KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
CAP IMUOC 5ACH IMdiMG THOIM CHO VUIMG TRUIMG BO V A TAY IMGUYEIM TROIMG BOI CAIMH THIEIM TAI
HAIM HAIM, XAM IMHAP IVIAIM
Luong Van Anh^
T6MTAT
Midn Trung - Tay Nguy&n Vi^t Nam la viing dat co chtmg dac diem la khu vuc hep, dia hinh ddc, dd sat Id va thucmg bi chia cdt bdi nhieu nhanh song ngdn. Cac khu vuc ven bien cua mien Trung thucmg xuyen bi hien tugng bao l6c, gio nong, kho han, mua ldn bat thuong, tinh trang xam nhap man va xam thuc bien ngay cang tao ra nhung anh huimg cho smh ke va cu tni ciia ngudi dan. Sir chenh iScb vd lugng mua Uong mua mua va miia kho USn luu vuc kha lon. Trong khu vuc nay, tai nguyen rimg - tai nguyen nude - tai nguydn dat dai la ba tai san ldn nhat gdn k^t voi h^ sinh thai tu nhien va sinh thai nhan van ciia viing dat mien Trung trong ddi pho thien tai va phat trien ben vimg. Song ngoi gop phdn can bdng vi khi hau ddi voi di^u kien thoi tietkhdcnghi^tdmienTrung. Do anh hudng cua phat tnen kinh t6, tang dan sd tinh hinh ban ban dTrung bo, Tay Nguyen xay ra thuong xuyen va khdc nghiet ban, cong voi anh huong ciia bien ddi khi hau, xam nhap m$n da gay ap luc khong nho l^n moi truong. Nguon mrdc ngot cap cho sinh hoat nong thon a khu vuc nay dang la van d& can dupe giai quyet bdng cac giai phap de vugt qua cac thach thuc dap ung nhu cau CO ban ciia ngudi dan, gop phdn on dinh an smh xa hoi, tao da phat trien kinh te, xa hoi tai vimg.
Tirkhda: Cap nude sinh boat, Trung bo, Tay Nguyen, ban ban, thidu nuoc, tbien tai.
1 . HIEN TRANG CAP NUOC SDW HOAT NONG THON VUNG TRUNG B O V A TAY NGUYBy
1.1. Khdi qudt dac didm tinh hinh cdp nude sinh ho^t
Tinh ddn bdt nam 2019, viing ndng thdn Trung bg va Tay Nguyen cd ty Id ngudi sir dung nude hgp ve sinb gdn 92% (23% tir cap nude tap trung va 69% ttr cdp nude nhd le hd gia dinh), hong dd ban 41% ngudi dan dugc sir dung nude dat quy ehuan cua Bg Y te.
Theo muc tieu dat ra trong Chidn luge Qudc gia nude sach va vd sinh mdi truong ndng thdn tai Quyet dinh sd 104/QD-Trg ngay 25/8/2000 ciia Thii hrong Chinh phu den nam 2020 tat ea dan eu ndng thdn su dung nude sach dat heu ehuan qudc gia vdi sd lugng it nhat 60 lit/ngudi/ngdy. Nhu vay den nam 2020 nude sach ndng thdn vimg Trung bd-Tay Nguyen rat khd dat muc tieu.
Toan viing cd khoang 4.100 cdng hinh cap nude tap h-ung, cap cho gdn 23% sd hd gia dinh. Trong dd, hon 1.130 cdng trinh boat dgng bdn vimg, khoang 1.700 edng trinh boat ddng kem hieu qua vd ngimg boat ddng, chiem tdi 41,5% so vdi tdng sd cdng hinh cap nude tap trung ndng tiidn toan viing.
' T6ng CMC Thuy lgi 20
Vdi 5 loai md hinh quan ly van hdnh edng trinh cap nude tap trung ndng tiidn tai viing, gdm; edng ddng, hgp tdc xa, Trung tam nude sach vd VSMT ndng tiidn, doanh nghiep tu nhan, UBND xa. Trong dd phd bien nhat la md binh UBND xa va cdng ddng quan ly (ban 84%), didn hinh Id d Tay Nguyen, md binh UBND xa qudn ly chidm 68,5%, duyen hai Nam Trung bd md binh cdng ddng quan ly chiem 67,8%.
Ve cap nude hd gia dinh ndng thdn tinh den bet 2019, vimg Trung bg-Tay Nguyen ed gdn 69% hd su dung nude hgp ve sinb tir edng tiinh cap nude nhd le (gieng khoan, gieng dao, !u, be ehira nude mua). Tuy nhidn, chi khoang 18% hg duge sir dung nude dat quy chuan cua Bd Y te tir edng tiinh cap nude nhd le.
