺑ و ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
،ﺪﯾﺪﺟ غﺮﻔﻣ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺎﺑ
هﺮﮔ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ بﻮﻨﺟ رد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ درﻮﺨﺑ
. تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
- يوﺮﻣ رد
ﻪﮐ دراد ﺖﯿﻤﻫا ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ هزﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ و تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا صﺎﺧ
هرود ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﯽﮐﺪﻧا يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ رد ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ هﺪﻤﻋ .
ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ هزﻮﺣ
يﺰﮐﺮﻣ تﻼﻓ ﯽﻣ
ﺎﻣا ،دﻮﺷ
ﯽﻣ ﺲﺒﻃ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ،هزﻮﺣ ﻦﯾا قﺮﺷ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻊﻗاو ناﺮﮕﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ درﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ،دﻮﺷ
2.
ﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﮥ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ رد ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ
ﯽﻠﻋ زا ﺶﯿﺑ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﻢﻏر 80
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ زا لﺎﺳ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺴﻧاد ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ رد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﺘ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ هرﺎﺑرد ﺎﻣ يﺎﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ دﻮﺒﻤﮐ رﺎﻨﮐ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا مزﻻ ﻪﺘﮑﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺮﮐذ ﻪﺘﺒﻟا .ﺖﺳا كﺪﻧا رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ ﻊﻣاﻮﺟ و رد ﺎﻫ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻦﯾا ﺞﯾﺎﺘﻧ ترﺪﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺮﺸﺘﻨﻣ هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﯽﺘﺣ ﺎﯾ ﻞﻣﺎﮐ رﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﻨﯿﺸﯿﭘ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻘﯿﻤﻋ و ﯽﺳﺎﺳا تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺑ ﮏﯾ رد ﻪﮐ دزادﺮﭘ
ﻦﯾا ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ قﺮﺷ رد تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
هرود ﻪﻤﻫ رد ،ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻪﺻﺎﺧ و يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
ﯽﻠﮐ و ﻊﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ و ﺖﺳا كﺪﻧا رﺎﯿﺴﺑ
ﺖﺳا . ﯽﻟﺎﺣ رد ﻪﮐ
تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺟ
ﺮﮔو ﯾ ﻪﺘﺨ ،
ًﺎﺻﻮﺼﺨﻣ لﺎﺳ رد
.ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺒﻧ ﻢﮐ ،ﺮﯿﺧا يﺎﻫ ﻊﻣﺎﺟ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﯿﻟوا
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ لﺎﺳ ﻞﯾاوا ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ رد 94
ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺲﺒﻃ نادﺮﮕﺘﺳد ﺶﺨﺑ رد
داﺪﻌﺗ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯾا 89
ﺮﺛا ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
)
،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ 1394
.(ﻒﻟا/
و ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ رد ﻪﻣادا رد
يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻪﯾﺮﻈﺘﻨﻣ نﺎﺘﺴﻫد رد ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا مود ﻞﺼﻓ ،لﺎﺳ نﺎﻤﻫ نﺎﺘﺴﻣز ﺬﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا
ﺖﻓﺮﯾ
،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ) 1394 ب/
.(
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا مرﺎﻬﭼ و مﻮﺳ ﻞﺼﻓ لﺎﺳ رد ﺐﯿﺗﺮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ
1396 يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻞﮐ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ و ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻪﻣادا ﺎﺑ
،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ)
1396
رد و (
1397 ﺲﺒﻃ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ كﻮﻬﯾد ﺶﺨﺑ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺎﺑ
) دﻮﻤﺤﻣ ي ﺐﺴﻧ ،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و 1397
.دﺮﮐ اﺪﯿﭘ ﻪﻣادا(
رﺎﺛآ هﺪﻤﻋ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﻦﯾا زا ا ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ،ﺎﻫ
.ﺖﺳ زا رﺎﺛآ دوﺪﻌﻣ ﭘﯿ
ﺶ رﺎﺗزا ﯾ ﺨ ﯽ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا
ﯽﻣ .دﻮﻤﻧ هرﺎﺷا ﺲﺒﻃ تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ نﺎﺘﺴﻫد رد اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ و نادﺮﮕﺘﺳد ﺶﺨﺑ رد ﻢﻨﻬﺟ رﺎﻏ ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ شوﺎﮐ ﯾا ﯽﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ
ار ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦ ﺰﯿﻧ
ﯽﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ ناﻮﺗ ﻢﯾﺮﺣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ و ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ﺖﻬﺟ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﯽﻧز
دﺮﺑ مﺎﻧ
،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ) 1397
.(
هوﻼﻋ ﭻﯿﻫ نﺎﺘﺳﺮﻬﺷ ﻦﯾا رد ،ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ تﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا يﺮﮕﯾد ﯽ
رد ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﯽﺸﻫوﮋﭘ
هﺎﺗﻮﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﻫﺎﺗﻮﮐ هرﺎﺷا اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ
