So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BCtt SONG 27
tNGOAI N G f VQl B A N NGUI
SO SANH CAU DON VA CAU DOTN M d RONG TRONG TIENG VIET VA TIENG ANH
NGUYEN Q U A N G M I N H TRIET*
TOM TAT: Cau la mgt tap hgp tu ngii ket hgp vdi nhau theo mdt quy tic nhit dinh, diln dat mdt each tuong ddi trgn v?n dimg de thyc hien mdt myc dich ndi nang nao dd. Bai vilt nay dl cap loai cau dem va md rgng cau don, dong thdi so sanh dilm tuong ddng va khac biet giiia cau don tilng Vigt va tieng Anh.
T f KHOA: cSu don; cau don md rong; gidng nhau; khac nhau; tilng Viet; tilng Anh.
NHAN BAI: 13/12/2019. BIEN TAP-CHINH SlTA-DUYET DANG: 14/1/2020 1. B | t van de
Khi tien hanh nghien cuu, mieu ta va so sanh su gidng va khac nhau giiia cau don va cau don md rgng trong tilng Viet va tilng Anh, thilt nghi can phai nhan ra trat tu cac thanh phin cau. Trong khudn khd bai viet nay, chung tdi de cap den cac loai cau don trong tieng Viet va tilng Anh, can dan md rgng va each md rgng cau don. Ddng thdi neu ra mdt sd hau qua cua viec md rong cau don qua rnijc, each khac phyc va mpt sd iing dyng ciia viec md rong cau don trong van phong hpc thuat, nhit la kl nSng viet va dpc.
2. Cau don va cSu don md r^ng trong tieng Viet va tilng Anh
Cdc nha ngdn ngii hpc hien dai cho ring mgt dinh nghia cd tinh chit ngdn ngii hoc vl cau phdi xem xet din ciu tnic ndi tai ciia no. Mdt cSu bao gdm nhung thanh td cy thi nhit dinh xip trong mdt trat ty nhat dinh va tat nhifin phai bao gdm cac tir va cac phan cua tir khi xem xet den cimg. Nhu vay, cau la don vi Idn nhat xet ve mat cau tnic ngii phap.
2.1. Khai ni^m cau dim
Cdu dan la loai can ma trong thanh phan cau tao chi cd mgt kit cdu nong cot (mdt ket cau C-V).
Trong thuc te giao tiep, phan ndng cot cd the chi bao gdm hai thanh phan chinh la chii ngir va vj ngir vdi each cau tao don gian, nghia la mdi thanh phin chi bao gdm mgt tu, "ca« dan la dan vi Idn nhdt cua mot cdu trite trong td chuc ngtrphdp cua mot ngon ngiy (Diep Quang Ban, 2004 & 2005, tr.l9) va '^cii dugc lam thanh tie mgt khuc dogn ngon ngir tap trung chung quanh mgt vi to, vd duac diing di diin td mgt su the, sir viic". (Diep Quang Ban, 2004 & 2005, tr.22). Vi dy: May bay.l Gid thdi.
Nhung ciing cd thi cd ciu tnic md rdng, trong do mdi thanh phan chinh la mdt cum tu, vi dy; Mgt dam may trang dang bay qua mat trang.
Trong giao tiep, cd nhiing trudng hgp mac du phat ngdn thieu mgt tiong hai thanh phan chinh, tham chi cd thi thilu ca hai thanh phin chinh, nhung vin bilu thi mdt ndi dung thong bao day du, vi
dy: . . .
1) Nam hdm, muai hdm... rdi niea thdng, mgt thdng.l 2) Truac nha trong hai cay cau.l 3) On do mgt luc.
Do vay, ngutri ta thuong phan biet hai loai cau don; Cdu dan binh thuoTigvacdu dan dgc bi^t (hoac dan vi tuang duang cdu).
2.2. Cau don binh thuorng
cau dan binh thuong cd the chia thanh hai loai nhd:
2.2.1. Cdu dan hai thanh phdn: La loai cau don, trong dd chi cd mat hai thanh phan chinh: chu ngifvk vi ngu. Nhung kieu ket ciu thudng gap la:
- Kieu cd vi ngie dgng tie gdm mpt hoac mgt vai dgng tir, Vi du:
* TS; Trudng Dgi hgc Sdi Gdn; Email: [email protected].\
2^ NGON N G f & B 6 I SONG So l(293)-2020 + Chim hot. + Tan phdi di ndm.