Cdng tac thdng ke vd kidm h-a, giam sat chat lugng nude tir cae edng tiinh hg gia dinh ehua duoe thuc bien dinh ky, nhat la tir sau khi ket tinic Chuong hinh MTQG nuoc sach va ve sinh mdi hirdng ndng thdn.
1-2-Anh hudng cua ban han va xam nhdp m | n ddn cap nude sinh ho^t
Theo nhan dinh ciia Trung tam Du bao Khi higng Thuy van Qudc gia (Ban Un du bao khi tirong tiiuy van tiid. ban miia ngay 13/3/2020), du bao hien hrong ENSO tiep tiic duy tii o tiang tiiai tiung dnh nhung nghieng ve pha nong ti-ong khoang 2-3 tiiang
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
tdi, tu khoang nira cudi nam 2020 kha nang duy hi d trang thai trung tinh:
Ve dubao luong mua:
- Khu vue Trung bg: Tdng luong mua khu vue Bdc Trung bg hi thdng 4-8/2020 phd bidn d muc xap xi trung binh nhieu nam (TBNN), thang 9/2020 d muc cao hon TBNN tir 15-30%; khu vue Trung va Nam Trung bd thang 4-5/2020 tidp tuc it mua va thieu hut so vdi TBNN, tiiang 7, 8/2020 d mue eao bon TBNN tir 15-25%, rieng thdng 6 va thdng 9 d mirc xap xi TBNN.
- Khu vuc Tay Nguydn va Nam bg: Trong thang 4 va 5/2020 tdng lugng mua phd bien thap ban so vdi TBNN cimg thdi ky, canh bao tiep tuc it mua va khd ban trong thang 4 va nua ddu thang 7/2020. Tir thang 8-9/2020, luong mua c6 xu hudng gia tang tren khu vuc va phd bidn d mue xap xi TBNN.
Ve dong chay:
Tir thang 4 den thang 5/2020, lugng ddng chay hen cdc sdng d Trung bo va khu vuc Tay Nguyen phd bidn d m u c thieu hut so vdi TBNN eung ky tir 15- 70%, mdt sd sdng thieu hut trdn 85%.
Tir thang 6 den thang 9/2020, lugng ddng chay trdn cae sdng khu vuc Trung va Nam Trung bd duoc du bao g mirc thidu but tii' 35-85% so vdi TBNN, hen mot sd sdng cd kha nang xuat hien muc nude thap nhdt hong chudi sd lieu quan trdc.
Nhan dinh tinh hinh thieu mrdc sinh hoati Khu vuc Bde Tnmg bd:
- Sd lieu du kien bi anh hudng trong thdi gian tdi la: 39.500 ho thieu nude, h-ong dd Thanh Hoa: khoang 9.000 hd; Nghe An: khoang 5.000 hd; Quang Binh:
khoang 12.500 bd; Quang Tri: khoang 12.000 hd; Ha Tinh: Khdng anh budng.
Khu vue Nam Trung bd:
- Sd hdu du kien bi anh hudng hong tbdi gian tdi la: 91.000 bd thieu nude, frong dd: Quang Nam: 10.000 hp; Quang Ngai: 11.000 hd; Binh Dinb: 6.170 bd; Phii Yen: 12.000 hg; Khanh Hda: 14.580 hd; Ninh Thuan:
4.012 hg; Binh Thudn: 23.238 bd. Rieng TP. Da Ndng khong bi anh budng (todn bd vung ndng tiidn do Cdng ty CP edp nude TP. Da Ndng eung cap do dd dam bao cap nude on dinh).
Khu vuc Tay Nguyen:
- Sd lidu du kien hi anb budng tiiieu nuoe ti-ong thai gian ti^i la: 8.000 hg tiiieu nude, trong dd Gia Lai:
khoang 1.000 hd; Kon Tum: khoang 4.000 hg; Lam Ddng; khoang 1.000 hg; Ddk Ldk: khoang 2.000 hg;
rieng Dak Ndng: Chua anh budng.
Ve anh hudng eua ban han, xam nhap man bien nay:
Theo sd lieu thdng ke cua dia phuong tinh den bet tiiang 5/2020, tinh hinh anb hudng tai cdc khu vuc nhu sau:
Khu vuc Bdc Trung bd: c6 khoang 12.300 hd dan dang gap khd khan ve nude sinh boat (Thanh Hda 9.000 hg, Nghe An 300 hg, Quang Binh 3.000 hd), cd 2 tinh khdng bi anb budng Id: Ha Tinh va Thira Thien - Hue. Sd hg bi thieu nude sinh boat tbdi diem nay co Thanh Hda, Nghd An cao ban so vdi miia khd 2015- 2016, Quang Bmh tiiang duong nam 2015-2016 cdn cdc tinh Hd Tinh, Quang Tn, Thira TTiien - Hue thdp hon so vdi eimg ky dgt ban nam 2016.
