CMo imttg Xj Mm Xsiy tfinU Idj (jfdn idi Mn ddn WtJjiim (22/12/1344 - 22/12/2015)
QUYEN CO VIEC LAM CUA NGUOI LAO DONG TIEP CAN Du6l GbC DO QUYEN CON NGUOI
TRAN THI TUYET NHUNG*
V
. uydn cd vide lam ciia ngudi lao Iddng (NLD) la mgt ttong nhiing quydn ca bdn, quan tigng cua con nguo!t^Vi vgy, vide nghidn cim lam sang td nhiing van dd ly luan phdp ly ve quyen con ngudi, quydn cua NLD, quydn ed vide lam ciia NLD Id van dd can thidt nham giup eho mgi ngudi ed cdch nhin tdng quan, todn didn hon vd cdc quydn ciia con ngudi, dac bidt la quydn cua NLD vd quyen ed vide ldm cua NLD ttong giai doan hidn nay.
1. Khdi nidm quyin con n g u ^ Quydn con ngudi cd qud trinh phdt trien rat idu ddi ttong ljch su nhan logi, ed ndi dung rdng Idn, la mdt van dd kha phue tap, da nghTa lidn quan ddn nhidu ITnh vuc nhu dao due, ehinh trj, phdp ly... Ld su kdt hgp cua cac ydu td qudc td vd ddn toe, giai edp va nhan logi. Vi vay, ddn nay ed khoang 50 dinh nghia vd quyen con ngudi da dugc cdng bd, mdi djnh nghia tiep can van dd tir mgt gdc do nhat djnh, chi ra nhiing thudc tinh nhat djnh, nhung khdng dinh nghla ndo bao ham dugc tat cd cdc thudc tinh cua quyen eon ngudi.
(1) Bp Tu phap, M^t so kien thiic ve quyen con ngu6i, tap 1 - Quy^n dan su va chinh tri, 2012, trl7
(2) D6ng Van H6, Ngudn g6c cua khai ni?m nhan quyen va diin biin lich su cua no Tap chi Th6 gicri tri thlic - Trung Qu6c, s5 13/1992
(3) Tu Sung 6n, Vk phuong phap luan nghien ciiu van de nhan quyln. T^ip chi Nghien ciiu Tnit hflc - Tnmg Qu6c s6 12/1992.
Tinh phli hgp ciia ede djnh nghia hien ed vd quyen con ngudi phu thugc vdo sy nhin nhdn chil quan ciia mdi ca nhdn. Hgc thuydt Nhdn quydn tu nhidn cho rang, "con ngu&i co nhitng quyen eo hiru do tgo hoa ban tgng nhu quyen song, quyen tu do, quyen sa hieu;
quyen con nguai la thieng lieng, eao quy vd phdi duac xep cao hem phdp ludt eda Nhd nu&c; nhdn ddn trao quyen cho Nhd nuac; vi vdy, quyen luc Nhd nu&c Id co gi&i hgn vd Nhd nu&c co nghia vu doi vai ngu&i ddn "(i), nhd tu tudng tidu bidu cho Hgc thuydt nhdn quydn do Id John Locke. Hidn phdp nam 1791 cua Phdp viet: Quyin con ngudi dd Id
"Quyen tu do, s& hieu, du^rc an todn vd chong lgi dp buc "; Tuyen ngdn ddc lap eua My vidt "Quyen con nguai do la cdc quyen song, quyen tu do vd quyen muu edu hanh phdc". Hai hgc gia ngudi Trung Qudc cd quan niem khde ve quydn con ngudi, hgc gid Ddng Van Hd quan niem Id "co the ndi gpn lgi, nhdn quyen Id quyen ton tgi, phdt trien mpt cdch tu do, binh ddng"('^\ ddi vdi hgc gid Tir Simg On vidt "nhdn quyen suy cho cung bdt nguon tie dieu kien kinh te - xd hpi, phdn dnh lpi ich ca bdn cua mpt giai cdp nhdt dinh'i^).
Thae sT, Tru&ng Phdng Dao tao vi Cong tic chinh trj sinh vien. Hoc viin Thanh thieu niin Viet Nam.
Tap chi
KIEM SAT_ /So23(thang12^5)
NGHI£H CUU - TRAO D6I Ngdy nay, khoa hgc phap ly phdt trien
da cho chiing ta nhidu can cu di dua ra djnh nghla vd quyin con ngudi ddy du hon tiong sy van dgng bidn chiing cua ljch su.