- Kieucd v/ogu-c/a/jft/i>g6mdpng tirquanhe('la', 'lam') va danh tit. Vidy:
+ lit? Id sinh vien. + Bac Kim lam ihgmgc.
- Kieu cau cd vi ngie tinh tie. Vi dy: Cai mdn nay ngon.
- Kieu cau cd vi ngu la mdt ngii co dinh (thanh ngii, quan ngii). Vi dy; Thing iy ba voi khdng dugc mgt bdt nuac xdo.
- Kieu cau cd vi ngu la mgt kit cdu gidi ngii. Vi dy:
+ Cai ndn nay ciia chi ay. + Dao nay de thdi thit.
- Kieu cau cd vi ngu la mdt kit cdu gdm tinh tie/s6 tie + danh lie. Vi du;
+ Cai ao nay rgng hai sdo. + Ong cy tdi (nam nay) bay muai tuoi.
- Kieu cau cd vi ngii la mdt kit cdu bi dgng. Vi dy;
+ Ong ay mdi dugc Thii tuang khen. +Buc thu nay cua chi Bich gin.
- Kieu cd vi ngii la mgt cum chu-vi hoac cum chinh phu. Vi dy:
+ cai xe nay mau dep. + Ba tdi mdt da md, chdn da cham.
- Kieu cd vi ngii la mdt ket cdu khu hoi. Vi du:
+ Anh ay vita di Thdi Lan ve. + Toi mai sang hang xom vi.
- Kieu cdu cd vj ngii la mdt ket cdu gom ddng tie tra thdnh/trd nen + danh tie/ tinh tie. Vi dy:
+ Chimg da tra thanh bd me. + No trd nin khd gdn.
2.3. Cau dffn mdrgng
Day la loai cau don ma ngoai hai thanh phan chinh con cd cac "thanh phdn phu". Thanh phin phu cd the phy thugc vao mot thanh phan chinh nao do cua cau ho5c phy thugc vao ca cau. Can cu vao chiic nang cua thanh phan phy, ta cd the phan biet cac loai cau don md rgng sau day:
2.3.1. Cdu dan cd thanh phdn phu bd nga
"Bd ngii" la thanh phan phy cd chiic nang neu len ddi tugng cua hanh ddng hay boat dgng nen la thanh phan bd nghia cho dgng tir. Cd hai loai bd ngii la bd ngu gan va bd ngii xa. Bd ngu gin la ddi tugng true tiep cua hanh dgng/ boat dgng, cdn bd ngii xa la ddi tugng gian tilp cua hanh dgng hay hoat dgng. Vi dy:
Hda viit mgt bite thu cho thay gido cu. (mot biic thu: bd ngii gan; thay gido cii: bdnguxa).
Vi tri cua hai loai bd ngii ndi chung khdng cd tinh bat buoc, song neu trudc bd ngfl xa khdng cd ket tir thi vi tri cua no thudng d ngay sau dgng tir vi ngii. Vi dy;
Cd thS ndi: "Hg giao lien cho chiing tdi."
(nhung khdng the ndi;"//pgwo//en cA««g/di."; ma phai ndi: "Hg giao chiing toi tiin").
2.3.2. Cdu dan cd thanh phdn phy dinh nga
'Dinh ngii' la thanh phan phy bd nghia cho danh tii, dimg de neu len dac diem, tinh chit ciia danh tir. Djnh ngii cd the la mot tinh tir, sd tir, danh tir hoac dai tir nhung ciing cd thi la mot cym tir (cym tinh tir, cum danh tu), Vi du;
-I- Con dudng mdi rat rong. + Anh ay cd vg ire han minh tdm tudi.
2.3.3. Cdu dan cd thanh phdn phu trgng ngie
'Trang ngii" la thanh phan phy cd the bd nghTa cho toan bd ndng cot cau (ca chu ngii va vi ngii) hoac chi bd nghia cho mgt thanh phan nao do cua cau. Trong thuc te, trang ngii cung cd thi la thanh phan bd nghTa cho thanh phan phu.