Khu vue Nam Trung bo: ed khoang 27.957 bd dan dang gap khd khan ve ngudn nude sinh hoat (TP. Da Ndng, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, Ninh Thuan ehua hi anh budng, Phu Yen: 1.170 hg, Binh Thudn: 24.787 hd, Quang Ngai; 2.000 hd). So vdi mire do anb hudng cua nam 2015-2016, hidn chi cd 2 tinh:
Phil Yen va Binh Thuan la cao hon so vdi nam 2015- 2016 (do tinh hinh ban ddn sdm ban 1 thdng so vdi nam 2015-2016), cdn eac tinh khae deu chenh Ideh khdng nhidu hoac tiiap hon (do tir nam 2015 den nay da dau tu xay dung them cdc cdng trinh cap nude tap trung ndng tiidn).
Khu vuc Tay Nguydn. cd khoang 3.856 hg dan dang gap khd khan ve nude sinh boat (Gia Lai:
428 hg, Kon Tum: 1.518 hd. Lam Ddng: 920 bg, Ddk Ldk; 990 bg, Ddk Nong: Khdng anb budng). Sd hd bj tiiieu nude sinh hoat tbdi diem nay thap ban so vdi eimg ky dot han nam 2016, nguyen nhan do mue do ban thap ban va cae cdng trinh cdp nude tai vimg Tay Nguyen da duoc cdi tiiien dang ke vd miie dd bdn vimg so vdi nam 2016. Nam 2016 ed bon 69.690 hd thieu nude CDdk Ldk: hon 35.000 hd, Ddk Ndng: bon 16.000 bd, Gia Lai: bon 8.000 bd. Lam Ddng: hon 6.690 hd, Kon Tum: hon 4.000 hg).
1.3. Mdt sd nhan xdt, danh gid
Nhimg kho khan, vudng mdc ddi vdi nude sach ndng thdn tai mien Trung vd Tay Nguyen hien nay ddld:
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020 21
KHOA HOC C b N G N G H l
Mdt sd ehinh sach da ban hanh ehua thuc su di vao thuc te, dac bidt la chinh sdch ve quan ly, khai thdc sau ddu tu, trong dd ca ban la cdc ehinh sdch ve gid va trg gid nude sach, co chd ehinh sdch vd xa hdi hda, chua lam rd chu sd hiiu dich thuc ddi vdi edng trinh cap nude do cdng ddng va hgp tac xa quan ly;
bieu qua boat ddng cdng hinh cap nude chua eao;
nhan thuc eua edng ddng vd edng tac cap nude ndng thon edn yeu, dac biet Id nhimg khu vue mien niii, vimg sau, viing xa ed trinh dd dan tri thap; edng tac truyen thdng edn kem hidu qua, edn dugc dinh hudng lai de ed budng ddn cho phii hop vdi ydu cdu mdi.
Vide xa hdi hda trong ddu tu, quan ly va khai thac edng trinh cap nude cdn cham. Ddi vdi viing mien nui, tuy da co mdt sd md binh tu nhan tham gia quan ly khai thdc nhung edn mang tinh tu phdt, cbi phii hgp vdi quy md nhdm bd gia dinh. Hien nay, ed mot sd vung ndng dan rdt ehu dgng nhung ehua nghien cim cdc trudng hgp ay de cd the chuydn giao sang cdc vimg khae. Ben canh sd it dia diem thuc hidn tdt xa hdi hda trong cdp nude sach ndng thdn la nhihig vimg khd thuc hidn, chu yen la vimg khd khan, viing sau, vimg xa, chua thu but duoc cde thdnh pban kinh td, su tham gia cua doanh nghiep edn tiidp (khoang 2%, viing Tay Nguyen cbi cd 0,3%) do su bd trg eua cde eo quan qudn ly nha nude cdn kem hieu qua, thu tuc hdnh chinh phuc tap, nhieu cap trung gian, thdng tin thieu minh bach va edng khai.
