Chu Thdnh Huy vo Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGH$ 109(09): 161-166
DE XUAT MO HiNH PHAT TRifeN DU LICH DV*A VAO C Q N G DONG T^I CAC DI SAN THE GI6I 6 VIET NAM
Chu Thdnh Huy'", Trdn Dire Thanh' 'Tru&ng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc - DH Thai Nguyen;
'Tru&ng Dgi hgc KHXHNV. DHQG Ha NQI TOM T A T
Trgn CO sd phdn tich ddc diem kinh le, chinh irj - xS h^i ciia Vi^t Nam hifn nay, nhdm tdc gid dd dl xudt cdch lilp c|ln cgng d^ng trong phdt friln du lich cpng dong tai cdc di san vat thi thi gidi lai Viet Nam. Dd Id vi^c nhdn manh vai frd ciia chinh quyen dia phuang nhu mpt hgp phan co hiJu cua cpng ddng. TrSn ca sd dd, nhdm tdc gid da de xual xay dyng hai mo hinh du lich dua vdo cong ddng img vdi hai nhdm di sdn cua Ihl gidi lai Viet Nam (di sdn lu nhien vd di san vdn hod vat the).
Trong cdc mo hinh ndy, su van hdnh cua h? thong c6 dpng lyc tir moi quan he ve chi dao, gidm sat, hgp tdc, canh franh vd chia se lgi ich.
Tir khod: Du lich cgng dong, Du Ijch, Cong dong, Di sdn. Mo hinh du lich DAT VAN DE
Du lich dya vao cdng ddng hay du lich cdng ddng la cdch thiic phat frien du lieh ma d dd ngudi dan dia phuong duge tham gia tryc tiep vdo viec xay dung, quan ly, dieu hanh cac hoai dpng dii lich, fruc tiep tham gia cung cap cdc sdn pham du Ijch va dupc nhan thu nhap tu nhirng hoat ddng dd.Viet Nam co nhieu dieu kien de phat frien loai hinh du Ijch nay dua fren ngudn tai nguyen du Ijeh phong phu, dac biet la eae di sdn da dugc UNESCO cong nhgn la di sdn the gidi. Tinh din Ihdi dilm hien tai (thang 2/2013), Viet Nam da co 2 di san thien nhien (vinh Ha Long, Vudn Qudc gia Phong Nha - Ke Bang), 5 di sdn van hoa vat thi (Qudn thi di tich Cd do Hul, Phd cd Hpi An, Thdnh dia My Son, Hodng thdnh Thang Long, Thanh nha Ho) va nhieu di san van hoa phi vat the da dugc cong nhan la di san van hoa the gidi.
Viee phdt trien du Ijeh dua vao cpng ddng dang trd thanh xu hudng phat trien tdt ylu trong ITnh vyc du heh tai nhiing khu vyc di san, dgc biet la cac di san the gidi.
Tren thi gidi ciing nhu d Viet Nam,da cd nhilu dy an phat trien du lieh cong dong duoc frien khai. Nhirng dy an nay da va dang mang lai nhirng Ihanh cdng nhat dinh, nhung khdng
Tel 0945 374 a6; Email chulhanhhuy dhkh@gniaila
It trong so dd Igi la nhung that bgi, dge biet doi vdi cdc du an do cdc td chirc nude ngoai tai trg va chuyen giao tryc tiep cho cpng ddng quan ly.
