TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI SO 12(160)-2011 49
BAN S A C VAN H O A CUA NGU^QI KHMER NAM BO
•
QUA DAN C A NGHI Lt O A M CU'OI
LY MINH TRAM
TOM T A T
Din ca nghi le dim cwdi ciia ngwdi Khmer Nam Bd li nhQng bii hit phpc vu cho sinh hoat theo phong tuc cua ngwdi din. Song, gii th ciia nhiing bii ca di vwat qua chirc ning thdng thwang ciia nd de hwdng din nhiiu chuc ning khic trong dd cd chirc ning nhin thirc, phin inh. Vi vpy, din ca nghi le dim cwdi li mpt trong nhiing ITnh vuc tich tu vi phin inh bin sic vin hda ciia ngwdi Khmer Nam Bd rd net nhit. Cu thi li nin vin hda ndng nghiep gin bd mat thiit vdi tw nhien vi mang dim diu in Phit giio. Song song dd, chiing ta cdn ed thi bit gap bin sac vin hda cdng ddng khi rd qua Idi ca vi ci trong qui trinh dien xwdng ciia nd.
1, N^N VAN HOA NONG NGHIEP G A N GOI V O I TU NHIEN
Vilt v l dan ea nghi l l cua ngudi Khmer, Huynh Ngoc Trang nhan djnh "Trong moi le tiit diu cd dien xwdng nhirng bii din ca nghi le. Dd li thinh phin hiru ca cua nghi le vi cung li nhung tw lipu ngdn tir biiu hipn mdi quan hp giu'a con ngwdi vdi tw nhien" (Trudng Luu, 1993, tr. 182), M l i quan he tren ed tfnh t i t y l u bdi la mOt tOe ngudi sinh sing tai ILPU vyc sdng CLPU
L9 Minh Tram, Trudng Phi thOng Trung hpc chuydn Nguyen Thj Minh Khai, Sdc Trang,
Long, ngay tCp thdi xa xua ddi sing eua ngudi Khmer da gan liin vdi hogt ddng ndng nghiep, vdi dong ruOng, sdng ngdi, kenh rgeh. Chinh diiu kien song da hinh thanh nen nhu-ng gia tri van hda dac sic, tieu bilu cho cu dan nai day. Van hda dd cd t h l k l d i n nhu van hda cua sy thich nghi vdi moi trudng sing; van h6a cua sy d i i phd trudc nhQ-ng biln ddng cua ty nhien; van hda cua sy khai thac va SLP dgng cae diiu kien ty nhidn,,, Trong ddi sing sinh hoat, d i u I n cua nin van hda nay t h l hidn qua tinh ydu thien nhien; qua hoat dOng kinh t l ; phong tuc, tap quan va ca trong hoat dOng van hda nghd thuat.
Rieng vdi lan dieu dan ca, Idng ydu m i n va gdn bd vdi ty nhien t h l hien hlu nhu trong toan bO logi hinh cua nd (tCp dan ca lao dOng d i n dan ca trQ- tinh sinh hogt r l i dan ca nghi Id), Sy anh hudng tren Idn d i n mCpc ngay trong cac bai hat dam eudi cQng xult hidn nhu'ng hinh anh v l canh vgt, v l each sinh hoat rlt ddi ty nhidn va dan da eua eon ngudi "midt vudn"
Con sao ai con sao/An qua dom boong/Ml mo dua nhau/Canh nang digu mua/Migng lam digu nhge/Ml md dua vu\/0 tren eanh cay... {Chim sio)^'^
CuOe sing mang dam mdu sac ndng nghidp cdn dwpfc t h l hidn qua nhCpng Id vat eudi xin,
6ng ba chf bao/Phong tue tap quan/Trai cay du logi/Ol cung t l tidn/Trai tham.
50 LY MINH T R A M - BAN SAC V A N H O A C O A N G U ' O I KHMER.
mdng cgt/Sdm bd, s l u ridng, xodi, chuli, du du,,. {Hii trii ciy - sip trii ciy).