Cdng trinh cap nude tdP trung boat ddng hidu qua chu ydu tap h-ung d khu vue ddng bdng cd ndn kinh te phdt trien ban. Vdi van de hien nay, dich vu cap nude sach ndng thdn cdn yeu, dac biet cdc bd ngheo it dugc huong lgi. Viec tidn hdnh xa hoi hda nude sach ndng thon, nhd nude va nhan dan cimg lam, phat trien nuoe sach tiianh mdt thi tiardng hem nang, tijy nhien dieu nay ebi mdi thanh cong d mdt sd tinh, thdnh, d nhimg khu vue dan cd thu nhap khd ma ngudi ddn sdn sang ehi h-a tidn sir diing nude saeb, tdi day cdn nhan rdng cac md hinh nay ra nhidu dia phuong vd cdn xem xet de ed phuong thuc phdt trien ca d vimg mien nui, vimg kinh td khd khan. Mdt thuc td Id, nong dan tai mdt sd viing cdn qud ngheo, ehua sdn sdng hoac chua dii kha nang de cbi ti-a tien sir dung nude sach hoac de hr xay dung duge cdng hinh cap nude nhd le hd gia dinb ddm bdo chat lugng nude va mot han che cd htm nira dd la, chinh quyen
va ngudi dan mot sd dia phuong thu ddng, chd dgi su hd h-g tir ngan sach nha nude. Mat khac, nude ta bi anb hudng ldn cua bidn ddi khi hau, tinh trang ban hdn, xam nhap man, lu, lut gay anb hudng ldn den ddi sdng ngudi dan va ngudi ndng dan bi thidt hai true tiep kbi ed thien tai xay ra nen van de nude sach tai day la dn dinh an smh xa hgi va Id mdt phan ciia cdng tdc hd trg khan cap ve phdng chdng thien tai.
Khoa hgc - ky thuat trong cap mrdc tren the gidi da rat phat trien, tuy nhien phdn ldn edng trinh cap nude ndng thdn vimg Trung bd va Tay Nguyen van chi xu ly rat don gian, edng nghe qudn ly, chdng thdt thoat, that thu ngudn nude sach cham dugc nang cap, cdi tao mac du cdng hinh da hoat ddng gdn bet tbdi gian khau hao vd trong khi dd ngudn nude dang bi anh hudng bdi bien ddi khi hau, dnh hudng bdi chat thai sinb boat, san xuat. Van dd nay eung xay ra tuong tu d eac cdng hinh edp nude hd gia dinh, dac biet la d vimg kinb te khd khan. Chdt lugng nude cap sinb boat tir eac edng trinh cap nude quy md hp gia dinh khd kiem soat, va dac biet thdi gian gdn day tren thi trudng xuat hien nhidu mat hang may Igc nude; tuy nhien eong tac giam sat chat lugng thiet bi cdn long leo, nguoi sii dung chua hieu bet cdng nang eiing nhu cdng tdc bao tri, thay the v§t tu, tiiiet hi.
2. NHUNG GIAI PHAP CHU YEU CHO NUOC SACH NONG THON 2.1. Giai phdp cdng trinh
Trude mdt cae dia phugng edn rd soat lai toan bg cdc cdng hinh edp nude tap tiimg ndng tiidn, fliuc hidn tiianh ly, dua ra khdi danh sach cac cdng hinh ddu tu da lau, bdng khdng tiie khdc phue de giam ty Id cdng tiinh khdng hoat ddng. Cd uu tien va ebi dao cu the de dia phuong bd hi vdn hi Chuong hinh MTQG xay dung ndng thdn mdi de siia chiia kip tiioi cac cdng trinh xudng cap cdn ed kha nang khde phuc. Tich cue tiiuc bien cac du an hgp phan nude sach tiiuoc Chuong hinh vay vdn cua Ngan hang The gidi.
Su dung edng trinh tiiiiy loi da muc tieu de cap nude smh boat, ket bop ehuydmngudn nude vd viing tiiidu nude; keo dai mang ludi dudng 6ng ddn nude tang cudng dau ndi su dung nude cho cac hd dan hong pham vi cap nude eiia he tiidng da cd D' tiidi, chii hong xay dung cdng tiinh thu, trir n ^ mua quy md hd gia dmh.
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG
KHOA HOC C d N G NGHE
2.2. Tang cudng xa hdi hda
Van dd xa hgi hda nude sach ndng thdn tai viing Trung bg - Tay Nguyen can ed cai nhm todn dien ban de phdt trien khdng ehi d' vung co dieu kien kinh te thuan lgi. Cdc nguyen nhan gay can trd cho viec phat tridn xa hgi hda cap nude ndng thdn khdng the chi giai quyet bdng cde bidn phdp tinh thd, ma cd the phai tiiay ddi ngay tii trong the chd. Khdng the ehi dira vdo viec kdu ggi cac dganh nghiep tham gia hoat ddng tir thien. Cdn cd mot duong loi xa bdi hda, cdng cudc cai each ngdnh nude sach, khdng bi nham lin gida xa hoi hda vdi thi tnrcmg hda va tu nhan hda. Xa bdi hda la huy dgng su tham gia cua quan chiing, cua cdc thanh phdn kinh td. Phat trien manh xa hgi dan su de huy dgng qudn chiing tham gia vao su phat trien chinh Id dp dung truyen thdng quan diem qudn chung eua Dang va Nhd nude.