Trong so rat nhieu nguyen nhan dan den sy khdng Ihanh cdng cua cae dy an phat trien du lich cdng ddng tgi Viet Nam, Co nguyen nhan tir sy ap dung mdt each may mdc cae md hinh du lich cpng ddng eiia nude ngoai vao thyc tien Viet Nam. Trong khudn khd bai bao nay, nhdm tac gia mudn chia se mpt sd quan diem ve du lich cdng ddng va du lich cdng ddng dae trung Viet Nam hien nay tren co sd phan tich mdi quan he giiJa cpng dong dia phuang va chinh quyen dia phuang trong cae md hinh du heh eong ddng eua nude ngoai va kha nang thay ddi nd de phii hgp vdi dac trung eua nude ta, nham muc tieu xay dyng mdt mo hinh du Heh cong ddng phii hgp han vdi dge dilm Viet Nam,
NOI DUNG NGHIEN CLfU
Ly thuyet cpng dong va du Heh dira vao cpng dong
Cdng dong la mot khai niem xa hdi hpc bao gom nhilu luyen nghTa khae nhau, Tuy nhien, hdu hit cae nha khoa hpe deu thdng nhal hieu khai niem cgng ddng tren hai phuang dien.
Thii nhdl, cpng ddng la cpng dong tinh, dugc hilu Id quan he xa hpi cd nhung dgc trung nhu: tinh cam eong ddng, tinh than cong 161
Chu Thdnh Huy vd Dig Tgp chi KHOA HQC & C 6 N G N G H $ 109(09): 161-166 dong, y thuc cpng dong.., Thu hai, cgng dong
la cpng dong thi, dugc hieu Id nhO'ng nhdm ngudi, nhiing nhdm xd hpi c6 tinh c^ng dong vdi rdt nhieu quy md khae nhau [1].
Theo quan diem Mdc-xit, cpng dong Id moi lien h? qua Igi giiia cdc cd nhan, dugc quyel djnh bdi sy egng dong cdc lgi ich ciia cdc thanh vien cd sy giong nhau ve cdc dieu kign ton lgi vd hogi dgng cua nhftng con ngudi hgp thanh cgng dong dd, bao gom cdc hogt dpng sdn xuat vgt chat vd cdc hogt dgng khdc eiia hg, sy gan gui giiia hg ve tu tudng, tin ngudng, hg gid trj va chuan myc, nen sdn xudl, sy tuong ddng ve dilu kign song cung nhu cdc quan nigm chii quan eiia hg vl cdc mye lieu va phuong tign hogt dpng [1].
Xudl phat tir cdc nghien cim ve ly thuyet cdng ddng, ciing vdi nhiing no lyc nham phdt trien cdng ddng, nang cao ddi sdng eiia cpng ddng, eac ly thuylt ve du lich cdng ddng hay du Ijeh dya vao cpng ddng da duge nghien edu, de xudt va ling dung, Theo dd, du Ijch cgng ddng duge hilu Id logi hinh du Ijch, trong dd cgng ddng dia phuang tham gia true tiep vdo viec cung cdp sdn pham du lich va dugc hudng lgi tir cac hogt ddng du Ijch diln ra tren dja ban sinh song ciia hg.Cung theo cae nghien cuu nay, hau het cac md hinh du lich dya vdo cdng ddng ddu gdm 3 hgp phan [3,4]: Cgng ddng dja phuang, eae doanh nghipp du lieh vd ehinh quyen dja phuong, Mdi hgp phan ed vj tri va vai trd khdc nhau trong td chiic cdc hoat dpng du lich.Trong khudn khd bai bao nay, nhdm tdc gia muon frao ddi rd hon ve npi ham ciia khai niem cdng ddng dja phuang va mdi quan hg giira cdng ddng dja phuong vd ehinh quyen dja phuang trong cdc md hinh du lieh cpng ddng da cd.
Theo cdc md hinh du Ijch cpng ddng ciia nude ngoai, cpng ddng dia phuong la nhung ngudi dan sinh song frong khu vye dien ra hogt ddng du Ijch, cdn ehinh quyin dja phuong dugc hieu la nhung ngudi dan dia phuong lam viec trong cac co quan hdnh chinh nha
nude cd lien quan den hogt dgng du Ijch. Mdc dil hg Id ngudi dja phuong nhung Igi bj loai bd ra khdi hgp phan "cgng dong dja phuang^
Thyc te tgi cdc nude phdt trien, trinh dp hieu bill chung cua dgi bp phgn ngudi dan Id rat tot, do vgy khi dugc trao quyen qudn ly, vgn hanh cdc dy an phat trien du Ijch, ngudi dan se ldm tot. Chinh quyen dja phuang tai cdc nude ndy chi Idm nhigm vy quan ly chung, djnh hudng vd gidm sat cdc hogt dOng theo cac quy djnh.