،ﯽﻣﺎﺟﺮﻓ) 1394
. (
نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﮐ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺪﻣآ نآ ﺮﮐذ
ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ، نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
رد ﯽﮐﺪﻧا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ قﺮﺷ
ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ
ﺐﺒﺳ هرود رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو زا ﺎﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ هﺪﺷ ﮏﯾ مﺎﺠﻧا ،عﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺺﻗﺎﻧ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ يﺎﻫ
و ﻢﻬﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺬﮔ رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺖﯿﻌﺿو و راﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽﺗﺎﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﯽﯾﺎﻨﺷآ ياﺮﺑ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ و ﺪﻨﻤﺷور ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺒﺗرا و بﺮﻏ و قﺮﺷ تﻻدﺎﺒﻣ رد ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ هﺎﮕﯾﺎﺟ نﻮﭼ ﯽﻓاﺪﻫا ﻪﺑ نﺪﯿﺳر ياﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳا يروﺮﺿ ﻦﯿﺑ ﯽﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ تﺎﻃﺎ
ﻪﺳ هزﻮﺣ بﻮﻨﺟ بﺮﻏ ، لﺎﻤﺷ قﺮﺷ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ مﺎﺠﻧا ناﺮﯾا تﻼﻓ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ و ﺎﻫ
،ﮏﯿﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﯿﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻨﻤﻓﺪﻫ ي
شوﺎﮐ و ﺪﻨﻤﺷور ﯽﻣ يروﺮﺿ و مزﻻ تﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﻠﺑ يﺎﻫ
.ﺪﯾﺎﻤﻧ
3 . ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
)1
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ -
يوﺮﻣ (
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ -
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻪﺑ ،يوﺮﻣ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ زا يا
يراﺮﻘﺘﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﺘﻣ) ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌ 2400 / 2300 - 1400 / 1300 (.م.ق
قﻼﻃا
ﯽﻣ لﺎﻤﺷ ،نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا لﺎﻤﺷ ،نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻤﮐﺮﺗ بﻮﻨﺟ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ ﮥﻨﻬﭘ رد ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ بﻮﻨﺟ ،ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ
نﺎﺘﺴﮑﯿﺟﺎﺗ بﺮﻏ
نﺎﺘﺴﮑﺑزا بﻮﻨﺟ و ﻞﮑﺷ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﯽﮔﮋﯾو زا .ﺖﺳا ﻪﺘﻓﺎﯾ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ و ﻪﻧﻮﮔ دﻮﺟو ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا زرﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
ﺺﺧﺎﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﺰﻠﻓ زا ناواﺮﻓ ةدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ،ﯽﻟﺎﻔﺳ تاﺰﻠﻓ و غﺮﻔﻣ
ناﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﺑ عاﻮﻧا دﻮﺟو ،هﺮﻘﻧ و ﻼﻃ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ نﺄﺷ يﺎﻫﻻﺎﮐ
ﺮﻣزور و از ه
ﮓﻨﺳ زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﺗادراو يﺎﻫ
و ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﯽﻣﻮﺑ :
هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﻣﺮﻣ و ﺖﯾﺮﻠﮐ ،ﻖﯿﻘﻋ ،هزوﺮﯿﻓ نآ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .ﺪﻧا
،
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ءﺎﯿﺷا زا يا ﻪﺑﺮﺼﺤﻨﻣ
دﺮﻓ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﯽﻨﯿﯾآ ًﻻﺎﻤﺘﺣا و يﺎﺼﻋ
،ترﺪﻗ نﻮﺘﺳ
،يرﻮﺗﺎﯿﻨﯿﻣ يﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﺳ
ﻪﻧزو
،ﺎﻫ
كﺮﮑﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ ﯽﮕﻨﺳ ﯽﺒﯿﮐﺮﺗ زا نﺎﻧز ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧ ﺎﺑ سﺎﺒﻟ ﯽﻤﺸﭘ يﺮﻣﻮﺳ ) ﺲﮐﺎﻧﻮﮐ ،(
يﺮﻣﺮﻣ فوﺮﻇ و
ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ يا
فﺮﻇ هﺮﻘﻧ يا و ﯽﯾﻼﻃ ﺎﺑ شﻮﻘﻧ ﮥﺘﺴﺟﺮﺑ هﮋﯾو
، ﯽﮕﻤﻫ نﺎﺸﻧ هﺪﻨﻫد ﯽﺼﺼﺨﺗ يﺮﮕﺘﻌﻨﺻ و
دﺎﺼﺘﻗا ﯽﺗﻻدﺎﺒﻣ رد
ﻦﯾا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﺳا
) ،ﯽﺗﺪﺣو 1394 : 42 - 43
. (
ﺧاوا رد رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻫد ﺮ
1970 ، ياﺮﺑ يﺪﯿﻧﺎﯾرﺎﺳ ﯽﻧﺎﯿﻣ غﺮﻔﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻒﯿﺻﻮﺗ
ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻣ يﺎﯿﺳآ رد ،
حﻼﻄﺻا نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ»
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ -
2يوﺮﻣ
« نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ و بﺎﺨﺘﻧا ار ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ نﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﺧ ﯿ تﺮﺒ زا ﺰﯿﻧ
ﻧدﻮﻤﻧ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا نآ ﺪ
) Hiebert & Lamberg-Karlovsky,1992: 2
ﺪﺑ يﺪﯿﻧﺎﯾرﺎﺳ فﺮﻃ زا مﺎﻧ ﻦﯾا زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا .(
ﻦﯾ
ﯽﻣ وﺮﻣ و ﺦﻠﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ود هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ار ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا هﺮﺘﺴﮔ ،يو ﻪﮐ دﻮﺑ ﺐﺒﺳ .ﺖﺴﻧاد
ﻮﻟرﺎﮐ و ترﻮﻔﮑﻧاﺮﻓ ﻓ
ﯽﮑﺴ
مﺎﻧ ندﻮﺑ ﯽﻧﺎﻧﻮﯾ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ و ندﻮﺑ راﻮﺷد ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ار مﺎﻧ ﻦﯾا و هداد راﺮﻗ دﺎﻘﺘﻧا درﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﯿﻏﺮﻣ و ﺮﺘﺧﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ
زا ور نآ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﮐ ﯾ
هﺪﺷدﺎ ﺟ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور يﺎﺘﺳار رد ار ﻮﺤﯿ