Duy tri tin dung uu dai dd thuc bidn Chien luoc Qude gia vd cap nude va ve sinh nong thdn ddn nam 2020; khoi thdng ngudn vdn bd trg doanh nghiep.
Tang cudng keu ggi hd trg va hgp tdc da phuong vd song phuong; trong do uu tien ngudn lue dd thuc hien PPP, hoan thien the ehe, ehinh sdch, tbi diem bd h o doanh nghiep vira vd nhd dau tu.
2.3. Tang cudng truydn thong
Ddi vdi nhiing viing eo dieu kidn dac thu nhu vimg sdu, vimg xa, vimg cd ddng bao dan tde thieu so suih sdng cdn ed each thuc tiep can truydn thdng phii hgp de ndng eao nhan thiic ngudi dan trong su dung nude sach, y thiie giii gin, bao ve tdi san edng, bao vd ngudn nude va ti-dng rimg cung nhu bao vd rimg.
Thay ddi mue tieu truyen thdng tir nang cao nhan thiic sang thay ddi hdnh vi. Thiie day cac sang kien mdi vd truyen thdng nham tao ra nhiing chuyen bien mdi vd thay ddi hdnh vi.
Dao tao nang cao nang lue eho cap tinh va phdt trien tai lidu truydn tiidng theo budng tiep can mdi (tiep can dua vao bang chiing, dua tren nhu cau, hep thi xa bdi...) nhdm khuyen khich ngudi dan tham gia su dung va bao ve cac cdng trinh cap nude.
Bdn canh dd edn truydn thdng vd eo che, chinh sdch nude sach ndng thdn, day manh xa hdi hda de ngudi dan vdo cudc. Thuc bidn chi dao tii eac edp chinh quyen nhdm giai quyet bai todn cap nude sach ndng thdn tai vimg khd khan, gdn vai trd ciia mdi cdn bd, dang vidn cap eg sd de phdt huy siic manh tdng
the til chmh ngudi dan hudng lgi, nang eao vai trd cua cdng ddng de xa hdi hda nude sach nong thon.
Ket hgp vdi edng tac phdng chdng thidn tai hinh thdnh ddi phan iing nhanh ti-ong edng tac truyen thdng thdng tin va each tbiie den nguoi dan dd eo giai phdp ehu dgng dam bao nude sinb boat trong thidn tai, ban hdn, xam nhap man.
2.4. Tang cudng iing dung khoa hgc cdng ngh§
Tnrde tien la iing dung khoa hoe edng nghe trong cdng tac du bao thien tai dd kip thdi dua ra nhirng canh bdo va cd phuong an iing phd thich hgp, ban che rui ro do thien tai gay ra.
Ung dung khoa bgc eong nghd pbii hgp vdi dieu kien vimg mien hong viec thu, trii, xir ly nude cap sinh boat (thu, trii va xii ly nude mua tai hd gia dinh;
thu gom nude mua de bd cap cho ngudn nude dudi dat phuc vu cdp nude mua khd ban). Do ngudn nude thay ddi vd chat va lugng ndn cdn danh gid de ed phuong an khai thac va xu ly ben viing ve mat cdng nghe trgng cap nude smh hoat.
Dua khoa hoc cdng nghe vao cdng tac quan iy, van bdnh cdng trinh cap nude nhdm tang hieu qua cap nude vd giam chi phi quan ly van hdnh, chdng that thoat, that thu ngudn nude cap.
2.5. Ki€m sodt mdi tnidng, an todn, an ninh ngudn nude
Ngudn nude d Viet Nam la khd phong phii, tuy nhien hang nam, cac sdng, sudi xuyen bien gidi cbuyen vdo Vidt Nam lugng nude khoang 520 ty m \ chiem khoang 63% tdng lugng nude trung binh bang nam. Trong kbi dd, lugng nude ngi dia tbi ty le ngudi dan duge sic dung lai thap ban binh qudn so vdi khu vuc vd the gidi. Ben canh dd, chiing ta edn chiu tdc ddng kep do bien ddi khi ban ldm cho viee pban bd ngudn nude khdng ddu theo vung dia ly, theo miia ddn den viee phdt hien kinh te xa hdi gap nhidu khd khan.
Theo nghien ciiu cua Ngan hang The gidi eho thdy the chd ve ngudn nude cua chiing ta edn bat cap. Chung ta chua cd su phdi hgp chat ehe, ddu tu de dam bao duge ha tdng vd edp nude, chinh sdch kinh te tai chinh ve nude cdn bat cap. Hieu qua su dung nude eiing d mire rdt thap, vdi mdi dem vi (m-*) nude, Viet Nam chi tao ra 2,37 USD GDP, khoang 1/10 so vdi miie trung binh todn cau la 19,42 USD.