Tuy nhien, d^c trung ciia xd hpi Vigt Nam cd sy khdc bigt kha ldn vdi cae nude phuang Tay. Xd hgi Vigt Nam, ddc biet tgi cdc viing ndng thdn, hi xua din nay van chju sy chl phoi rdt Idn cua ehinh quyen dja phuang, va xem dd la mpt phdn cua cgng dong dja phucmg. Mat khdc, frinh dg chung ciia hdu het cdc cgng dong tai Viet Nam con thap, khd ndng qudn ly, dieu hanh, kinh doanh du lich se ggp khd khan. Vi vgy de duy tri va phdt trien du Ijch cgng ddng can thiet phdi cd su tham gia cua chi'nh quyen dja phuang nhu mdt hgp phan hiiu co ciia md hinh ndy. Chinh vi ly do do, neu tach chinh quyen dja phucmg ra khdi nhdm dugc, hudng Igi ich fryc tilp tir phdt trien du Ijch dua vao cdng dong se rat khd du> tri sy phdt trien ciia cdc md hinh du lieh ndy.
Jlep c$n cpng dong troag pbat trien du licb dua vao cpng dong tai Met Nam D I phii hgp vdi dgc trung xa hgi Viet Nam hign nay, cgng dong dia phuang nen duge hilu rgng hon, nd phai bao gdm tat ed nhiing eu ddn sinh sdng tai khu vyc dien ra cac hogt ddng du lich: cdc hp gia dinh lam du lich, lyc lugng lao dgng dja phuang phuc vu tryc tiep hoac gidn tiep cho cac hoat dgng du lieh, cac doanh nghiep du Ijch dia phucmg va dac biet Id nhung ngudi dja phuang lam vigc frong cac CO quan hanh chinh nhd nude - ehinh quyen dia phuang. Day Id nhung ngudi cd quyen lyc chinh tri. thyc hien chdc frdch qudn ly hdnh ehinh se dam nhan frgng frdch ehii ylu frong viec to chiirc cdc hoat dpng du Ijch.
Chu Thanh Huy vo Dig Tgp chf KHOA HQC & C 6 N G NGHE 109(09): 161-166
Hinh I. Mo hinh cgng dong dja phuang tham gia phdt triin du Ifch Thyc te chi ra rdng neu cdng vigc td chirc,
quan ly cdc dy dn du Ijch duge giao cho nhiing ngudi khdng cd quyen lyc, se vap phdi nhiing khd khdn rat Idn trong vigc friln khai va duy tri cdc hogt d^ng. Bdi IS, du Ijch Id mgt hoat dgng lien quan den nhieu ITnh vyc, nhilu doi tugng khae nhau. Nhung neu cd sy tham gia cua chinh quyin dja phuong nhu m$t thdnh phdn ca hiiu ciia hg thong se dam sy phat trien ben vttng cac dy dn nay. Day khdng phdi la phdt hign mdi, ma thyc te cac md hinh du Ijch dya vdo cdng ddng cd sy tham gia quan ly tryc tilp cita chi'nh quyin dja phuang dd dugc trien khai d Viet Nam kha nhilu. Mgt frong nhihig md hinh tieu bilu la md hinh qudn ly du Ijch tgi khu du lich chiia Huong (Huang Son, My Dire, Ha Npi).
Mae dil cdn mdt sd ton tai, nhung md hinh phat trien du Ijch cpng ddng tai chiia Huong dang mang Igi nhiing thay ddi tich cyc trong ddi sdng cgng ddng dia phuang.