Khi dugc dung de bd nghTa cho toan bp ndng cot cau, vi tri ciia trang ngii thudng d trudc ndng cdt cau. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu trudng hgp, nd cd the dugc dat sau ndng cdt hoac dat giiia chu ngii va vi ngCr. NIU dugc dat giira chu ngii va vi ngii, nd phai duac nhan manh tach rdi bang quang nghi khi ndi, bing diu phay khi viet, va cd the kem theo mot ket tir thich hgp. Neu chi la thimh phin phy cua mgt thanh phin cau thi nd tiiudng khdng dugc nhin manh, hoac khdng dugc dgc hay vilt tach rdi. Vi dy: ^ .
+ Mdi ngay, tdi den cham ciiu hai Idn. + Hg rat tdt byng, tuy ngheo.
S6 l(293)-2020 NGON N G f & BQfl SONG 29
+ Chi, bang hai ban tay kheo leo cua minh, da + Mdt tda biet thu thip thoang trong litm cay.
nudi cac con khdn Idn.
2.3.4. Cdu dan cd thdnhphdnphu khai ngie
"Khdi ngii" (cimg cdn ggi la 'dl ngii') la thanh phin phu dimg dh neu tmdc hay bao mrdc ddi tugng hay ndi dung se dugc dl cap tdi trong cau. Khdi ngu cung dugc dimg nhu la phuang tien dl lien ket cau trudc vdi cau sau,
Vi tri cua 'khdi ngii' la o dau cau. Vi dy:
-I- Thuoc thi tdi xin vai. + Giau, tdi ciing giau rdi. + Chdu thi chau chiu thdi.
2.3.5. Cdu dan cd thdnhphdnphu gia ngu
"Gia ngii" (ciing cdn ggi la 'giai ngii') la thanh phin dung dl bd sung them, lam sang td them ndi dung cua cau, hoac dimg de bay td su danh gia, quan diem, tinh cam ciia ngudi ndi (ngudi vilt) ddi vdi ndi dung dugc neu ra trong cau. 'Gia ngii' cd the la mpt tir, mdt cym tir, mot cau, va tham chi mgt chudi cau. Khi ndi, gia ngii dugc tach ra bang quang nghi, khi viet, nd dugc phan biet bing (cac) diu phay, (cac) diu ndi (diu gach ngang), hoac dau ngo^c don. Vi du:
-I- Lam nhu vay, theo y toi, la tot rdi, + Chit that, tdi khong nhan ra ong ta.
-I- Ba cudi - cai cudi nang ne va chua xdt. + Ndi ciia ddng toi, m? con tdi ciing ching muln di.
Ndi chung, "gia ngii" la thanh phan dgc lap ve mat ngu phap vdi cac thanh phan khac cua cau.
2.4, Cac mau cau dan cabdn trong tieng Viet va tiing Anh 2.4.1. Cac mdu cdu don ca ban trong tieng Viet
Trong cuon Ngii phap tieng Viet (2004), Diep Quang Ban da xu li mot each kha diy dii, toan dien cac van de can luu y ve ngd phap tieng Viet; cau tnic thyc hien ba chiic nang dugc cy the hda thanh cau triic nghia bieu hien, cau tnic thitc va cau tnic de-thuyet; cung nhu mdi quan he giiia cau tnic thuc hien cac chiic nang va cau true cu phap cua cau (Diep Quang Ban, 2004 & 2005, tr.31-63). Ong ciing neu len 12 kidu cau ca ban cua tifing Viet (xet theo cau tnic cu phap - nghTa bieu hien). Dd la:
Loai 1: Cau chita vi td ddng tii tinh/ tinh tir tinh/ danh tir tinh.
Loai 2: Cau cd vi td la tir quan he dung khdng dgc lap (la, do, bang, de, nhu...) Loai 3 • Cau co chu ngii chi nguyen nhan dugc cau t^o tii tir, cym tir, cu.
Loai 4: Cau khien ddng.
Loai 5: Cau cd chu ngii chi chi phuang tien.
Loai 6: Can cd can tao "thuan - nghich".
Loai 7; Cau cd quan he chinh the - bd phan (chu ngii chi chinh the).
Loai 8; Cau cd de ngii nhan manh.
Loai 9; Cau hi dgng.
Loai 10: Cau tdn tai, khdng cd chu ngii.
Loai 11: Cau ggi, dap, khdng cd chu ngii.
Loai 12: "Cau cam than" la phat ngdn dac biet,
Quan niem cua Diep Quang Ban bao gdm nhiing loai cau cd chu ngii va loai cau cd chu de/ de ngd trong tilng Viet. Chung tdi thiy day cd thi la co sd de di sau tim hiiu, ddi chiSu giiia cau don trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh.