Do vay, cdn xem xet lai cae quy dinh lam rd hon
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020 23
KHOA HQC CONG NGHt
trach nhiem qudn ly nha nude. Cdn phai lam rd ngudn lue ddu hi eho ba tang nhu quan trdc, du lieu;
van de quy hoaeh; ldm tdt co che phdi hgp vdi cde nude ed Udn quan, chu ddng trien khai hgp tac chia se ngudn nude xuyen bien gidi thdng qua hgp tac song phuong.
Nhidm vu cap nude sach ndng thdn dam bao tinh bdn viing hong dieu kign mdi trudng nude tai ndng thdn dang hi dnh budng ldn bdi cdc hinh thiic thdi het cue doan do bien ddi kbi hau, do bau qua phdt trien "kinh td ndng" gdy ra. Nen cd cac boat ddng bao ve mdi trudng (bao gdm cd mdi trudng nude) gdn lien Nhd nude, doanh nghiep vd cde cdng ddng ndng thdn. Kinb nghiem cua mdt sd nude hen thd gidi cho thay, neu giao vide bao ve mdi trudng cho cac td chirc ndng dan thi cd the bien viec bao ve mdi truong trd thdnh nhiing boat ddng kinb te tao viec lam va thu nhap cho ndng dan. Tang cudng cdng tdc Idem tra, gidm sdt cua co quan quan ly nhd nude, cdng ddng trong quan ly chat thai eua san xuat ra mdi tnrdng nude, phdt buy su phat giac tir cdng ddng.
Vdd dac thii viing Trung bd, Tay Nguyen cd dia hinh ddc, dd sat Id va thudng bi chia cat bdi nhieu nhdnh sdng ngdn, ede khu vuc ven bien cua midn Trung thudng xuyen bi bidn tugng bao ldc, gtd ndng, khd ban, mua ldn bat thudng, tinh trang xam nhap man vd xam thuc bien nen can quan tam den vide thu, trii nude nggt tir nude mat qui md hd gia dinh, thdn dp, xa huydn va thu tiii nude mua tai hd gia dinb phuc vu cap nude smh hoat cho miia khd.
2.6. Ciing cd cdng tde quan ly van hdnh cdng trinh cdp nude n6ng thdn, an todn cap nuac hO gia dinh
Cdn ddnh gia diing ddn edng tdc quan ly van bdnh edng trinh cap nude tap hung nong thdn tai vimg Trung bd vd Tay Nguyen de ed phuong thirc, md hinh quan ly van hdnh phii hgp, dac biet la tai nhihig viing sau, vimg xa, vung dan tdc thieu sd de van bdnh hieu qua cdng hinh, tranh tinh hang lang phi ngudn ddu tir trong khi dan thidu nude.
Tang cudng kiem tra, gidm sdt viee thuc bien Cbi till sd 35/CT-Trg ngay 27/12/2016 eua Thu tudng Chinh phii, trong dd tap tiling hoan thdnh vide giag quan ly van bdnh cdng hinh cdp nude cho don vi cd du nang lire, tiiuc hien hoac dd xuat ca ehe tiiue
bidn trg cap gia nude theo Quyet dinh sd 131/2009/QD-Trg ngay 02/11/2009.
Tang cudng cdng tdc Idem tra. gidm sat tinh hinh quan ly cac cdng trinh cap nude tap tnmg ndng thdn tai ede dia phuong; don ddc cdng tac sira ehira, nang cap, nang eao hidu qua boat dgng eua cdng trinh.
Day manh vide rd soat, didu chinh khung gia nude dam bao thu du cbi phi van hanh cdng hinh cap nude tap trung ndng thdn;
Xay dung vd trien khai thuc hien de an tai ca cau, chuyen doi tir md binh quan ly khong bieu qua sang mo hinh quan ly hieu qua. Lira chon md hinh qudn ly, van hdnh phu hgp vdi quy md edng trinh, dieu kien dia phuong va thdng nhat theo Thdng tu 54/2013/TT-BTC ngay 04/5/2013 vd Thdng tu 76/2017/TT-BTC ve sua ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu eua Thdng hi sd 54/2013/TT-BTC ngay 04/5/2013 cua Bd Tai chinh quy dinb vide quan ly, sir dung va khai thac cdng trinh cap nude sach ndng thdn tap trung.
Tang cudng kidm tra, gidm sat vide thuc hidn cap nude an toan vd chat lugng nude nhdm phat bidn, ddnh gia vd ed bien phdp ngan ngira, cai thien kip thdi cde nguy ea, riii ro den chat lugng nude an uong, sinh hoat cho ngudi dan.