Ddi vdi cdc di sdn the gidi d Viet Nam, viec phdt frien du Ijch dya vao cdng ddng dang dugc xem nhu mgt giai phap hu'u hieu dk can bdng giiia lgi ich phdt trien kinh tl vdi cdng tdc bdo tdn di sdn. Vdi 2 khu di sdn thien nhien, 5 khu di san van hoa vgt the, day se Id ngudn tai nguyen du Ijeh quy bdu ciia dat nude. Tuy nhien, viec lya ehpn mdt md hinh phat frien du Ijch cpng ddng phii hgp dang ia vdn de quan trpng nhdm dgt dupe nhiing myc tieu 6h ra. Hien nay, tgi eac khu di san the gidi d Viet Nam, da ed nhOng dy an phdt triln du lich dya vdo cpng ddng, higu qud ciia chiing la rdt khac nhau. Trong khudn kho bai bao ndy, nhdm tdc gid khdng di sdu phan tich uu, nhugc diem ciia cac md hinh du lich da cd ma ehi mudn de xuat mpt sd md hinh phat triln du Ijch eong ddng fren ca sd eac phan tich da cd d tren nhdm muc tieu phdt trien ben v&ng cdc di sdn the gidi d Viet Nam.
De xuat mo hinh phit trien du lich dira vao cpng dong t^i cac khu virc di san the gidi &
ViptNam
Tren quan diem chinh quyin dja phuong la mpt bd phan eua cpng ddng dia phuong, dya vdo dgc diem ehinh cua hai nhdm di san thien nhien va vdn hod, nhdm tdc gia de xuat hai md hinh td chirc qudn Iy du Ijeh dya vao cgng ddng ung vdi hai loai di sdn.
M6 hinh Id chirc du Ifch dua vdo cpng dong lgi cdc di sdn vdn hod the giai (Mo hinh A) Cdc khu di sdn van hod thudng tdn tai fren phgm vj khong gian nhd, chiing chi nam ggn trong mpt xa, phudng ndo do. Do vay cdng tac qudn iy, khai thac cd nhieu thugn lgi ban so vdi cae khu di san thien nhien, Trong md hinh A (Hinh 2), Ban quan ly du lich se la ddu nao eiia he thdng, nhan sy ciia ban nay gdm nhiing ngudi thupc co quan chinh quyen dia phuong, ban quan ly di san va ed sy tham gia ciia cgng ddng dan cu. Ban qudn ly du lich se thyc hien quyen dieu phdi tat cd cdc hogt ddng du Ijch dien ra frong khu vye di sdn, Moi quan he gitta cdc hcfp phdn duge xae djnh nhu sau: GiiJa Ban quan ly di sdn va Uy ban nhdn ddn xa Id quan he phdi hgp quan ly, ed ty le phan chia Igi ich phii hgp; Giiira ban quan ly vdi cae hp gia dinh ldm du lieh, eac doanh nghiep du Ijch Id quan he hgp tac kinh doanh. Ban qudn ly du ijch se thiet ke, xdy dung, quan ly eac san pham du lieh, va thdng qua eac hg gia dinh, cae doanh nghiep dia phuong, lyc lugng lao ddng dia phuang ban sdn phdm du Ijch cho du khdch, ddng thdi thyc hien quyen giam sat, quan ly viee kinh doanh ciia hgp phan nay theo quy djnh; Giu'a cdc hg kinh doanh, cac doanh nghigp, va lao ddng dja phuang cd mdi lien he hgp lae va egnh tranh theo quy dinh, Mai Iran td qudc dia phuong la don vi giam sdt boat ddng ciia Ban qudn ly du ijch, duge nhgn thil lao tir Ban qudn ly du lich,
163