Trong khudn khd bai vilt nay, chung tdi chi xin tap trung vao so sanh ve cac miu cau don co ban trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh,
2.4.2. Cdc mdu cdu dan ca ban trong tiing Anh
Theo R. Quirk et al vilt (1972, tr. 342-343), cdu dan Id mot cdu chi cd mdt cu dgc lap dan nhdt.
Xet vl mat ciu true, trong tilng Anh cd bay loai cau don sau:
Loai I SVC. Vi dy (VD): Mary is a nurse. (Mary la mgt y ta).
Loai 2 SVA. VD: Mary is in the house. (Mary thi d nha).
Loai 3 SV. VD; The child was laughing. (Diia tre dang cudi).
Loai 4 SVO. VD; Somebody caught the ball. (Mdt ngudi nao dd bat dugc qua bdng).
NGON N G f &BCn S 6 N G S6 l(293)-2020
Loai 5 SVOC. VD; We have proved him wrong. (Chiing tdi viia chimg mmh su sai lim cua anh iy).
Loai 6 SVGA. VD: I put the plate on the table. (Tdi d|t cai dia tren bin).
Loai 7 SVOO. VD.- She gives me expensive presents. (Cd ta cho tdi nhiing mdn qua dit tien).
3. Mdt so diem giong va khac nhau cor bSn giira cau don trong tilng Vi@t va tieng Anh 3.1. Nhiing diim gidng nhau
Nhu da neu d tien, chiing ta cd the thay tuong duang vdi bay mau chu ca ban trong tiSng Viet cd bay kieu cau trong tieng Anh.
Bang 1. Cdc kieu cdu dan tuang duang Vijt-Anh Tieng Viet
Chu ngu + Dgng tie + Bd ngii VD: Anh ay sg trd thanh giao vien.
Chu ngu + Dong tie + Trgng nga VD: Nhiing cudn sach d tren gia sach.
Chii ngu + Dgng tie
VD; Nhiing ngdi sao dang nhap nhay.
Chu nga + Dong tu + Tdn ngu VD: Chiing tdi yeu am nhac.
Chii nga + Dong tu + Tdn ngu + Bd ngu VD: Chiing tdi ban anh ay lam Idp trudng.
Chu ngu + Ddng lie + Tdn nga + Trgng nga VD: Anh ay dat nhiing cudn sach cua minh len tren gia sach.
Cha nga + Ddng tir + Tdn nga 1 + Tdn ngu 2 VD: Anh iy dua cho tdi mgt buc thu.
Tilng Anh Kieu 7: S -1- V + C s.g. He will become a teacher.
Kieu2:S+V + A e.g. The books are on the shelf Kiiu 5: S + V
e.g. The stars are twinkling.
Kieu ^: S + V + O 3.g. We love music.
Kiiu 5 : S + V + 0 + C 3.g. We elected him our monitor.
Kieu 6:S + V + 0 + A 2.g. He put his books on the shelf.
Kieu 7:S + V + 0 + 0 s.g. He gave me a letter.
Chimg ta thiy sy phan chia cac thanh td ciia cau tdn tai mdt each phd quat cho mgi ngdn ngu cho du dd la ngdn ngii tong hgp tinh, ngdn ngii phan tich tinh hay ke ca ngdn ngii don lap. Cau trong hau hit cac ngdn ngii diu cd the chia thanh cac thanh td: chii ngii (S), ddng tu (V), tan ngii (O), bd ngii (C) va trang ngii (A).
Bay kilu cau neu tren la bay kieu cau don co ban cd nhiing net gidng nhau dac trung trong tieng Viet va tilng Anh. Tuy nhien, phan tich sau hon ta thay cd mgt vai net khac biet chi tiet hem:
3.2. Nhiing diem khac nhau
Trudc hit, vl phuong dien cau tnic cau tieu bieu trong tieng Viet, chung ta cd hai kieu cau cd the coi la tuang img vdi kieu cau SVC trong tieng Anh nhung lai mang dac trung cua tieng Vif t, do la:
Vi dy 1; Cody Id ngudi Hd Noi day! (She is from Hanoi.) Dgng tit "la" d day la thanh td khdng can thiet trong cau.
Vi du 2; Hdm nay trdi dep lam. (Today it is very nice.)