Phat hien nude sach ndng thdn ben vting hong didu kien anb hudng cua ban ban, xdm nhap man la rat hieu qua va khdng phai la xda bd hodn todn cdng tiinh cap nude nhd le hd gia dinh, ma can quan tam de dam bao chat lugng nude tii loai binh edng hinh nay, dac biet tai nhiing vimg trinh dd dan tri han che, chua the hoac khdng cd kha nang phat trien cdng tiinh cap nude tap tiling.
Hien nay, tren thi trudng cd rat nhidu loai thiet hi xu ly nude hg gia dinh duge gidi thieu vdi nhidu cdng nghe cd the xir ly tiiet de eac van dd d nhidm ti-ong ngudn nude, tuy nhien, dang tiueu giai phdp tong the hong cdng tac quan ly chdt luong nude eho mang cap nude nhd le nay. Nude sach ndng tiidn cdn bo sung cac thd ehe dua vao cdng ddng nhu hop tac xa va cac to chiic nghd nghiep ciia nong dan de phu h-ach viec eung cap cde djch vu cdng.
2.7. Tang cuong giai p h ^ giam nh? thifin tai
^d giai phap tivdc mdt
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - T H A N Q 8/2020
KHOA HOC CONG NGHE
Thudng xuyen td chiic theo doi, cap nhat sdt thdng tin du bdo khi tuong, thuy van; cung cap thdng tin du bdo ngudn nude va khuyen cdo xay dung kd hoach su dung nude dd cac dia phuong chu ddng thuc bien eac giai phdp img phd vdi ban ban, thieu nude, xam nhap man. Xay dung hch didu tiet ede hd ehira thuy dien dd phue vu thuy lgi khi xay ra ban ban, tbidu nude, bao dam uu tien ngudn nude phue vu cap nude sinh boat cho nguoi dan. Td chiic cac doan cdng tac kidm ha, ehi dao. hudng ddn edng tac phdng. chdng ban ban, thieu nude, xam nhap man, bao dam cap nude sinh boat va san xuat.
Xdy dimg phuong an, kd hoaeh phong, chdng ban ban, thieu nude cho san xuat ndng nghidp va dan sinh tiieo cae kich ban; ti-ong dd, ed kich ban tinh hinh ban hdn, tiiieu nude tuong duong nam han nang 2015-2016.
Tang cuong tieh trii nude vd thuc hien cac giai phdp thuy lgi nhu nao vet cira lay nude, he thdng kenh muong, ddo ao, gieng, ddp dap tam ngan man, lap dat ham bom da chidn da giup khoi thdng ddng chay, tan dung khai thac tdi da ngudn nude de ddnh cho sinh boat, chan nudi, tuoi de duy tri eho cay trdng can cd gia hi kinh td cao.
Ve giai phap lau dai
Tang cudng nang luc giam sdt, du bdo ngudn nude, xam nhap man, ddu tu ldp dat thiet bi giam sat tu ddng de kip thdi thdng tin, ehu ddng tridn khai cdc bien phdp ung pho phii hop vdi timg giai doan, nhat la ung phd vdi tdc ddng ciia thdi tiet cue doan;
Cap nhat, didu chinh quy hoach tdng thd, quy hoach thuy lgi phue vu cbuyen doi co can sdn xuat ndng nghiep, thich img vdi bien ddi kbi bau, tinh hinh ban han, thidu nude, xam nhap man; dieu chinb CO cau san xuat, theo hudng chuyen dich miia vu, co can eay hdng, vat nudi, thuy sdn de phu hgp vdi didu kien ngudn nude, bao dam hieu qua kinh te va an smh xa hdi. Ra soat, dd nghi uu tien ngudn luc ddu tu xdy dung cde he thdng thuy loi, dac biet la edng trinh cdp nude, ngan man.
2.8. Giai phdp co chd chinh sdch
Nhd nude can ed chinh sach phat tridn nude saeb ndng thdn toan dien, khdng ehi tap trung vao khau ddu tii. Phat trien nude saeb ndng thdn edn ed suvao cudc cua hdu bet cae bg nganh, dja phuong va cua nhan dan. Do vay can thuc bien ddng bg nhirng giai phap nhu: Hoan thidn he tiidng td chuc quan ly:
To chirc quan ly nha nude; td chirc don vi su nghiep lam edng tac nude sach; td cbiic quan ly, khai tiiae cdng trinh edp nude sach ndng thdn; hoan tiiidn co ehe ehinh sach: Ddi tde edng tu linh vue nude sach;
chuyen ddi md bmh quan ly, khai thdc cdng trinh cap nuoc ndng thdn; gid tidu thu nude sach, tin dung ddi vdi nude sach; cap nude bd gia dinb; tang cudng dau tu linh vue edp nude nong thdn: Xa hgi boa, bd trg cua Nha nude; nang cao hieu qua quan ly, vdn hanh cdng trinh cap nude tap trung; nang cao chat lugng nude ciia edng trinh cap nude bd gia dinb; dp dung khoa hoc cdng nghd xu ly nude, quan ly cap nude, chdng that thoat nude sach; tap huan, ddo tao, thdng tin va truyen thdng bieu qua; tiiue hidn hgp tde qudc te.