Mdt djnh nghTa rat phd bien thudng dugc trich ddn bdi cac hgc gid theo hgc thuydt quydn ty nhien: "Quyen con ngu&i Id nhirng quyen ca bdn, khong the tu&c bo md mpt ngu&i von duac thiea hu&ng dan gidn vi hp Id con ngu&i "(^).
6 cap do qudc td, cd mdt dinh nghTa cua Van phdng Cao uy Lien hgp qudc thudng xuydn dugc trich ddn bdi cdc nhd nghien cuu: "Quyen con ngu&i Id nhirng bdo ddm phdp ly todn cdu co tdc dyng bdo vp cdc cd nhdn vd cdc nhom chong lgi nhirng hdnh dpng hogc su bd mgc md ldm ton hgi den nhdn phdm, nhirng su duac phep vd ty do co bdn cua con ngu&i"(^h
Q Viet Nam, chua ed mdt van bdn phap lugt ndo quy dinh vi quydn con ngudi nhu mdt djnh nghia. Tuy nhidn, ngi hdm cua khdi nidm quydn con ngudi duge thd hign ttong nhiing quy djnh cy thd. Tai Nghj quyet ve gianh chiitii quydn duge thdng qua tai Dgi hgi Dai bidu Qudc dan do Tong bd Vigt Minh ttieu tap Itiiai mgc tai dinh lang Tdn Trdo ngay 16/8/1945 da ghi:
Ban bd nhung quydn ciia ddn eho dan:
a) Nhan quydn;
b) Tdi sdn (quydn sd hiiu);
e) Dan quydn; (Juydn pho thdng ddu phiiu, quyin ty do ddn ehu (ty do tin ngudng, ty do tu tudng, ngdn luan, hgi hgp, di lgi), ddn tdc bmh quyin, nam nu binh quyen.
Tren phuong didn nghien ciiu khoa hgc phap ly, mdt sd ca quan nghien cdu, tdc gid cung dua ra djnh nghTa vd quyin con ngudi. Nhung djnh nghTa nay ciing khdng hodn todn gidng nhau, nhung xet chung, quydn con ngudi thudng dugc hidu Id nhiing nhu can, lgi ich ty nhien, vdn ed eiia con ngudi duge ghi nhdn vd bdo v^ ttong phdp ludt qudc gia va cdc thda thudn phdp ly qudc td(^).
Phd Gido su, Tiin sT Tran Van Do - Nguyen Phd Chdnh dn Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao, Chdnh dn Tda dn qudn sy Trang uang cho rdng: Quyen con ngu&i Id quyen cda cd nhdn md khi sinh ra von di Id dd co, con quyen cdng ddn Id quyen duprc quy dinh cu thi trong Hien phdp vd phdp lugt cua Nhd nu&c nd gdn lien v&i quoc tieh cua moi cong ddn. Cdch djnh nghTa ndy phu hgp vdi hgc thuydt vd "quydn ty nhidn" cho rang quydn con ngudi Id nhung gi bdm suih, vdn cd ma mgi ea nhdn sinh ra ddu duge hudng ehi don gidn bdi hg Id tiidnh vidn eua gia dinh nhdn logi.
Vdy Id, itiiin d gdc dg ndo thi quydn con ngudi cung dugc cdu thanh bdi hai ydu td:
Thie nhdt, quydn con ngudi dugc hidu Id nhung dac quydn vdn cd ty nhidn eua eon ngudi vd ehi con ngudi mdi cd. Tuy nhidn, nhirng quyen ty nhidn chua phdi la quydn neu thiiu ydu td thd hai do la yeu td phdp ly; ndi cdch khac, cdc quyen ty nhidn vdn cd dd khi dugc phdp luat didu chinh, dugc phdp ludt ghi nhgn thi se tid thdnh cdc quyin con ngudi. Nhu vgy, cd thd thdy rdng, quydn eon ngudi chinh Id sy thdng nhdt giiia hai ydu td khdch quan vd chu quan dugc ghi nhdn ttong phdp luat eiia mdi qudc gia vd phdp lugt qudc td.
(4) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunian_rights.
(5) OHCHR, Freequently Asked Questions on a Human Rights-based Approach to Development Cooperation, New York and Geneva, 2006, trang 1.
(6) Khoa Luat Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Ngi, Giao trinh Ly luiai va phap luat ve quyln con nguai, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia Ha Ngi, 2011, tr 38.