(y ddy, tiing hdt nghi l l cua eon ngudi hda Iln vdi tiing hdt eua ty nhidn t h l hidn m l i quan hd b i n chdt, mdt tinh cam sdu ddm thiit tha glQ-a ehu t h l eon ngudi vdi khdeh t h l ty nhidn, Canh vdt, l l i sinh hogt rlt d i i g i n gui, binh dj l y nhu cai n i n eho tinh ydu ddi ICpa ddm chii, nay nd. Od Id mot diiu ky Ig, thu vj trong khdng it bdi ca ddm cudi Khmer. Vd ed Id vi t h l ma nhQ-ng edu hat mang mau s i c nghi Id l y khdng h i mit di ve tru- tinh, lang mgn v l n ed cua t h l logi ddn gian nay.
2. N^N VAN H 6 A D A M MAU SAC PHAT
GlAO
Oa s l ding bao Khmer Nam BO la tin d l eua Phat giao Nam tdng, Mdi thanh vidn trong cdng ding ngay tCp thud nhd da duge giao dgc va ren luyen l l i sing, each lam vige theo eon dudng ma du-c Phgt ehf ddn tu-c tfch IQy phuc dCpc d l 6w(?c sieu thoat v l cdi Niit ban, Hg quan nigm rlt dan gian di ehua lam phudc cQng nhu lam ruOng, lam nhilu duge phudc nhilu va ngugc Igi, Sy da dgng, phong phu cua ddi sing tam linh vdi nilm tin vd hg thing gido ly ran dgy eon ngudi dn ngay, d thing 6k 6wpfc sidu thoat trd thanh thuin phong my tge eua ea dan tge, NhQ-ng phlm chit, du-c tfnh quy bau do ed t h l tim thiy b i t eu- dau trong ddi sing sinh hogt xa hOi cua ngudi Khmer,
Rieng g ITnh vyc van hge dan gian ma eg t h l vdi t h l logi dan ea, v l n la tiing ndi phat ra tu- trai tim eua nhu-ng con ngudi ludn hudng d i n dgo, nOi dung t i t y l u cua nd cung hudng d i n nhO'ng diiu ma du-c Phgt chl dgy. Bang ehCpng la vige d l eao.
ea nggi Idng bilt an dng ba, cha mg.
Cdng cha nhu nui Thai San/Nudi dudng cd mg Iln con/Khdng nggi gian khd/Vi con md hy sinh.., {Cit hoa cau).
Khdng nhQ-ng t h l , d i u I n Phdt gido d cac bdi ddn ea nghi l l cdn t h l hign rd qua y nidm v l duydn s l cOng nhu kilp ludn hii.
Anh d XCP xa/Rit nhd d i n em/Duydn tinh kilp trude/Trdi da djnh sIn/Trdi sinh ra em/ o l anh thuang nhd,,, {Dwa sinh le).
Vdi sy hign dign cua nhQ-ng t u tudng, tri^t ly Phdt giao trong eac bai ea nghi l l ddm eudi chung ta ed t h l thiy ring trong mOt chCpng myc nao dd Phgt giao Nam tdng da gdp phin bao t i n va phat huy truyin thing van hda eua dan tdc Khmer. Dgc bigt, Phat giao cdn cd vai trd quan trqng trong vide giao due, hinh thanh nhan each, dao du-c cua ngudi Khmer. Rieng vdi logi hinh nghe thugt dan gian nhu dan ca nghi li dam eudi, nhu-ng d i u I n Phgt giao luu lai trdn mdi Idi ca da lam eho logi hinh ndy mang mOt net ve rieng, r l t linh thieng, trang trgng, khdng kem phin thu vj so vdi cac logi hinh dan ea dam cudi eua cac dan tOe khae.
3. NET V A N H 6 A CONG D O N G
Ngudi Khmer cd ban s i c van hda cpng ding tren tinh t h i n tinh lang nghTa xom binh ding, dan chu, Tinh cgng ding thi hign trong cae m l i quan hg san xult, quan hg xa hgi, quan hg gia dinh; trong sinh hogt van hda tdn giao tin ngugng dan gian cung nhu trong nghi le dam cudi, mpt trong nhu-ng nghi le quan trqng cua do-i ngudi, Tuy dam eudi duge t l ehCpc tgi mot gia dlnh eg t h l nhung khdng khf nhOn nhjp dudng nhu lan tda ea trong phum sdc. Moi ngudi du duge mdi hay khdng diu ty
LY M I N H T R A M - BAN SAC VAN HOA COA NG\J(y\ KHMER,,, 51
nguygn d i n nha ed dam 6k giup 6d, ca hat chung vui cung gia dinh, Ndi ridng v l cac bai ca nghi Id dam eudi, Idi ea vd hinh thLPC didn xudng eua nd t h l hign dgc trung van hda nay kha rd net.