Chu Thinh Huy va Dig Tsp chl KHOA HQC & C 6 N G N O H J 109(09): 161-166
MAT THAN T 6 QUOC, VA CAC D O A N TI-lli
BAN OUAN LY Dl SAN I I
—HS^
UY BAN NHAN DAN XA
Hinh 2. Mo hinh du lich cpng dong lgi cdc di sdn vdn hod Moi quan hi cong vi^c — ^ Dong phdn chia lgi ich Ve quan he phan phdi thu nhgp, trong md
hinh nay tac gid khdng de cap den cdc khoan ddng thue theo quy djnh vd chl de cap den viee phan chia thu nhdp tir boat ddng kinh doanh du Ijeh. Ban qudn ly du Ijch se ed edc ngudn thu: tryc tiep tir du khdch thdng qua viec bdn ve tham quan; phi quan ly tir eae hg gia dinh, doanh nghiep, lao ddng du lieh, Cae hd gia dinh, doanh nghigp, lao ddng dja phuang se cd thu nhgp tir hogt dpng eung cdp tryc tiep dich vu eho du khdch hogc lir chinh eae hgp phdn cdn Igi thdng qua hogt dgng hpp tac kinh doanh. Ban qudn ly du Ijch phan phdi lgi nhugn den cdc hgp phdn lien quan: Uy ban nhan dan xa. Ban quan ly di sdn va Mat fran td quoc dia phuang.
Mo hinh to chuc du lich dua vdo cgng dong tgi cdc di sdn thien nhien the gidi tgi Viit Nam (Mo hinh B - hinh 3)
Khde vdi cac di sdn van hod, di san thien nhien thudng cd dign tieh ldn, trdi rdng tren nhieu don vj hanh ehinh. Mat khdc khdng 164
gian ciia di sdn eung chi'nh la khdng gian dien ra cae hogt dgng kinh te ciia cdng ddng, trong khi khdng phdi tat ca cgng ddng deu tham gia phat frien du Ijch. Do vgy, mudn qudn ly vd khai thae cd hieu qud ddi hdi sy chi dao thdng nhdl tir cap tinh vd sy phdi hgp nhjp nhang eua edc dia phuong cdp dudi, dong thdi phdi day mgnh cdng tac tuyen truyen, gido due y thue bao vg tai nguyen mdi trudng trong khu vyc di san den toan bg ngudi ddn.Doi vdi viec phdt trien du Ijch egng ddng tai cdc di sdn thien cung cd sy khac bigt rat Idn. N€u nhu cgng dong dan eu tai edc di sdn van hod la khd ddng nhdl thi cgng dong gdn vdi di sdn thien nhien thudng rat da dgng, phan tdn, trinh dp phdt trien khde nhau. Hon nua, vdi dien tieh rpng, sd lugng tai nguyen du Ijch phong phii viec phdt huy ndi lyc cua dja phuong dl khai thac toan dien cdc loai tai nguyen la rdt khd, do vay tgi cdc di sdn thien nhien can tinh den sy cd mat ciia cac doanh nghigp du Ijch ben ngodi.
Chu Thdnh Huy vd Dtg Tgp chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE 109(09): 161-166
Hinh 3. Mo hinh du lich cgng dong tgi cdc di sdn thien nhiin thi gidi _^ Moi quan h4 cong vi^c _ ^ Dong phdn chia /p? ich D6i vdi md hinh B, nhin chung ve co che hgp
tdc kinh doanh cung giong vdi md hinh A, nhung cd mpt sd diem khac co ban: Ban quan ly du lieh chiu sy giam sat eua uy ban nhan dan cdp huyen; thanh phan nhan sy tham gia Ban quan ly du Ijch ed sy gdp mat eiia nhieu xa, phudng, cgng ddng dia phuong, vd chju sy qudn ly tnic tiep ciia Ban qudn ly di sdn.