) ن
ﺎﯾردﻮﻣآ
ﯽﻣ ( نﻮﺤﯿﺟ نﺪﻤﺗ مﺎﻧ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺷاﺪﻨﭘ
ﻧداد دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ار ﺪ
) Lamberg-Karlovsky, 2013:23/ Francfort, 2007: 102
ترﻮﻔﮑﻧاﺮﻓ .(
ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ياﺮﺑ يراﺮﻘﺘﺳا هوﺮﮔ ﻪﺳ زا ،ﯽﺑآ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ -
ﯽﻣ مﺎﻧ يوﺮﻣ :دﺮﺑ
1 ﻪﺣاو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ بﺎﻏﺮﻣ هوﺮﮔ ( يﺎﻫ
ﮔ ،ﻖﻠﻐﺗ ،ﻦﯿﭼوآ ،يﺎﺑﺮﯿﺧﺄﺗ ﯽﺟﺎﺣ ،رﻮﻨ
،ﯽﻠﻠﮐ و ﭗﯾﺎﺗ ،نﺎﺳﺎﺑ مادآ ،ﯽﻫﻮﮐ 2
( ﺦﻠﺑ هوﺮﮔ بآ ﻪﺣاو ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ،ﯽﻠﺷاد يﺎﻫ
خﺮﻓ ﺦﻠﺑ يﺎﺘﻟد زا ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﮑﭽﯿﻧ و دﺎﺑآ ﺗ بآ
و ﺪﻧﺪﺷ هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺎﯾرد ﻪﭽﻗآ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور ﺎ 3
هوﺮﮔ ( ﺎﯾردﻮﻣآ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﺎﯾردﻮﻣآ و دﺎﺑآﺮﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور يﺎﺘﻟد رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺗﻮﮐرﺎﺟ و ﯽﻟﺎﭘﺎﺳ ﺪﻧا
)
Francfort, 1994:270
هداد.(
ﺎﻫ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ كراﺪﻣ و يﺎﻫراﺮﻘﺘﺳا زا ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
لﺎﻤﺷ قﺮﺷ ﻖﯾﺮﻃ زا ﻪﮐ ناﺮﯾا شوﺎﮐ
نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ يﺎﻫ رد ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺮﺟﺎﺟ ﻮﻠﭼ ) م
Biscione & Vahdati, 2011:238
رﻮﻨﺠﺑ ﻖﺸﻋ ﻪﭙﺗ و ( ) د
Vahdati, 2014: 19-27
رد (
ﻮﺑﺎﺸﯿﻧ هزوﺮﯿﻓ كﺮﻬﺷ ،ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ نﺎﺘﺳا ر
) ر و ﺎﻔﺻﺎﺑ ،ﯽﺘﻤﺣ 1391 : 623 - 613
ﯽﻧﺎﻐﻣاد ﻪﭙﺗ ،( )
،ترﻮﻔﮑﻧاﺮﻓ و ﯽﺗﺪﺣو
1389 : 36 - 17
يﺰﯾﺮﻓ ﻪﭙﺗ ،( )
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ و يرﻮﺒﺻ 1393
: 111 - 91
ﺰﮔرد ﻪﭙﺗ ﻢﯾرﺎﯾ ،( ،ﺦﯿﺷ)
1393
،يﻮﺿر نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ رد(
هزر ﮥﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻣ رد
ﯿ نﺎ
) ،ﯽﻔﺳﻮﯾ و شوﺮﺳ 1393
: 271 - 273
ﺲﺒﻃ ياﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ و سودﺮﻓ نﺎﺘﺴﻏﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﮔ ،(
،ﯽﻣﺎﺟﺮﻓ) 21:1394
رد (
نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ هزﻮﺣ زا نﺎﺸﻧ ، ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ذﻮﻔﻧ و شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ -
يوﺮﻣ ،نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻤﮐﺮﺗ بﻮﻨﺟ ،نﺎﺘﺴﻧﺎﻐﻓا لﺎﻤﺷ رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫراﺮﻘﺘﺳا ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺟا هﺎﮕﻧ .دراد
و نﺎﺘﺴﮑﺑزا قﺮﺷ لﺎﻤﺷ
قﺮﺷ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ناﺮﯾا و نﻮﺤﯿﺟ ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور يﺎﺘﺳار رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد
ﻪﺣاو ود رد ﺎﯾ
هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ نآ ﯽﮔﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ و شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﯽﻠﺻا ةزﻮﺣ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﻞﮑﺷ وﺮﻣ و ﺦﻠﺑ ﺎﺑ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نارود رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا يا
ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﻦﯾا زا .دﻮﺷ
ور و ﯽﺗﺪﺣو ﻪﻧﻮﺸﯿﺑ
ﺧا ﯿ
ًاﺮ مﺎﻧ نﺪﻤﺗ» گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
« نﺪﯿﻣﺎﻧ ياﺮﺑ ار
1.Great Khorasan Culture (GKC)
2.Bactria- Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC)
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 13
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 175 /
دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻣ
ﺪﻨﻫد
(Vahdati & et al, 2019:180)
. ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ و ﯽﻧاوﺮﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ هواز
حﻼﻄﺻا زا
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ هدﺮﮐ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﻂﺧ دﻮﺒﻧ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻧا
، ﯽﻤﻧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ار نﺪﻤﺗ حﻼﻄﺻا ) ﺪﻨﻧاد
و ﯽﻧاوﺮﯾا
،نارﺎﮑﻤﻫ 1397
:
(.3
تﺎﻘﯿﻘﺤﺗ نﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﯽﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﯽﮐﺎﺣ زا تﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ
ﻦﯿﺑ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا و
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ يا
ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ
ﻊﯿﺳو ﺖﺳا ﻪﮐ زا هرد ﺪﻨﺳ رد قﺮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﻦﯿﺑ ﻦﯾﺮﻬﻨﻟا و ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺞﯿﻠﺧ سرﺎﻓ رد بﺮﻏ و بﻮﻨﺟ دراد شﺮﺘﺴﮔ .
دﻮﺟو
ﯽﻠﻤﺠﺗ يﺎﯿﺷا ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
شﻮﺷ نﻮﭽﻤﻫ ناﺮﯾا ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ زا يرﺎﯿﺴﺑ رد (
(Amiet, 1986)
نﺎﺘﺳا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ طﺎﻘﻧ ، ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ ،نﺎﻣﺎﻨﯿﺧ ،ﺖﻓﺮﯿﺟ ،بارﻮﺧ ،داﺪﻬﺷ ﻞﺜﻣ نﺎﻣﺮﮐ
ﺖﺷد يﺎﻫ
نﺎﮔﺮﮔ و نﺎﻐﻣاد
(Thornton, 2013: 194-195)
،سودﺮﻓ ، ،نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ بﻮﻨﺟ رد نﺎﯿﻣرد و ﺲﺒﻃ
ﻪﮑﺒﺷ ﮏﯾ
ﮔ يرﺎﺠﺗ ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ار هﺪﯿﭽﯿﭘ و هدﺮﺘﺴ
ﻪﮐ ﺪﻫد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ ار
ﯽﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ﺖﺳدرود ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻨﮐ
(Vahdati
& et al, 2019:180) .