Nhd nude cdn hd trg vide tang cudng nang lue cho ede cdng ddng ndng thdn de ndng dan cd thd tham gia ddng gdp, quan ly va bao ve edng trinh cap nude sach ndng thdn. Xay dung cac the ehe ndng thdn dua vao cdng ddng, hgp tac xa va cdc td cbiic nghd nghiep cua ndng dan. Cdn cd su tong ket, ddnh gid nhan rdng nhiing hoat ddng hieu qud d ndng thdn, tu van quan ly cdng trinh cap nude, xu ly nude bieu qua, sdm ed nhung md binh edng ddng quan ly phii hgp vdi didu kien dan sinh kinh td xa hdi dia phuong, gdp phan dam bdo an sinh xa hdi, ngudi quan ly, van hdnh gan bd lau bdn vdi cdng viec va ngudi dan gdn bd vdi ndng thdn./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Ndng nghiep vd PTNT, 2020. Bdo edo Thu tu'dng Chinb phu ve nguy eo ban ban, tiiieu nude d khu vue Trung bd va Tay Nguyen trong tbdi gian edn lai cua mua khd 2019-2020.
2. Cdng Thdng tin Chinh phii.
bttps://media.zalo.me/detail/1804841377504511303
?zl3rd=815789662550058820&id=bce60U268578109d 846&zarsre=4&fbelid=lwAR2R94bIjaWFnHkaAAdU4 rNgGJenhlelprBXB92NrZv7BkkYvtbuBwbo5iE
3. Trung tam Qudc gia Nude saeb vd VSMT ndng thdn, 2018. Bao cao bien trang quan ly van hanh cdng trinh cap nude sach ndng thdn.
4. Trung tam Qudc gia Nude saeb va VSMT ndng thdn, 2018. Bao cao boat ddng rd scat, danh gid md binh cap nude tap trung ndng thdn (thudc de an 712).
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020 25
KHOA HOC CONG NGHl
5. Trung tam Qude gia Nude saeb vd VSMT 6. Sd-Ndng nghidp va PTNT cdc tinh vung Trung ndng thdn, 2019. Bdo cdo tiiam luan vd ket qua thuc bd - Tay Nguyen, 2019. Bg chi sd nuoc sach ndng hien chi tieu ve cap nude sinb boat ndng thdn tai cae thdn nam 2019.
dia phuong sau 10 nam thuc hien Chuong trinh MTQG xay dung ndng thdn mdi.
RURAL CLEAN WATER SUPPLY FOR REGIONS OF CENTRAL AND CENTRAL HIGHLANDS IN THE CONTEXT OF NATURAL DISASTER, DROUGHT AND SALINE INTRUSION
Luong Van Anh Summary
The Central Region - The Cential Highlands of Vietaam is characterized by narrow areas, poor nutrition soil, sloping terrain, easy to be erosion and often divided by many short tributanes. Coastal areas in the Central region are frequently affected by cyclones, hot winds, drought, unusual heavy rains, saline intrusion and sea erosion which are increasingly creating continuous impacts on livebhoods and the settiement of the residents. In the regions, the difference m rainfall dunng the rainy and dry seasons is quite large (2-4 times). Forest resources, water resources and land resources are the three biggest assets associated with the natural ecosystem and human ecology in disaster response and sustamabie development Besides, rivers also contribute to micro-climate balance to severe weather conditions of the Central region. Due to the impact of climate change, droughts m the Central and Central Highlands are occurring more frequently and more severely. The combination of saline mtmsion, rapid economic development and population growth is putting significant pressure on the envu"onment. Therefore, the domestic water supply for these areas is an important issue that needs to be addressed at the same time with giving solutions to overcome the challenges of chmate change and pressure on the environment to meet the basic needs of the people, contributing to social security stability and creating momentum for the development of economic sectors in the region.
Keywords: Domestic water supply, CenUal region. Central Highlands, drought, water shortage, natural disasters.
Ngudi phan bi^n: TS. Nguydn Dinh Nmh Ngdy nh§n bdi: 5/6/2020
Ngdy thdng qua phdn bidn: 7/7/2020 Ngdy duy$t dang: 14/7/2020
26 NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG THON - KY 1 - THANG 8/2020