, Tgp chi So23tlhaiigl2an5)\ KIEM SAT
Cfido mimics mim 9(gdy ihdnh (dp Qsfdn dpi nhdn ddn 'Vj^tHm (22/12/1944 - 22/12/2015)
Ngodi ra, quydn eon ngudi ludn dugc xdc djnh nhu Id nhung chuan myc dugc cgng ddng qudc te thiia nhdn vd tuan thu.
Nhung ehuan mye nay kdt ttitii nhiing gia trj nhan van ciia toan nhdn logi, ehi dp dyng vdi eon ngudi, cho tdt cd mgi ngudi. Nhd cd nhiing chudn mye ndy, mgi thanh vidn tiong gia dinh nhan loai mdi duge bdo vd nhan phdm va mdi cd dieu kidn phdt tridn ddy du eac nang lyc eua ed nhan vdi tu each la mdt eon ngudi(^). Cho dii cdch nhin nhdn cd nhimg khde bidt nhdt djnh, nhung dd lai la nhiing quydn ty nhidn ciia con ngudi va khdng bj tudc bd bdi bat eu ai vd bat eu chinh thd ndo. Chinh vi vdy, quydn con ngudi va vide bao dam thuc hidn quydn con ngudi ludn Id mdi quan tdm hdng dau, la mye tidu phan ddu cua cdc qudc gia ciing nhu cOng dong qudc te.
Lidn hgp qudc ludn coi quydn con ngudi la vdn dd cap thiet tten todn thd gidi, vdi mye tidu duy tri hda binh vd an ninh thd gidi Lidn hgp qudc da sogn thdo hang ttdm van kidn qudc td vd quydn con ngudi.
Trong bdn Hidn chuang eua minh, tuy khdng cd didu khodn ridng ndo dd cap ddn quyin con ngudi, nhung ttong nhidu dogn, muc Lidn hgp qudc da dd cap ddn cac quydn ty do co bdn cua eon ngudi. Ngay ttong phan md ddu eiia Hidn chuong da ndu ro "... sy tin tuang vdo nhirng quyen ea bdn, nhdn phdm vd gid tri cua con nguai, a quyen binh dang giira nam vd nu, & quyen binh ddng giira cdc nu&c lan vd nhd"(^K Hien ehuong edn khang djnh, cac qudc gia thaitii vidn ciia Lien hop qudc cam kit
"thuc hien su hop tdc quoc te trong viec
gidi quyit cdc vdn di quoc te ve kinh te, vdn hoa vd nhdn dgo vd khuyen khich phdt triin su ton trpng cdc quyen cua con nguai vd cdc quyin tu do ca bdn cho tdt cd mpi ngu&i khong phdn biet chung tpc, nam nir, ngon ngie hogc ton gido "(^\
Cd thd ndi, Idn ddu tien quydn con ngudi dugc chinh thdc ghi nhan va tdn ttgng ttong mdt van bdn qudc td cd gia ttj phap ly vd dugc thua nhan rgng rai. Trdn CO sd Hidn chuang, nam 1948 Lidn hop qudc da thdng qua Tuyen ngdn todn t h i gidi ve nhdn quydn gdm 30 didu, tdt cd cdc quydn eon ngudi ttdn cdc ITnh vye ddu duge ghi nhdn ttong 30 didu dd. Tuydn ngdn nay duge ddnh gid la mgt tiong nhung thanh tyu Idn cua Lien hgp qudc bdi day khdng chi Id van kidn dau tidn khang djnh cdc nguydn tae tdn ttgng vd bdo vd quyen eon ngudi da dugc ghi nhdn trong Hidn chuong Lidn hgp qudc ma edn ghi nhdn cdc quydn vd ty do cua con ngudi mdt edeh cu thd nhu eac quydn lidn quan ddn chinh trj, kinh t i , van hda, xa hdi, dan sy. Trdn co sd Tuydn ngdn todn thd gidi vd nhan quydn nam 1948, quydn con ngudi da duge Lidn hgp qudc thd hidn ttong nhidu Tuydn bd, Cdng udc, trong do quan ttgng nhdt phdi kd den hai Cdng udc qudc te nam 1966 la Cdng udc qudc t i v i eac quydn kinh td, van hda vd xa hdi va Cdng ude qudc te vd cae quyen ddn su ehinh tti(io).