ﺎﻣا ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻨﯿﻣز رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ تﻼﮑﺸﻣ زا ﯽﮑﯾ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا
ﻣز هزﺎﺑ ﮏﯾ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ ، و عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻖﯿﻗد ًﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﯽﻧﺎ
.ﺖﺳا نآ ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ هﺮﺘﺴﮔ رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا نﺎﯾﺎﭘ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ترﻮﻔﮑﻧاﺮﻓ
2300 / 2500 ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ار م.ق
ﯽﻣ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﺪﻫد
) Francfort, 1994:272
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ ،ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﺸﯿﺑ و ﯽﺗﺪﺣو ،ﻞﻫﻮﮐ .(
2300 م.ق
ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ار ) ﺪﻧا
Kohl, 1984:230 /
Biscione & Vahdati, 2011:238
ﻮﻟرﺎﮐ و تﺮﺒﯿﻫ .(
ﻓ هزﺎﺑ ﯽﮑﺴ 2200
م.ق
) Lamberg-Karlovsky, 2013:22 /Hiebert, 1994:80
و(
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ يﺪﯿﻧﺎﯾرﺎﺳ 2250
ﺎﺗ 2300 عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ار م.ق
دﻮﻤﻧ دﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﺪﻧ
) Sarianidi, 2008:65
.(
يﺪﯿﻧﺎﯾرﺎﺳ ﺪﻌﺑ لﺎﺳ ود شوﺎﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
نﺎﺘﺳرﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﺗرﻮﻨﮔ ﯽﺘﻨﻄﻠﺳ ﻪﭙ
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ 2400 دﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺋارا ار م.ق
) Sarianidi & Dubova, 2010:5
ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ .(
2400 ياﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ م.ق
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا عوﺮﺷ ﭘﯿ
هﺪﺷدﺎﻬﻨﺸ ﯽﻠﺷاد ،وﺮﻣ رد ﯽﻠﻠﮐ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ،
3 و ﺦﻠﺑ رد هﺎﮔ زﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﯾﺎﭙﻫﻮﮐ رد V
ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﭘﻮﮐ ) ﺖﺳا نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ غاد
Cattani & et al, 2008:43
.(
ﺧا ﯿ
ًاﺮ ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ ﺰﯿﻧ هواز
ﺎﭘ ﯾ نﺎ ﻪﻣﺎﻧ ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ يﺮﺘﮐد
نآ رد و هداد صﺎﺼﺘﺧا ناﺮﯾا ﯽﻗﺮﺷ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ رد ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا شﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ
2400 ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ار م.ق
) وﺮﻣ ﮥﺣاو رد ﻪﺑ
وﯾ هﮋ و ،(ﻪﭙﺗرﻮﻨﮔ رد 2300
عوﺮﺷ ياﺮﺑ ار م.ق نآ
ﺖﭘﻮﮐ لﺎﻤﺷ ،ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﺦﻠﺑ رد لﺎﻤﺘﺣا ﻪﺑ و غاد
لﺎﻤﺷ رد ناﺮﯾا قﺮﺷ
(نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ لﺎﻤﺷ)
ﺎﻬﻨﺸﯿﭘ ﺖﺳا هداد د
ﯽﺒﺳﺎﻤﻬﻃ) ،هواز
1398 : 56
. (
ﻪﺑ ﻠﮐرﻮﻃ ﯽ ﻦﯾا يرﺎﮕﻨﻫﺎﮔ
ﯽﻣ ار ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ؛ﯽﻧﺎﻣز هرود ود ﻪﺑ ناﻮﺗ
1 ) ﯽﯾﺎﻓﻮﮑﺷ و جوا هرود (
2400 ﺎﺗ 1750
(م.ق
2 طﺎﻄﺤﻧا و ﯽﺷﺎﭘوﺮﻓ هرود (
) ﯽﺠﯾرﺪﺗ
1750 ﺎﺗ 1300
) دﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ (م.ق Luneau, 2015:303
.(
4.
اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
1
) اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
وﺪﻨﮑﺑ
ر رد ( ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ يﺎﺘﺳو 120
يﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ لﺎﻤﺷ
بﺮﻏ ﺲﺒﻃ ﺮﻬﺷ لﻮﻃ ﺎﺑ
ﯽﯾﺎﯿﻓاﺮﻐﺟ 0453445
، ضﺮﻋ 3775471 و
عﺎﻔﺗرا 1029 ﺎﯾرد ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﺮﺘﻣ ﻊﻗاو
هﺪﺷ رد تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ يﺎﺘﺳور .ﺖﺳا
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ ًﻼﻣﺎﮐ يا
،يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺮﯾﻮﮐ ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ رد ، زا نآ ﯽﻃﺎﺒﺗرا هار و هﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﻊﻗاو
هدﺎﺟ هﺪﺷ ﺐﻌﺸﻨﻣ يا زا
ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ 45
ﺲﺒﻃ هدﺎﺟ -
ناﺮﻬﺗ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯾا ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ .
، هدﺎﺟ ﺎﺑ لﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻤﺳ زا ﺐﻌﺻ و ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺴﻫﻮﮐ يا
ﻪﺑ رﻮﺒﻌﻟا
ﻖﺸﻋ ) دﺎﺑآ
ﺲﺒﻃ نادﺮﮕﺘﺳد ﺶﺨﺑ ﺰﮐﺮﻣ
ﯽﻣ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ ( يﺎﺘﺳور ود ﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا رد تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ يﺎﺘﺳور .ددﺮﮔ
دوﺪﺣ لﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻤﺳ زا و هدﻮﺑ ﻪﯾﺎﺴﻤﻫ ناﻮﻠﺣ و نﺎﺘﺴﯿﭘ 60
ﻖﺸﻋ ﺎﺗ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ دﺎﺑآ
ﺎﺗ بﻮﻨﺟ زا و 105
ﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﯿﮐ
1.Bekanda
) هاﻮﺧﻮﺟ
ﺲﺒﻃ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ يﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳور زا
.دراد ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ (
ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ 1000
يﺮﺘﻣ لﺎﻤﺷ ﺑﺮﻏ ﯽ غﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺼﺘﻣ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ يﺎﺘﺳور ﻦﯿﻣز و ﺎﻫ
-
ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﯿﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ رد ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﺎﺘﺳور يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ هﻮﮐ
لﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ ﻏ
ﺲﺒﻃ ﺮﻬﺷ ﯽﺑﺮ
ﻢﺸﭼ و ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ هﻮﮐ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ار نآ ﯽﻠﮐ زاﺪﻧا
ﯽﻣ ﻞﯿﮑﺸﺗ بﻮﻨﺟ و قﺮﺷ ،لﺎﻤﺷ رد ﺎﻫ ﻊﻠﺿ رد ﻂﻘﻓ و ﺪﻫد
ﯽﻣ ﯽﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﺖﺷد ﻪﺑ ﯽﺑﺮﻏ هﻮﮐ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ .دﻮﺷ
دوﺪﺣ ﯽﻗﺮﺷ و ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ يﺎﻫ 1000
ﻮﮐ و ﺮﺘﻣ ه ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ 100
ﺮﺘﻣ
ﺖﺳا )
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
(1
ﻮﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ تﺎﺟﺎﺣﺮﯿﭘ ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺶﯾﻮﮔ رد . ه
ناﺪﻨﭼ ﻪﻧ يﺎﻫ ﯽﻣ تﻮﻠﮐ ﻊﻔﺗﺮﻣ
ﻪﺑ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ .ﺪﻨﯾﻮﮔ
ﻢﺸﭼ ظﺎﺤﻟ ﻦﯿﻣز ،ﻪﭙﺗ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ زاﺪﻧا
ﯽﻣ ﺮﯾﺎﺑ و يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ دﻮﺷ
)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
(2
ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ .
، ﯽﻠﺤﻣ ﺶﯾﻮﮔ رد ﻪﮐ
نآ ﻪﺑ
» بود « ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ دﻮﺷ
، ﺖﯿﻟﺎﻌﻓ مﺎﺠﻧا ﺮﺛا ﺮﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ لﺎﺣ رد رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ناﺰﯿﻣ ﻪﺑ يراﺪﻣاد و يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ و هﺪﯾد ﺐﯿﺳآ يدﺎﯾز ﻪﺳ
ﻪﭙﺗ
،ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ )
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
( 3
و ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﭙﺗ ﻪﮐ ،هﺪﺷ ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ و ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ناﻮﻨﻋ ﯽﻣ بﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺪﯾﺪﺟ غﺮﻔﻣ نارود ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﺶﺨﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻞﮐ لﺎﻤﺷ ﺖﻬﺟ رد ﻪﭙﺗ ﻦﯾا ﯽﻗﺮﺷ
بﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﭙﺗ لﻮﻃ ﻦﯾﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ دراد داﺪﺘﻣا ﯽﺑﺮﻏ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ يﺎﻫ
دوﺪﺣ 800 نآ ضﺮﻋ و ﺮﺘﻣ 100
ﺮﺘﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﯿﻣز و -
يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ نآ فاﺮﻃا رد ﺮﯾﺎﺑ و
.ﺪﻧا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ ﻦﯿﻣز زا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد ﻊﻗاو يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﺪﻨﯿﺒﺑ يدﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ هﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ ﻦﯿﻤﻫ ﺢﯿﻄﺴﺗ )
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
(4
ﻪﻧﺎﺧدور . زا ﻪﮐ يا
ﯽﻣ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ بﺮﻏ ﺎﺗ لﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﺿرﺎﻋ و ﺖﺳا هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﯽﻌﯿﺒﻃ ﻢﯾﺮﺣ ﯽﻋﻮﻧ ﻪﺑ درﺬﮔ
هﺮﺨﺻ يا ﻪﺑ يا
لﺎﻤﺷ داﺪﺘﻣا رد ﯽﻟﻮﻃ ترﻮﺻ بﻮﻨﺟ ﯽﻗﺮﺷ
ﻦﯿﻣز ﻪﺑ هﺪﯿﺒﺴﭼ ﯽﺑﺮﻏ ار ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ زﺮﻣ ﺰﯿﻧ يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ .ﺪﻫد
) ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ ﺮﺑ هوﻼﻋ هﺮﺨﺻ ﻪﺿرﺎﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ (بود
ﯽﻨﺷ و يا عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻢﮐ
هﺪﯾد ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻞﺧاد رد
ﯽﻣ يور ﺮﺑ ﻪﮐ دﻮﺷ ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ
ﻦﯿﭽﮕﻨﺳ ﻪﭙﺗ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ ﻮﺒﻗ ترﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
ر نارود ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ .دﻮﺷ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 1 - ﻪﭙﺗ زا ﯽﯾاﻮﻫ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ) ﯽﻠﺻا يﺎﻫ
ﮏﯿﮑﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ و ( ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻞﮐ فاﺮﻃا يﺎﻫ (www.Google earth.com)