Trong cac cau tren, tinh hi lam chiic nang vi ngii chii khdng phai ddng tii lam chuc nang vi ngii nhu cac kilu can khac va kilu cau tilrig Anh tuong duong.
Mgt dilm khac biet niia vl kieu ciu true cau, do la tuong duang vdi kilu can SVOC trong tilng Anh ngoai trudng hgp cau tuong duong neu tiren, cdn cd cau tilng Viet nhu sau:
So l(293)-2020 NGON N G f ABCfl SONG 31
Vi du 3; Chiing toi bdu ong ay lam Chii tich ba khoa liin. (We elected him our chairman for tiiree running terms of office.)
^ 6 day chung ta thiy tu "bin" cd tan ngii la mgt cu (tirong duong ciu tnic O + C trong tilng Anh)
"Ong iy lam Chii tich ba khda liin" (= He works as chairman for three mniung terms of office). Cu nay cd thi lam mdt cau dgc lap dugc, va do vay can nay cd thi coi la mot cau phiic trong tilng Viet.
Do vay, tiieo mgt sd nha Viet ngu hpc nhu Nguyin Tai Cin [2;1975], ti-ong tilng Viet cd thi cd chin hay mudi miu cau don chu khdng phai chi cd bay mlu cau don nhu tiong tilng Anh.
Xem xet cac quan diem vl cac kilu cau ti-ong tilng Viet ciia Diep Quang Ban [I; 2004,2005], ta cd thi tiiiy kha nhieu man cau tuong duong vdi cac cau la biln thdi cua cac cau co ban ti-ong tilng Anh, trong do cd ca nhiing can phiic cd chita cii phy. Cu thi la:
- Kieu cau 1 cua Diep Quang Ban tuong iing vdi kilu can 1 (SVC) trong tilng Anh. Vi dy:
Cd dy dep. = She is beautiful.
- Kilu cau 2 tucmg iing vdi kilu cau 1 (SVC) trong tilng Anh. Vi dy:
Viec nay tgi Nam. = This state of affair is due to Nam.
- Kidu cau 3 tuang duong vdi kieu cau 4 (SVO) vdi S chi cdng cu. Vi dy;
Bao lam do cay = The storm killed the trees.
- Kieu cau 4 tuong duong vdi kilu cau 5 (SVOC) trong dd C = to mtinitive. Vi dy:
Nhiing tin cudp bdt hg dieng im. = Therobbers forced them to standstill.
- Kieu cau 5 tuong duong vdi ki6u cau 2 (SVA) trong dd A = P.P. Vi dy:
Gidy nay in bao. = This sort of paper is (used) for printing newspaper.
- Kieu cau 6 tuong duong vdi kieu cau 4 (SVO) holic kilu cau 1 (SVC). Vi dy:
Niedc day thung. = Water filled the pail. Hoac: Thung day niedc = The pail is full of water.
- Kieu cau 7 tuong duong vdi kieu cau 5 (SVOC) hoac kilu cau 4 (SVO) vdi O md rgng. Vi du;
Ban nay gay chdn. = This table has its leg broken. Hoac: Cdy nay la do. = This tree has red leaves.
- Kieu cau 8 tuong ducmg vdi bien thai ciia cau thdng thudng SVO, SVC vdi O va C da dugc de hda (thematized). Vi dy:
Sach nay tdi dgc rdi. = This book I have read already.
- Kidu can 9 tuang duong vdi cau bi dpng, bidn thai cua cua kieu cau 4 (SVO) nhimg vdi kieu tr^t tu tir diSn hinh cila tieng Vi6t. Vi dy:
Nam dugc thay gido khen = Nam was praised by his teacher.
- Kieu can 10 tuong duong vdi bien thai ciia kieu cau 2 (SVA). Vi dy:
Trong tu bep cd nhieu cdc chen. = There are many cups and glasses in the cupboard.
- Kieu cau 11 la loai cau dung nhu hd ngii. Vi dy:
Nam: Linh ail - Linh • Dg. = Nam: Linh (Oh, Linh) ~ Linh: Here I am.
- Kilu cau 12: cau cam than la phat ngdn dac biet. Loai cau nay cd thi xIp theo loai hanh ddng Idi ndi dua day. Vi dy:
C>i trdi ddt ail = Oh, my God! Hoac: Dear me!