Vidu:
Xin kinh chdo t i t ca/Hg hang g i n ben mg/Hg hang xa ben cha/Cd ca dng Maha/Va ea ngudi ehu rl/Oi, gid lanh da din/Hay chuIn bi mung mIn/Minh cung dua vua di/Oi, vua di vua di/Vua di phai ed nhgc,.. {Dwa sinh li).
Ldi bai hat da phin nao phan anh khdng khi nhOn nhjp, ddng due eua ngdy d i u hdn l l , Vd diiu nay dugc t h l hien rd net hgn, sinh dOng han d qua trinh didn xudng cua nd, Cg t h l , ngoai d i i tugng diln xudng chinh la nghe nhan dan gian tryc tilp hat cac bai ea cdn ed nghe nhdn mua minh hga, dOi ngu nhu-ng ngudi chai nhgc eg c l truyin va thdm ehi ca dam ddng ngudi thudng thCpc vdi du thdnh phin, vai v l , Ngdy nay, tuy nhilu hinh thCpc sinh hogt mang tinh dac trung van hda da biln mit hoac khdng cdn giQ- nguyen dgng nhu trudc nhung tinh eOng ding do khdng hoan toan m i t di trong y thCpc ngudi dan, Ly giai tfnh cOng dong trdn, cd t h l dya vao tam thCpc cua chfnh ngudi dan nai day v l vln d l hdn nhan, gia dinh, Thyc t l , dam cudi e l truyin eua ngudi Khmer 6wpfc t l chLPC vdi nhilu nghi thCpc phu-e tgp nhung mdi nghi thCpc d i u tiim I n y nghTa t i t dgp, ft nhlt la eho cudc hdn nhan. Ngudi Khmer rlt xem trgng Id cudi, va eoi l l eudi khdng dan thuin la mot hinh thu-c thdng bao
"thdng tin" eho moi ngudi bilt sy kign hai ngudi tCp nay la vg ching ehinh thu-c ma cdn chu-a dyng nhQ-ng trilt ly sing, nhQ-ng gia tri xa hOi, nhQ-ng nhdn t l dgo du-c vdi
mOt hinh thCpc diln xudng ting hgp. Nd khdng la vige eua mOt ea nhan ai hoge eua rieng mOt gia dinh nao ma la uy tin, danh dy, vj t h l cua hai gia dinh va cua ea ddng hg, Khdng nhu-ng vgy, nd cdn lidn quan d i n nhilu m l i quan hg xa hOi khae nhu quan hd sui gia, quan hg bing hQ-u, Bdi t h l dCi giau hay nghdo, ngudi Khmer d i u mong muln va e l gIng lam eho dugc dam cudi trang trgng. Hign nay, tuy thdi gian t l chCpc mOt dam cudi chf cd hai ngay nhung thyc t l mgi ngudi trong gia dinh, ho hang, phum sdc da tgp trung 6k chuIn bj su-a sogn nha cu-a, d l dac, dyng rgp, lam banh... tu- rlt sdm, Khi dam cudi chinh thu-c bit d i u , moi ngudi trong khIp phum keo d i n dy tide vdi kha nhilu mgc dieh khac nhau, Chinh khdng khi l y da e l kit cae thanh vien trong eOng ding, lam eho m l i quan he v l n ed nay them bin chgt theo thdi gian,
Tdm Igi, dan ca nghi Id dam cudi eua ngudi Khmer khdng chf la phuang tign phuc vg cho nghi thu-c hdn Id ma nd cdn phan anh nhilu m i l quan he, ca each thCpc u-ng XLP va hogt dpng tdn giao... eua mOt eOng dong ngudi, TCPC phan anh mOt l l i van hda eua ding bao Khmer. Oilu nay cQng that gilng nhu Idi nhgn djnh eua N,V.
Gdgdn khi ndi v l dan ea Nga: "Din ca li Ijch sir nhin din sinh dpng, sing Ipn, diy miu sac vi sw that..." (Nguyin Bich Ha, 2008, tr. 232). •
CHU THiCH
^^' Bdi hdt Chim sio dugc hdt trong nhilu l l cudi cua ngudi Khmer, cg thl khi tiln hdnh nghi le Cit tde (Cach sork).
(Xem tiip trang 24)