Figure 1: The aerial view of the main parts of the settlement and trench location(www.Google earth.com)
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 13
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 177 /
1397 ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) لﺎﻤﺷ زا ﺪﯾد- اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ زا ﯽﺎﯾﻤﻧ- 2ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ (
3 - ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﭙﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ 1397
(
Figure 3: Central hill surface (Authors, 2018) Figure 2: View of Bekanda site - view from the North (Authors, 2018)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 4 - ﺨﺗ و ﺢﯿﻄﺴﺗ ،نﺎﮔﺪﻧرﺎﮕﻧ) (ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻪﭙﺗ زا ﯽﺸﺨﺑ) ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺐﯾﺮ
1397 (
Figure 4: Destruction of the main part of the site (part of the Northern hill) (Authors, 2018)
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ يزروﺎﺸﮐ تﺎﯿﻠﻤﻋ مﺎﺠﻧا و ﺢﯿﻄﺴﺗ ﺮﺛا رد رﺎﺑ ﻦﯿﻟوا اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻦﯾا
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ فاﺮﻃا ﻢﯾﺮﺣ ﺎﺑ
هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺖﻌﺳو ﻪﺑ يا دوﺪﺣ
20 رﺎﺘﮑﻫ ﺖﺳا ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻪﮐ ﻪﭙﺗ
و ﺶﺨﺑ ﻦﯿﻣز زا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ يزروﺎﺸﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺄﺘﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ نازروﺎﺸﮐ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ و ﺢﯿﻄﺴﺗ درﻮﻣ
ﻊﻗاو هﺪﺷ ﻦﯾا ﻢﯾﺮﺣ و ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻦﯿﯿﻌﺗ رﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳا
ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ،ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻪﮐ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ترﻮﺻ هدوﺪﺤﻣ رد ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ نﺎﺸﻧ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﺻﺮﻋ داد
هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ار يا
لﻮﻃ ﯽﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ ضﺮﻋ و 700
× 150 رد ﺮﺘﻣ ﻣﺮﺑ ﯽ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻞﮑﺷ ﻪﺑ و ﺖﺑﻮﻧ ﻦﯾﺪﻨﭼ رد . هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ يﺎﻫ
يدوﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ و ﺖﻓﺮﮔ راﺮﻗ ﯽﺸﯾﺎﻤﯿﭘ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ درﻮﻣ ﻪﯿﻟوا ﻦﯿﻤﺨﺗ رد
هدوﺪﺤﻣ دوﺪﺣ يا 20
رﺎﺘﮑﻫ )
ﻢﯾﺮﺣ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ
( رد
داﺪﺘﻣا لﺎﻤﺷ ﻗﺮﺷ ﯽ - بﻮﻨﺟ ﺑﺮﻏ ﯽ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ )
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ
(. 1
ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ رد ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ غﺮﻔﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ و ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺶﺨﺑ
ﻪﭙﺗ يﺰﮐﺮﻣ
، ﮏﭼﻮﮐ هدوﺪﺤﻣ ﺎﺑ دﺎﻌﺑا زا يﺮﺗ
ﻪﺘﻔﮔ هﺪﺷ
، .ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ
ﻪﺸﻘﻧ 1 - ) اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﯽﻓاﺮﮔﻮﭘﻮﺗ ﻪﺸﻘﻧ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ
(1397
Map 1: Topographic map of Bekanda site (Anani, 2018)
5 . ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
ﯽﺨﻠﺑ) - (يوﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد ا
ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﭙﺗ فاﺮﻃا رد ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ،هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا ﯽﻧز
دﻮﺟو ﺮﺑ ﯽﻨﺒﻣ يﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ هداد
يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
هداد هﺪﻤﻋ ﻪﮐ ترﻮﺻ ﻦﯾﺪﺑ .دراﺪﻧ دﻮﺟو (
ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ و ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ
ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ زا ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﺶﺨﺑ رد
يﺰﮐﺮﻣ و ﺖﺳا
ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ . ﭻﯿﻫ ﻪﭙﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ رد
ﻪﻧﺎﻤﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ دﺎﺠﯾا يا
،ﺪﺸﻧ هداد يﺎﻫ دﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﯽﺤﻄﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﺮﺛا رد ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺪﻧا . ﻪﺑ رﻮﻃ هداد ﯽﻠﮐ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ زا
ﯽﻏﺮﻔﻣ نﺎﮑﯿﭘﺮﺳ و ﻖﯿﻘﻋ هﺮﻬﻣ ،يﺮﻣﺮﻣ فوﺮﻇ ،لﺎﻔﺳ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺖﺳا
. ﯽﻤﻧ راﺮﻘﺘﺳا عﻮﻧ درﻮﻣ رد زﻮﻨﻫ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ناﻮﺗ
لﺎﺣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ ،ﺖﻔﮔ ﻦﺨﺳ ﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﺮ ﯽﻣ ﻦﯾا رد ﺪﺳر ﻢﯿﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ نﺎﺘﺳرﻮﮔ ﮏﯾ ﺎﺑ نﺎﮑﻣ
ﻦﯾا رد ﺰﯿﻧ نآ ﻞﯾﻻد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﺶﻫوﮋﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣادا رد .
حﺮﺷ هداد يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﯽﻣ ﻪﺘﺧادﺮﭘ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا زا :دﻮﺷ
5 - 1.
