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(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ

2ﻱﺩﺎﺑﺁ ﺖﻤﺣﺭ ﻲﺘﺷﺩ ﻪﻴﺿﺮﻣ / ¹ ﻡﺍﺮﻬﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﻬﺑ

ﻩﺪﻴﻜﭼ ﺎﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ :ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ

.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻑﺪﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﻜﺷﺰﭘ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ 1386 ﻝﺎــﺳ ﺖــﺴﺨﻧ ﻱ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﻱﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ـ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻱ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ :ﻲـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ 179 ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ،^t ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻪﺑ ،ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺎﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺕﻻﺍﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺪﺨﺳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻱ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ :ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ،ﺲﻨﺟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ .ﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻱ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻙﺭﺪﻣ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻑﺮﺻ :ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻦﻤﺿ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎــﺳﺭ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ،ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴــﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﻣﺍﺮﻛ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻯﺍ ﻪﻳﻭﺭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ .ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻚﺒﺳ ،ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ :ﺎﻫ ﻩژﺍﻭ ﺪﻴﻠﻛ 88/8/13 :ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺵﺮﻳﺬﭘ • 88/6/15 :ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺡﻼﺻﺍ • 88/1/29 :ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻝﻮﺻﻭ •

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(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺁﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻪﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﻭ ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺪﻬﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻚﻳﻭ ﺖﺴﻴﺑ ﻥﺮﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﮋﻳﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎــﺴﻛ ،(^Wiles) ﺰﻠﻳﺍﻭ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻲــﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞﻴﻬــﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﻬﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻢﻬﺳ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒــﺳ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ،ﻂﺑﺍﺭ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﻨــﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺕﻼﻜــﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﺤﺒﺘﻣ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ [1] .ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﻨﺷﺁ ،ﻲﻧﻮﻨﻛ ﻱﺎــﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﻗﺭ ﻂﻳﺍﺮــﺷ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ،ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻭﺩ ﺮــﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺕﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﻱﺮــﻴﮔﺭﺎﻜﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻱﺮﻣﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻲــﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﻴﺸﻳﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻗ ،ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ .ﺪﻧﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺏﻮــﺴﺤﻣ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻞﻴﻜــﺸﺗ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎــﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻩﺪﻧﺭﻭﺁﺭﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ [2] .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻦــﻴﻘﻘﺤﻣ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺪﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺎــﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎــﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺕﺭﻭﺮــﺿ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،"ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ" ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻱﻭ ﻞﻜﺷ (Equity Theory) «ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ» ﺮﺑ ءﺎﻜﺗﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻲﺴﻴﺘﺳﺍ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ (Stacey Adams) .ﺩﻮﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻣ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎــﺑ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺮﻈﻧ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻤﺘــﺴﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﺗ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ،ﻩﺪــﺷ ﺍﺭ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ .ﺩﺮﮕﻨﺑ ﺎﻳﻮﭘ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪــﻛ ﻱﺮﻴــﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻒﻳﺎﻇﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ،ﺪــﻫﺩ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻪــﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻈﻨﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪــﺑ ،ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻼــﺗ ﺶﺷﻮﻛ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻥﺪــﺷ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ

ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮــﻓﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲــﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﺯﺍ ﻲــﻫﺎﮔﺁ .ﺪــﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺖﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺍﺮﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺪــﻨﻛ ﻢﻴﻬﻔﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺐﻠﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﺪــﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ [3] .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻬﻧ ﻡﺎــﻧ "ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺵﺮﺘــﺴﮔ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ" ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎــﺴﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﻣﺁﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺮﮔﺍ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﮕﻧﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋﺎﻧ [4] .ﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﺷﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻴﻣﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ (^Leventhal) ﻝﺎــﻬﺘﻧﻮﻟ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ،ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎــﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖــﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ،ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ" :ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻴﺒﻨﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺥﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻲــﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﻼﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺲــﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻢﻬــﺳ ﺖﺒــﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ [5] ".ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻩﺭﺎــﺷﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺲﭙــﺳ ﻝﺎــﻬﺘﻧﻮﻟ ﻲﻣﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﺧﺍﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺪﻌﺑ ﻚﺗ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ،ﺖــﺳﺍ .ﺩﺯﺭﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻠﻔﻏ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ (Comparison Theories) ﻱﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ًﻻﻮﺻﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻬﺟ ،ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺪﻧﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨــﺷ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﺶﻨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺮــﺜﻛﺍ ﻲﻠﻛﺭﻮﻃ ﻪــﺑ .ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺭﻭﺮــﺿ ﻥﺎــﺴﻧﺍ