4. Kit lu|n
Tren day la mgt sd dilm gidng nhau va khac nhau giira cac miu cau don trong tilng Viet va cac miu cau don trong tilng Anh. Tit nhien, khi di sau phan tich timg tilu loai cau thupc cac nhdm cau don ma Diep Quang Ban liet ke cdn nhieu van de can ban den.
Vg mat iing dyng, nhu chung ta bilt, hien nay, ngudi hpc tilng Anh tiiudng gap rat nhilu khd khan trong viec phan tich cu phap ma nhit la trong viec dich thuat. Ndi each khac, khd phan tich ciu tnic cau la dac dilm cua tilng Anh so vdi cac ngdn ngii khac. Dilu nay, trudc hit hen quan tdi su phan tich dinh nghTa cua cau, tiic la xac dinh gidi han cac thanh phin trong cdu, phan chia cac nhdm chii ngii, vi ngii, dinh ngii, trang ngii. Dl xac dinh dugc gidi ban cac thanh phin trong cau, cin phdi nim viiag cac ylu td tao nen cau nhu mao tie, dgi tu, gidi tu, lien tie, Irg dong tie, mot sd trgng tie va
^ NGON N G f & BCn SONG S6 l(293)-202g__
so tie, bdi vi chinh cac tii lo^i nay thudng cd tiong pham vi cac ylu td rieng biet hoac ±anh ngii, cum tii... giiip chung ta thilt lap mdi quan h? giiia cac tii cua cau.
Dich thuat cho phep chiing ta nim vGng y nghia cua cau, hi ngdn ngii gdc ti-ong ngQ canh va chuyen ddi y tirong do sang ngdn ng& dich khdng nhit fliilt phai dya vk) ciu tnic ciing cua cau dem hay cau phiic. Vin de cin nhat la lam sao su chuyin dich iy phai trgn y nghia. Nghien ciiu nhung mite do cho phep gidi ban va md rgng cau se tac dgng tich cue din qui trinh chpn miu ciu tnic thich hgp de chuyen djch.
TAI LI|:U THAM KHAO 1. Tieng Vi?t
1. Diep Quang Ban (2004,2005), Nguph^ tiing Viet. Nxb Giao due.
2. Nguyin Tai Cin (1975), Ngu phap tiing Viet: tiing, tu ghep, doan ngu. Nxb Dai hgc va Trung hpc Chuyen nghi?p.
3. Cao Xuan H^o (1991), Tiing Viet- Sathdo ngie phap chiic ndng. Tap 1, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi.
4. Cao Xuan Hao (chu bien) (1999), Hoang Xuan Tam, Nguyen Van BSng, Biii Tat Tuom.
Cdu trong tieng Viet, Nxb Giao dye.
5. Nguyen Van Hiep (2008), Ca sd nga nghia phdn tich cii phap,'i>i\h Giao due.
6. Nguyen Thi Luong (2006), Cdu tieng Viet, Nxb Dai hgc Su pham, Ha Ndi.
7. Tran Kim Phugng, Ve phuang phap phdn tich cdu theo cdu tnic vi tie- tham thi, website;
voer.edu.vn.
8. Lyons John (2006), Ngir nghTa hgc dan luan, Nxb Giao dye.
2. Tieng Anh
9. Anne Stibnan (1997), Grammatically correct. Writer Digest Books, Cincinati, Ohio.
10. Austin J.L., (1975), How to do things with words, Oxford University Press.
11. Dik. S.C, (1978), Functional Grammar, Amsterdam, North Holland.
12. Downing, A and P. Locke, (1992), A University Course in English Grammar, Prentice Hall International.
13. Hewings. M., (2000), Advanced Grammar in Use, ^xh Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh.
14. John Eastwood (1999), Oxford Practice Grammar, Oxford University Press.
15. Langacker, Ronald W., (2001), Concept, Image, and Symbol: The Cognitive Basis of Grammar, Berlin and New York.
16. Michael Swan and Catherine Walter (2006), How English works, Oxford University Press.
17. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2005), Oxford University Press.
18. R.Quirk et al (1972), A Grammar of contemporary English. London; Longman.
Compare single and extended single sentences in Vietnamese and English Abstract: A sentence is a collection of words that combine with each other according to a certain rule, expressing in a relatively complete way used to fulfill a speech purpose. There are two types of sentences: simple and complex sentences. In this article, the author only refers to the simple sentence and expanded one as well as compares the similanties and differences between Vietnamese and English simple sentences.
Key words: sentence; expanded simple sentence; compare; similarity; difference.