لﺎﻔﺳ
لﺎﻔﺳ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺦﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ نارود زا ﯽﻔﯿﻃ و توﺎﻔﺘﻣ (غﺮﻔﻣ ﺮﺼﻋ)
رد ار ﯽﻣﻼﺳا و ﯽﻣ ﺮﺑ
.دﺮﯿﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ -
ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ
هﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ فاﺮﻃا رد دراد ﻪﻣادا ﺎﺘﺳور ﯽﮑﯾدﺰﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺶﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﻦﯾا و ﺪﻧا
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ،
ﻣ ﺪﻨﮐاﺮﭘ ﺰﯿﻧ ﻪﭙﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﻤﮐ ناﺰﯿ ﺪﻧراد ﯽﮔ
لﺎﻔﺳ ﺎﻣا . ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
لﺎﻔﺳ فﻼﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ ،ﯽﻣﻼﺳا يﺎﻫ
ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﯽﻠﺻا ﻪﭙﺗ يور ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
ﻪﺑ ﻮﻃ ر لﺎﻔﺳ ﯽﻠﮐ ﯽﺨﯾرﺎﺗ زا ﺶﯿﭘ يﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ هﺮﯿﻤﺧ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا زا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ار
ﯽﻣ لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ هﺮﯿﻤﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﯽﺠﻧرﺎﻧ و اﯾ
هﺪﺷدﺎﺠ و
ًﺎﺒﯾﺮﻘﺗ خﺮﭼ ،ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﮏﯾ ﺰﺟ ﻪﺑ ،ﻪﻤﻫ ﯽﻣ زﺎﺳ
زا .ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ
لﺎﻔﺳ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ و هدﻮﺑ شﻮﻘﻨﻣ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﮏﯾ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻧ نوﺪﺑ و هدﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ
.ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺶﻘ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
،شﻮﻘﻨﻣ لﺎﻔﺳ
هﺮﯿﻤﺧ ياراد ﯽﺠﻧرﺎﻧ
يﺎﻫراﻮﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ هﻮﻬﻗ
يا هﺮﯿﺗ ﯽﺳﺪﻨﻫ ﺮﺑ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺟآ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ ي
ﻦﯿﯾﺰﺗ ﯽﺷﺎﻘﻧ و ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 13
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 179 /
)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 5 هرﺎﻤﺷ ،
.(11
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﯾﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ توﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻪﮑﻧآ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا رد دﻮﺟﻮﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺖﺳا ﻪﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ و ،
ﯽﻣ ،نآ ندﻮﺑ ﮏﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻣ ﺮﯿﺳﺎﻔﺗ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ
و قﺮﺷ رد لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا ﻞﺻا رد .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد ﯽﻔﻠﺘﺨ لﺎﻤﺷ
قﺮﺷ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﮏﯾ
،ﺶﻘﻧ ﮓﻧر) نآ تﺎﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﻣﻮﺑ لﺎﻔﺳ
خﺮﭼ و زﺎﺳ ﻪﺳﺎﻣ تﻮﻣﺎﺷ
( ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ هﺎﮔزﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﺧاوا
4 و
هﺎﮔزﺎﻤﻧ ﻞﯾاوا 5
)
ﯽﻧﺎﯿﻣ غﺮﻔﻣ ﻞﯾاوا و ﻢﯾﺪﻗ غﺮﻔﻣ ﺮﺧاوا
( ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﯽﻣ يﺪﻨﺑ دﻮﺷ
)
،نﺎﯾژارﺎﮔ 1377 :
.(69
ﺑ هوﻼﻋ
،ﻦﯾا ﺮ
ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ زا ﻢﻫ لﺎﻔﺳ هﻮﯿﺷ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ،لﺎﻔﺳ هﺮﯿﻤﺧ و ﺲﻨﺟ ﻢﻫ و ﺶﻘﻧ غﺮﻔﻣ يﺎﻫ
ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ ﺮﮕﯾد رد
ﻞﯿﺒﻗ زا ناﺮﯾا تﻼﻓ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ لﺎﻤﺷ
بﺮﻏ ناﺮﯾا سرﺎﻓ ،
،ﯽﯾﻼﻃ) 1385 : 76 - 81
) يﺰﮐﺮﻣ تﻼﻓ و( دﺎﺑآﺰﮕﺳ
( ﺖﺳا ، ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ
ﻪﮐ توﺎﻔﺗ لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا
ﺖﺳد ﺎﻫ زﺎﺳ هدﻮﺑ
) نﺎﻤﻫ : 135 - 142
ﻮﺑﺮﻣ و(
نوﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ط 18
ﺎﺗ 15 لﺎﻔﺳ ﻪﺑ و ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ م.ق يﺎﻫ
ﮏﺗ فوﺮﻌﻣ ﮓﻧرﺪﻨﭼ و ﮓﻧر ) ﺪﻧا
،مﺪﻘﻣ 1376 :
ﻦﯾدﻮﮔ رد ناﺮﯾا بﺮﻏ رد ﯽﺘﺣ .(1
ﻪﻘﺒﻃ
III2
، ﻦﯾا لﺎﻔﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ يﺎﻫ
ﮏﺗ ﺎﺑ نﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﮓﻧر 1850
ﺎﺗ 1600 ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ م.ق
.(Henrickson, 1986)
ﺪﻨﭼﺮﻫ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺑ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ توﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﯿﻟد ﯽ
ﺰﯿﻧ و دﺎﯾز رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﯾا ﺎﺑ اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ
ﯽﺑﺮﻏ ﻪﻤﯿﻧ رد ،
ﯽﺘﺳرد ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻧ
ﯿ ﺖﺴ .
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 5 - لﺎﻔﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ يﺎﻫ
ﻊﻤﺟ روآ ي هﺪﺷ ) ﻪﭙﺗ فاﺮﻃا و ﺢﻄﺳ زا ،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ
(1397
Figure 5: Selected samples of pottery from surface and around the site (Anani, 2018)
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﮕﯾد هدﺎﺳ ﯽﻟﺎﻔﺳ يﺎﻫ
اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ نوﺪﺑ و
ًاﺮﺜﮐا ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ يﺎﻫ
گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ -
يوﺮﻣ
لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا .ﺖﺳا (
لﺎﻔﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﯾﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳا نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻤﮐﺮﺗ رﻮﻨﮔ يﺎﻫ
(Sarianidi, 2007)
ﯽﺘﺣ .
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ رﺎﯿﺴﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﺎﻫ
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ) نﺎﺘﺳﻮﺑ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ و نﺎﺗﻮﮐرﺎﺟ زا
آ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺧ
لﺎﻔﺳ يﺎﻫ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ
( ﺖﺳا
(Ionesov,2002)
ﻪﯾﺎﭘ دﻮﺟو ﻦﯿﻨﭽﻤﻫ .
يﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ يﺎﻫ
گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
ﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا رد (
ـ ) ﺖﺳا هﺪﻫﺎ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
ﻤﻧ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺜﮐا .( 5
ـ ﺳ ﻪﻧﻮ ـ لﺎﻔ رد ﺎﻫ
ﻢﯿﺴﻘﺗ ﯽﻣ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ فداﺮﻣدوا يﺪﻨﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
(Udemuradov, 2002:136-139)
نﺎﻤﻫ .