Doan thanh nien dja phucmg dugc co cdu thanh td tuyen truyen bdo ve tdi nguyen mdi trudng vd nhgn thii Iao tir Ban qudn Iy du lieh theo quy djnh. Doanh nghiep du Ijch ben ngodi den dau tu, kinh doanh budc phdi su dung mgt lugng lao dgng dja phuong phii hgp. Cae hgp phdn cdn lgi cd co che van hdnh va phan phdi thu nhdp gidng vdi md hinh A.
KET LUAN
Du Ijch la mdt hogt dgng tat yeu tai cac di san the gidi. Viec phdt trien du lich du lich cdng ddng se dam bao can bang giira muc lieu phdt trien kinh te va bao tdn di sdn, tuy nhien sy thanh cdng ciia cac du an phat trien du lieh cdng ddng phu thude kha nhieu vao viec lya chpn ede md hinh phat trien. Tren co sd phan tieh yeu td cdng ddng trong dieu kien, chi'nh trj - xa hdi Viet Nam hien nay, tac gid dS de xudt xay dyng hai md hinh phdt frien du Ijch cgng ddng eho hai nhdm di san van hod va thien nhien the gidi tgi Viet Nam. Cdc md hinh tdn tai, van hanh thdng qua cdc mdi quan he chi dao, gidm sat, hgp tdc, canh tranh va viee phan chia Igi nhugn. Trong do de eao vai trd ciia chinh quyen dja phuong nhu hgp thanh phan eo huu eiia cdng dong cd quyen hudng lgi tu hoat ddng kinh doanh du Heh.
Chu Thdnh Huy vd Dtg Tgp chf KHOA HQC & C 6 N G N G H £ 109(09): 161 - 166
T A I L I $ U T H A M K H A O 3. V 5 Q u i (CB), (2006), Du Uch cgng ddng: Ly , Ihuyit VQ van dung, N x b Khoa hpc vd ky thudt, ,, To Duy Hgp, Luong H6ng Quang, (2000), Phdt Hd N^i
tnin cgng ddng Ly ihuyit vd vgn dyng, Nxb Vfin 4 gQj j ^ j Hdi Yen (CB), (2012), Du Ifch cgng hod - Th6ng lin, Hd N^i. ^j„g_ I^jxb Gido dgc Viat Nam, Hd NOi.
2, Le H6ng Ly (CB), Duong Vdn Sdu, Ddng Hodi 5. vi§n Nghien cim vd Phdt friln du lich, (2008), Thu (2009). Qudn ly di sdn vdn hod vdi phdt triin Hiin trgng 16 chuc qudn ly vd phdt triin du lich du lich, Nxb Dgi hpc Qu6c gia Hd N^i, Hd NOi. tgi cdc khu di sdn the gidi a Vi$t Nam, Hd Npi.
S U M M A R Y
C O M M U N I T Y A P P R O A C H T O D E V E L O P M E N T C O M M U N I T Y B A S E D T O U R I S M IN T H E T A N G I B L E W O R L D H E R T A G E IN V I E T N A M
Chu Thanh Huy'', Tran Due Thanh^
'College of Sciences - TNU 'University of Social Scienses and Humanities. Vietnam National University - Hanoi On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of Vietnam's socio - political current, the authors propose a new community approach into the development of community tourism in the Tangible World Heritage in Vietnam. That is the emphasis on the role of local govemment as a important component of the local community. On this basis, the authors proposed to build of two community-based tourism model for two groups of tangible world heritage in Vietnam (natural heritage and tangible cultural heritage). In this model, the operation of the system have dynamics from the relationship of direct, supervision, cooperation, competition and profit sharing.
Key words: Community tourism. Tourism, Community. Heritage, Tourism model
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 21/02/2013; Ngdy phdn Men; 07/3/2013; Ngdy duyit ddng: 02/10/2013 Phan bien khoa hoc: TS. Nguyen Xudn Trirang - Dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen
Tel: 0945 374.116; Email- [email protected] 166