Cognitive) ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫﺎﻧ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺛﺄﺘﻣ ﻱﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ (^Festinger) ﺮﮕﻨﻴﺘﺴﻓ (Dissonance Theory

ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻮﮕﻟﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﺽﺮﻓ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻗﺍﺪﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﺪــﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﺒــﺴﻧ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻱﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺻﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﺎﻳ ﺺﺨﺷ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻭ

(3)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺪﻜﻳ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺺﺨﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﻪﻟﺩﺎﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺹﺎﺨــﺷﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻮﻠﺘﻜﻧﺎﻣ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎﻧ ﺩﻮــﺸﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺮﺑ ،[7] ﺮﻟﻭﺎﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﻧ ﻪﺑ [6] (^Manktelow) ﻲﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﺯﺭﻭ ﻲــﻣ ﺪﻴﻛﺄﺗ ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎــﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖــﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻲﺘﺧﺎﻨﺸﻧﺍﻭﺭ ﺖﺷﺮﺳ ،[8] (^Boulding) ﮓﻨﻳﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮــﻫ ﻪــﭽﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻭ .ﺪﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﻴــﺴﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﺳﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻱﻭ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺮﺻﺎﻨﻋ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮــﺒﻧ ﻲﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ًﻼﻣﺎﻛ ﺕﺭﻮــﺻ ﻪــﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻲﺑ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪــﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺮﻫ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﻱﺎــﻴﻧﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻕﺮﻓ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺩﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻙﺭﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﺻﺎﺧ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺕﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺎﺑ [7] (^Fowler) ﺮﻟﻭﺎﻓ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ :ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺰــﻣﺍﺩﺁ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱﻮﻗ ﻲﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘﺳﺩ ،ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﻧﺯﺎــﺳ ﻭ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺵﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ،ﺵﻼﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﺘــﺸﻣ ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ [7] ﺮــﻟﻭﺎﻓ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪــﺑ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ،ﻲﻳﺎﻧﺍﻮﺗ ،ﺕﺭﺎــﻬﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ،ﺭﺎﻜﺘــﺸﭘ ،ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺎﻓﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ،ﻕﺎﻴﺘﺷﺍ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻡﺰﻋ ،ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ،ﻱﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ،ﺵﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻛﺍﺪﻓ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺜﻳﺍ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ،ﻕﻮﻓﺎﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ،ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ،ﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ ،ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺮﺑ ًﺎﻣﻮﻤﻋ ،ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ،ﺕﺮﻬﺷ ،ﺖﺧﺎﻨﺷ ﻞﻣﺎــﺷ ﻱﻮﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺱﻮﺴﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ،ﺭﻭﺮﻏ ﺲﺣ ،ﺖﻓﺮﺸﻴﭘ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﻲﻠﻐــﺷ ﺖﻴﻨﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺪــﺷﺭ ﻭ ءﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ [9] ﺮﮕﻨﻴــﺳ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪــﻳﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺕﻭﺎﻀﻗ ﻪﻧ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻛﺍﺭﺩﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .ﻪﻧﻻﺩﺎﻋ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ [10] (^Huseman) ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ

:ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻚﻔﻨﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻫ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ " ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ" ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ :ﺭﺎﻛﺍﺪﻓ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ .1

ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﻼﻋﺍ ﺪــﺣ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﻻﺩﺎــﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪــﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ .ﺪﻧﺮﻔﻨﺘﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻫ "ﻩﺪﻧﺮﻴﮔ" ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮــﻓﺍ :ﺎﻤﻧ ﺖــﺸﮕﻧﺍ .2 ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ

.ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻊﻔﻧ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ،ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺘﻨﺳ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ :ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣ 3 . ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﻧ

.ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻱﻭﺎﺴﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺳ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ،ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻤﺳﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺶﺷ ﻪﺑ [3] ﻲﻤﺳﺎﻗ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑﺎﻧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺰﻣﺍﺩﺁ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺐــﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎــﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ،ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻞﻐﺷ ﻙﺮﺗ ﻭ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﺶﻘﻧ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ،ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﻚﻳ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ [11] ﻞــﭽﻴﻣ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪــﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻳ ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻱﺪﻴﻠﻛ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ [12] ﺭﻮﭘ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﺮﺑﺍ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺘﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻝﺎﺼﺗﺍ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﺘﺨﻴﺴﮔ ﺎﻳ ﻒﻴﻌﺿ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮــﺷ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﻴﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻉﻮــﺿﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﺮﻓ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘــﺳﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻔﻧﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺁ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻞﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻴﺘــﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖــﻳﺎﻔﻛ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ،[13] ﻦﻳﺩﺭ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺯﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻳﺎﻜﺣ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮــﺟﻭ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻮﺴﻜﻳ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﻠﻴــﺳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ (Managerial Grid) ﺖــﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻜﺒــﺷ

Robert R. Blacke & Jane) ﻥﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻦــﻴﺟ ﻭ ﻚﻴﻠﺑ ﺕﺮﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺒــﺴﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻚﻤﻛ ،ﺪــﺷ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ (^Mouton

(4)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻱﺎﻀﻋﺍ ﺎﻳ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺎــﻳ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻳﺯ :(Impoverished Management) ﺕﻭﺎــﻔﺗ ﻲﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .1 ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺱﻮــﺴﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ،ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ .ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺱﻮﺴﺤﻣﺎﻧ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻗ ﻲﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻭ ﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺶﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻀﻋ ﻦﻣﺎﺿ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ ﻲﻣ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ :(Country Club Management) ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .2 ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻴــﺴﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻲﺘﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻲﻟﻭ ،ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺘــﺳﻭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﺎــﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎــﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻪــﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻳﻮﻟﻭﺍ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ :(Task Management) ﻱﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .3 ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻲﻳﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ،ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺧﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻲﻬﺟﻮﺗ ﭻﻴﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻟﻭ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ :(Dampened Pendulum) ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .4 ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻪــﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﻮــﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻴﺣﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻥﺯﺍﻮــﺗ ﺩﺎــﺠﻳﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ،ﻚﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ :(Team Management) ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ .5 .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ،ﻥﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻚﻴﻠﺑ ﻢﻋﺯ ﻪــﺑ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﺨﺑﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﺹﺎﺨــﺷﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺘﺒﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ،ﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻊــﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻭ [3] .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﮕﻧﻮﮕﭼ ﻱﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺚﺤﺒﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﻂﺑﺍﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺩﺭﻮــﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪــﺷ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ،ﺪﺷ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻪﭽﻧﺁ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ

ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺎﻳﺁ :ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍﺯﺍ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺮــﻳﺪﻣ

؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻲﻋﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ

:ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻴــﺴﻨﺟ ﺐــﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ 1 .

؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ 2 .

؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﺐــﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻦــﻴﺑ ﺎــﻳﺁ 3 .

؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ 4 .

؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ 5 .

؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ،ﻥﺍﺰــﻳﺭ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﻪــﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲــﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﻮــﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺶﻨﻳﺰﮔ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻛﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﺒﻣ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ،ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎــﻈﺘﻧﺍ .ﺩﻮــﻤﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻐــﺷ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺭﻭ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮــﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻞﺋﺎﻧ ﻱﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ - ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻉﻮــﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻲــﻔﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺵﻭﺭ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶــﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦــﻳﺍ .ﺖــﺳﺍ (Causal - comparative) ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻱﺩﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻩﺮــﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺪﻫ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ 1386 ﻝﺎــﺳ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪﻤﻴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻥﺯ) ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘــﺸﭘ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ (ﺩﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻪﺳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻞﻏﺎﺷ ﻲﻧﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﻭ ﻲﻤــﺳﺭ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ

(5)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻱﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ،ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﻝﺎﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﺎﺗ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻥﺍﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻣﺍ ﺖــﺤﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻬــﺸﻣ ﻲﻜــﺷﺰﭘ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲــﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻜﺸﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ (ﻒﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ 25 ﺯﺍ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲــﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻲــﻠﺒﻗ ﻲﻫﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ 4 ﺮــﻈﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮــﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺘــﺷﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ﺕﻻﺍﺆﺳ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒــﺴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲــﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻟﻮﺒﻗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ،ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺯﺎــﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﻝﻮﻣﺮﻓ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪــﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ

Internal) ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻩﻮﻴــﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ 0.93 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ [14] ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ (Consistency

.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺘﺴﺑ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ 18 ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ (ﺏ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺮﻜﻴﻟ ﻒﻴﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺦــﺳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺠﻨــﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ) ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺭﻭﺍﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ (ﻲﻜﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻤﻫ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻦﻤﺿ ،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺘــﺷﺭ ﻥﺎﺼﺼﺨﺘﻣ ﺮﻔﻧ ﻪــﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻚﻴﻠﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﺎﺑ

ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺰﻳﺎﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎــﺴﻤﻫ ،ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻳﺍﻭﺭ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ (ﻲــﻜﻴﻜﻔﺗ ﻲــﻳﺍﻭﺭ) ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﻠﺒﻗ ﺖﺧﺎﻨــﺷ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺎــﺴﻤﻫ ﻩﻮﻴــﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮــﻣ ﺥﺎﺒﻧﻭﺮﻛ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﻖــﻳﺮﻃ

.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ 0.96 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺎﺗ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﺵﻼﺗ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻭ ﻲﺸﻳﺎﻤﻴﭘ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺪﺑ ﺮﺑ .ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻦــﻴﻴﻌﺗ 171 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ( ) ﻪﺒــﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﻖــﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ 0.01 ﺎــﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ،ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﻦــﻳﺍ (^d) ﻩﺮﻤﻧ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ 173.67 ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻧ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ 2.6 ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﺗ 25 ﻪﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ،ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻤﻧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪــﻨﻣﺍﺩ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ 100 ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ 200 ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨــﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ 179 ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﺵﻭﺭ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺘﻣﺪﺧ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻚــﻳ ﺮﻫ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺎــﺳ ﻲــﻓﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺮﻫ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮــﻔﻧ 10 ﺎﺗ 5 ﻦﻴﺑ ،ﻲــﺘﻣﺪﺧ ﻩﺯﻮــﺣ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ،ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻴﻣ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕــﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ ،ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻛ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﻊــﻤﺟ ﺕﺎﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻡﺎﻧ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻡﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺦــﺳﺎﭘ

ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ :1ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ

ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ

ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻄﺧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ

ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ

36 53.19

14.76 2.46

ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺮﻴﻏ 67

51.37 13.02

1.59

ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ t p

0.646 101

0.52

(6)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺎﺑ ﺐــﺳﺎﻨﺘﻣ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻗﻼﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﻚﻳﺮﺘﻣﺍﺭﺎﭘ ﺭﺎﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺕﻻﺍﺆــﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻫﺍﺮﻜﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞــﻴﻠﺤﺗ ،ﻞﻘﺘــﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻝﺍﺆﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺩ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ .ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ (^t) ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ،ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ 1 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪــﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺮــﻔﻧ 36 ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻔﻧ 67 ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ 53.19 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ 51.37 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺎﺑ (^P=0.52) ﺎﻄﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ،ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ 0.05 ﻱﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪــﻛ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻲﻣ .ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ (^t) ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺐــﺴﺣ

.ﺪﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺮﻔﻧ 66 ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ 2 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻔﻧ 66 ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻭ 53.80 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺩﺮﻣ ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ 51.13 ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ،ﻥﺯ ﻱﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ (^P=0.23) ﺎــﻄﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ،ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ 0.05 .ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻥﺯ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﻮــﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘــﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺖــﻣﺪﺧ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ -0.042 ﺎﺑ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﻔﻧ 131 ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ 0.05 ﺯﺍ ﻪﻳﻮــﺳ ﻭﺩ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻄﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ،ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺲﭘ ،(^P=0.631) ﺐــﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮــﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻥﻮــﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﺕﻼــﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄــﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﻮﭼ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ 3 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ .ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ 0.05 ﻱﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻄﺧ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲــﻨﻌﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮــﺗ ﻲﻣ ،(^P=0.995) ﻕﻮﻓ ،ﺲﻧﺎﺴﻴﻟ ،ﻢﻠﭙﻳﺩ ﻕﻮﻓ ،ﻢﻠﭙﻳﺩ ﻙﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ

ﺖﻴﺴﻨﺟ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ :2 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ﺲﻨﺟ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ

ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ

ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻄﺧ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ

ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺮﻣ

66 53.80

12.90 1.58

ﻥﺯ 66

51.13 12.92

1.59

ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ t p

1.186 130

0.238

ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ :3 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺬﺠﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ

F P

ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ 4

8.758 0.05

0.995

ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ 126

173.648 -

-

ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ 130

- -

-

(7)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺍﺮﺘﻛﺩ / ﺲﻧﺎــﺴﻴﻟ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻪــﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﺷﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﺞﻨﭘ) ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺐــﺴﺣ ،ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ / ﻲﻳﻮﺠــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ،ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺭﺩ / ﻲﺘــﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ،ﻲــﺸﻫﻭﮋﭘ / ﻚﻳ ﺲﻧﺎﻳﺭﺍﻭ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ (ﻲــﻟﺎﻣ / ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻴﺘــﺸﭘ .ﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﻓﺮﻃ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺢﻄﺳ ،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ 4 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ 0.05 ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺎﻔﻟﺁ ﺯﺍ (^P=0.106) ﺎﻄﺧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﻦــﻴﺑ ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺚﻴﺣ ﺯﺍ ،ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ .ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ" ﻪﻛ ﻝﺍﺆــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺩ ﺦــﺳﺎﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮــﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ،"؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲــﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ،ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻤﻫ) ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑﺎﺸﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ ﺲﭙﺳ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶــﺳﺮﭘ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ (ﻲﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﺳﺮﻴﭘ ﻲﮕﺘــﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﻥﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘــﺳﺍ .ﺖﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ،ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ (ﻢﻴﻘﺘــﺴﻣ) ﺖﺒﺜﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ 0.291 ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻱﺎﻄﺧ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺎﺑ ،ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ 0.001 ﺎﺑﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ^P ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ 0.001 ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻢﻴﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ .ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻭ ﺚﺤﺑ

ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻝﺍﺆــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺦــﺳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ،؟ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺪﻧ ﻥﺎــﺸﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺮﻴﻏ :ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻣﺄﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ -1 ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻮﺗﻮﻣ ﻭ ﻚﻴﻠﺑ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ،ﻲﻤﻴﺗ) ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺞﻨﭘ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻜﺒــﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺩﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻲﻣ (ﻱﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘــﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲﺑ ،ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣ ،ﻲﻫﺎﮕــﺷﺎﺑ ،ﻲﻫﺎﮕــﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﻡﺎﻏﺩﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻲــﻧﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ،ﻱﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘــﺳﺍ ﻭ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻲــﺑ ،ﻪــﻧﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺽﺮﻌﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .ﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ،ﺪــﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻪﻜﻧﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎﺑ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﻣﺍ ﻩﺭﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﮕﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ،ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ .ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻲﺘﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺕﻼﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎــﻫ ﻲﻧﺩﻮﻣﺯﺁ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ -2 ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻩﺎﮕــﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﺖــﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻢﺘــﺴﻴﺳ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺪــﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﻣ ﻪــﻔﻴﻇﻭ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻚﻴﻧﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ،ﻚــﻴﻧﺎﮔﺭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻖﺒﻃ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺺﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ،ﺶﻧﺍﺩ ﺎﺑ ﺪــﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ

ﻲﻠﻐﺷ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻱ ﻪﻄﻴﺣ ﻭ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺐﺴﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ :4 ﻝﻭﺪﺟ

ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪﺟﺭﺩ

ﺕﺍﺭﻭﺬﺠﻣ ﻦﻴﮕﻧﺎﻴﻣ

F P

ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻦﻴﺑ 4

317.699 1.954

0.106

ﻲﻫﻭﺮﮔ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ 121

162.586 -

-

ﻉﻮﻤﺠﻣ 125

- -

-

(8)

(38) 12 ؛1388 ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ

ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻘﻓﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎــﺠﻧﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻡﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ (ﻲﻫﺪﻧﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﻪﻧ) ﻩﺭﻭﺎﺸﻣ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻴﻧﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻜــﻤﻫ ﻉﻮﻧ ﺮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺭﺩ [15] .ﺪﻬﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺝﺭﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻛ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻤﻴﺗ ﺭﺎﻛ ﮓــﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻪــﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻖﻧﻭﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﻛﺭﺎــﺸﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻭﺮﮔ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻦــﻳﺍ .ﺪﻨﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﻖــﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺘﺳ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ءﺎﺸﻨﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ [16] ﻪﻴﻧﺭﻮﻓ ﻭ ﺖﻜﻧﻮﻠﭘ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ،ﻥﺁ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺣﺍﻭ ،ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻮﺟ ﺖﻛﺭﺎــﺸﻣ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﺗ ﻱﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﮔﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺮﭘ ﺮــﺳ ،ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﺩﺮﻓ ﺩﺮﻓ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺡﻮﻄــﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻩﺎﮕﻳﺎﺟ -3 ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﺘــﺴﻫ ﺐﺻﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺪﺼﺘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻋﺍﺪﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺘــﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳ ﺖﻴﻋﻭﺮــﺸﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻧ ،ﻥﺎــﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺎﻤﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺪﻴــﺸﺨﺑ ﺖﻴﻋﻭﺮــﺸﻣ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ [17] .ﺪــﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺝﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﻦﺘــﺷﺍﺩ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮــﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ...ﻭ ﻥﺩﻮــﺑ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﺖﺌﻴﻫ ،ﻥﺍﺮــﻳﺪﻣ ﺮــﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ًﻻﺎﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻲﻠﻐﺷ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺰﻧ ﻩﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻡﻮﻬﻔﻣ ﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ -4 ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺘــﺳ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻚﺗ ﻚﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ًﺎﻌﻄﻗ ﻪﻛ) ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ءﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ (ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺲﺣ ءﺎﻘﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻔﮔ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﺩﺍﺪﻤﻠﻗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲــﺷﺰﻴﮕﻧﺍ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺑ ﺲﻛ ﺮﻫ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺪــﺷ [18] .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻭﺍ ﺕﺎﻃﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻢﻴﻤﺼﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻥﺍﺰــﻴﻣ -5 ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ.ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺭﺎــﺷﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ،2 ﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﺣﻭﺮﻄﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ،ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ

ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪــﻛ ﻦﻳﺪﻳﺭ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﺞــﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﺨﻤﻫ ،ﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻥﺎﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎــﻬﻇﺍ ﻱﻭ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﻤﻧ ،ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻪﻌــﺳﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ" :ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻦــﻳﺪﻳﺭ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻩﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻚﺒﺳ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻖــﻳﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﮔ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻚﺒــﺳ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻞﻘﺘــﺴﻣ ﻥﺎــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺖﻋﺮــﺳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﺎــﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻩﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻟﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻪــﻧﻮﮔ ﭻﻴﻫ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻊــﻗﺍﻭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻀﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻫ ﺎﻳ ﻖﻘﺤﻣ ﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧﺍﺩ [13] ".ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻨﺗ ،ﺖﻴــﺴﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻨﻋ ﺎــﺑ ﻦــﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻭﺮــﻤﻠﻗ ﻭ ﺕﻼــﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﺢﻄــﺳ ،ﺖﻣﺪﺧ ﻪﻘﺑﺎــﺳ ،ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻞــﻳﺪﻌﺗ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﻮــﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﻞــﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻖــﻳﺮﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻫﺎــﺸﻣ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ،ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ ﻝﺍﺆــﺳ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻳﺁ " ﻝﺍﺆــﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺎــﻫ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻲــﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺎﺑ ،"؟ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﻭ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖــﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ [19] ﻲﺘﻨﺟ ﻖــﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻲﮕﺘﺴﺒﻤﻫ ﺪﻬﺸﻣ ﻲﺳﻭﺩﺮﻓ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻣﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺭﺎﻬﻇﺍ ﻦــﻴﻨﭼ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮــﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻳﺎــﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﻮــﺤﻧ ﻱﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺎﻋﻼﻃﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺪــﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ،ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺪﻧﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ .ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺰﻴﭼ ﺎﻳ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻜﻳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ [20] .ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﻣﺁ ﺖــﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺞــﻳﺎﺘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪــﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺱﺎــﺴﺣﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻫﺩ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻲــﻫﺎﮔﺁ

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ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﺘــﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻉﻼﻃﺍ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﻮﻴــﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻦــﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .ﺩﻮــﺷ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺴﺣﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺴﻴﻧ ﻲﻠﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﺵﺍﺩﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻟﻮﻘﻣ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘــﺷﺍﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻳﻭﺭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎــﺳ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻭ ﻡﺍﺮــﺘﺣﺍ ،ﻱﺭﺎﻛ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﻬﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻙﺍﺭﺩﺍ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﻴﺛﺄﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶــﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦــﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﺠﻧ ﺍ ﻪــﻛ ﺩﻮــﻤﻧ ﻥﺎــﻋﺫﺍ ﺪــﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺖــﺸﮔﺮﺑ ﻡﺪﻋ .ﺖــﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻳﺯﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻲﺘﻟﺎﺣ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﻚﻳ ،ﻪﻣﺎﻨﺸﺳﺮﭘ ﻞﻴﻤﻜﺗ ﺯﻭﺭ ﺭﺩﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﺖﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻞﺜﻣ) ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺵﺮﮕﻧ (... ﻭ ﺶﻳﺎﻤﻫ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﺮﺑ ﻪــﻤﺣﺰﻟﺍ ﻖﺣ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎــﻳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒــﺴﻧ ﻲﻌﻄﻘﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﺶﻫﻭﮋﭘ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺖﻳﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ

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Journal of Health Administration 2010; 12 (38)

Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Mahram B.¹ / Dashti Rahmat-Abadi M.²

Introduction: Adams’ equity theory calls for a fair balance between an employee’s inputs and their outputs. This research aimed to assess the effect of managers' leadership styles on employees' equity feeling.

Methods: This casual-comparative study is carried out in the first half of 2006 at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. 179 employees filled anonymously the questionnaires of equity feeling and leadership style. Independent Averages T-Test, one-way analysis of variance and Pearson's product- moment correlation have been used for data analysis.

Results: There was no significant relationship between employees’ equity feeling and leadership styles; but there was a significant relationship between employees’ equity feeling and the amount of information they had about colleagues, salaries, and benefits. There was no difference between employees' equity felling according to their sex, academic degrees and job-tenure.

Conclusion: Regardless of managers’ leadership style, in case staff are aware of one another income, they will be able to compare their inputs and outputs with each other. Therefore the equity feeling will increase based on which we can recommend managers to involve themselves in informing the staff of each others income in a right way. In addition, work place conditions, organizational respect, procedural justice and human dignity are such factors that affect staff equity felling.

Keywords:Adams’ Equity Theory, Equity Feeling, Leadership Styles, University Management

Assistant Professor of Educational Department, Faculty Education and Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran;

1.

Corresponding Author ([email protected])

Abstract