رﻮﻃ لﺎﻔﺳ ﺪﺷ ﺮﮐذ ﻪﮐ ﺎﻫ
خﺮﭼ ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ هﺪﺷ دﺎﺠﯾا ﯽﻧﺎﮐ تﻮﻣﺎﺷ ﺎﺑ و هدﻮﺑ ﺰﻣﺮﻗ ﭗﯿﻠﺳا و هﺮﯿﻤﺧ ياراد ،زﺎﺳ
ﺪﻧا )
لوﺪﺟ
(1
لﺎﻔﺳ . نارود يﺎﻫ
ﺎﺗ ﻪﯿﻟوا نوﺮﻗ زا ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا ﺮﺧﺄﺘﻣ
لﺎﻔﺳ ﻦﯾا ﺮﺘﺸﯿﺑ .ﺪﻧﺮﯿﻐﺘﻣ ﯽﻣﻼﺳا نوﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺎﻫ
5 ﺎﺗ 9 .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ يﺮﺠﻫ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 6 - ﺮﮕﯾد ﯽﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻨﯿﻟﺎﻔﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا
يﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ،ﯽﻣﺎﺟﺮﻓ) اﺪﻨﮑﺑ زا 1394
: 17 (
Figure 6: Some other examples of Bekanda pottery (Farjami, 2015: 17)
نﺎﺘ�ﺎﺑ تﺎﻌ�ﺎﻄ�
ﯽ�ﺎﻨ�
، رود ة 13
، رﺎﻤﺷ ة 3
، ﺰﯿﯾﺎﭘ 1400 181 /
لوﺪﺟ 1 ﻪﻨﯿﻟﺎﻔﺳ لوﺪﺟ : اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ يﺎﻫ
Table 1: Pottery table of Bekanda site
5 - 2.
ﺎﯿﺷا ي ﻏ ﯿ ﺮ ﻟﺎﻔﺳ ﯽ
ﻌﺗ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﯽﺤﻄﺳ ﯽﺳرﺮﺑ ﯽﻃ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﺳ داﺪ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ) ﯽﮕﻨﺳ فﺮﻇ
ود ﺮﻣﺮﻣ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ
ﮏﯾ و ﻖﯿﻘﻋ هﺮﻬﻣ ﮏﯾ ،(
ﺮﺳ
ﭘﯿ نﺎﮑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻏﺮﻔﻣ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ
ﺪﻣآ
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ) 7
. (
يﺮﻣﺮﻣ فوﺮﻇ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ ﺪﺳر ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا يﺎﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ (
ﻪﮐ ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ فوﺮﻇ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد رﻮﻨﮔ ﻞﺜﻣ نارود ﻦﯾا يﺎﻫ
مﺮﺟﺎﺟ ﻮﻠﭼ ﻪﭙﺗ و نﺎﺘﺴﻨﻤﮐﺮﺗ ﺰﯿﻧ
ﻣ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هﺪﻫﺎﺸ .
تﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻦﯾا ﻪﺘﺒﻟا
رد ﻪﯿﺷﺎﺣ ﻪﭙﺗ ﺖﺳد ﻪﺑ آ و هﺮﻬﻣ ﺎﻣا ،ﺪﻣ ﭘ ﺮﺳ
ﯿ نﺎﮑ ﯽﻟﺎﻤﺷ رد ﯽﻏﺮﻔﻣ ﻦﯾﺮﺗ
يﺰﮐﺮﻣ ﻪﭙﺗ روﺎﺠﻣ و ﯽﺑﻮﻨﺟ ﻪﭙﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ .ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ ﯽﯾﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ
ﭘ ﺮﺳ ﯿ نﺎﮑ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ زا ﯽﻏﺮﻔﻣ نارود رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا ﯽﯾﺎﻫ
غﺮﻔﻣ ﺮﺧاوا ﺺﺧﻻﺎﺑ و غﺮﻔﻣ ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ
ﯽﻣ راﺮﻗ هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا درﻮﻣ دﺮﯿﮔ
)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
(. 8
زا ﻦﯾا ﻪﻧﻮﮔ تﺎﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ و ﺎﻫراﺰﺑا
رﻮﺒﻗ رد ﯽﻏﺮﻔﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ رد ﻪﮐ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺖﻓﺎﯾ رﻮﻓو ﻪﺑ (
يﺎﻫ
ﻢﯿﺘﺴﻫ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ رﻮﻨﮔ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ﺺﺧﺎﺷ
(Sarianidi, 2007:127)
هﺮﻬﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ .
ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ﺰﯿﻧ
ﯽﻧاواﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ رﻮﻨﮔ رﻮﺒﻗ رد ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ) ﺖﺳا
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
.( 9
هداد ﻦﯾا دﻮﺟو ﯽﻣ ﺖﯾﻮﻘﺗ ار ضﺮﻓ ﻦﯾا ،ﻪﭙﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ رد ﺎﻫ
-
ﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳرﻮﮔ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﯾا ﻪﮐ ﺪﻨﮐ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺘﻣ
ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ گرﺰﺑ نﺎﺳاﺮﺧ
) ﯽﺨﻠﺑ - يوﺮﻣ
ﺐﯿﺳآ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪﺑ ﻪﮐ هدﻮﺑ (
يﺎﻫ
ﺑ ﻪﮐ ﺪﯾدﺮﮔ هﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﭙﺗ يور ﺮﺑ ﺰﯿﻧ ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ﺖﻠﮑﺳا ﺪﻫاﻮﺷ ﻪﮑﻨﯾا ﺎﻤﮐ .ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﺐﯾﺮﺨﺗ ،ﯽﻧﺎﺴﻧا ناواﺮﻓ ﻞﯿﻟد ﻪ
ﯿﺳآ هﺪﺷ بﺮﻄﻀﻣ ،دﺎﯾز ﺐ ﺖﺳا
)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ
.(10
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 7 - يﺎﯿﺷا ﻪﺑ ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ ،ﯽﻧﺎﻨﻋ) اﺪﻨﮑﺑ ﻪﭙﺗ زا 1397
(
Figure 7: The objects has found in Bekanda site (Anani, 2018)
ﺮﯾﻮﺼﺗ 8 - يﺰﻧﺮﺑ تﺎﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﺖﺳد هﺪﻣآ رﻮﻨﮔ زا (Sarianidi, 2007:127)
Figure 8: Dagger and other artifacts from Gonur Tepe (Sarianidi, 2007:127)