O Viet Nam, quydn con ngudi, quydn cdng dan dugc quy djnh ddy du va chi tiit tgi Chuong II Hiin phap nam 2013, vdi 36 didu. Tgi Didu 14 Hidn phdp nam 2013 quy (7) Khoa Lu^t D?i h<?c Qu6c gia Ha Ngi, Giao trinh
Ly lu|n va phap lu^t ve quyen con nguca, Nxb. Chinh trj Qudc gia Ha Ngi, 2011, tr 38.
(8) Hgc vi^n Chinh trj Qu6c gia H5 Chi Minh, Cdc van kien quoc te ve quyen con ngutri, Nxb. Chinh tn quoc gia, 1998,tr.l9.
(9) Hgc vi?n Chinh tri Quoc gia H6 Chi Minh, Cdc van kifn quoc tl vl quyln con nguoi, Nxb. Chuih tri Quflcgia, 1998, lr.20.
(10) Tr3n Thi Thuy Lam, Thyc trang vigc bao d ^ quyln con nguoi trong phap luat lao d^ng 6 Vi?t Nam va khuySn nghj, 2011.
I Tap chi
! K I E M S A T - /S$ 23 (ttwg 12/2015)
H G H I £ N CD0 - THAO i)6l
djnh: "I. O nu&c Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Vipt Nam, cdc quyen con ngu&i, quyen cong ddn ve chinh tri, ddn sy. kinh te, vdn hoa, xd hpi du^c cong nhgn, ton trpng, bdo vp. bdo ddm theo Hien phdp vd phdp ludt.
2, Quyin con ngu&i, quyin cong ddn chi CO the bi hgn che theo quy dinh cua ludt trong tru&ng hap cdn thiet vi ly do quoe phong, an ninh quoc gia, trgt tu, an todn xd hpi, dgo due xa hpi, siee khoe cua epng dong".
Nhu vgy, cdc quydn eon ngudi d Viet Nam theo Hidn phdp ciing dugc ehia thdnh nam itiidm. Bdn eanh dd, Viet Nam da va dang tieh eye tham gia ede Cdng udc qudc td vd quydn eon ngudi nhu Cdng ude qudc td ve cdc quydn kinh td, van hda, xa hdi nam 1966, Cdng udc qudc te ve cdc quyen dan sy ehinh trj nam 1966, Cdng ude vd quyen tre em nam 1989, Cdng udc vd quydn cua ngudi khuyet tgt nam 2006...
Ndi dung ciia cdc Cdng ude ddu duge eu thd hda ttong cdc van ban phap luat Vidt Nam. Dieu nay eho thay vide coi ttgng, bdo vd va thlic day quydn con ngudi Id myc tidu nhat qudn ciia Ddng vd Nhd nude \^dt Nam, Id ydu cdu quan tigng tiong tidn trinh xdy dyng vd hodn thidn Nhd nudc phdp quydn xa hgi chu nghTa cua nhdn dan, do rihan dan, vi nhdn ddn; Id dgng lyc thuc day su nghidp cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda ddt nudc.
2. Quyen cua ngirdi lao d^ng Quydn cua NLD Id vdn dd cd y nghTa rat Idn cd vd ly ludn va thye tidn khdng chi ddi vdi cd nhan con ngudi, tap thd NLD ma edn cd vai ttd quan ttgng ddi vdi sy phat tridn kinh td, van hod, xa hdi cua ddt nudc, dan tdc vd todn nhdn loai. Quydn ciia NLD la nhiing quydn lidn quan den NLD vd ngudi su dyng lao ddng. Cdc quydn eua NLD dugc ghi nhgn tiong cdc Didu ude
qudc td nhu: Tuyen ngdn toan the gidi vd quydn con ngudi; Cdng udc qudc te ve ede quydn kinh td, xa hdi, van hda; Cdng ude qudc td ve cdc quydn ddn su, ehinh trj vd cdc khuyen nghi cua ILO.
Trong cdc van kidn tten ghi nhdn nhidu quydn cua NLD nhu: Tir Didu 22 ddn Didu 28 Tuydn ngdn todn thd gidi ve quydn eon ngudi nam 1948 ghi nhan cdc quydn vd kinh td, xa hdi vd van hda, ttong dd ghi itiian rd quydn lao ddng ciia con ngudi bao gdm; Quydn dugc bdo dam an sinh xd bgi (Dieu 22), quydn lam vide, ty do chgn nghd vd duge tta luong ngang nhau cho nhirng edng vigc nhu nhau, dugc ttd luang xiing ddng vd hgp ly dd bdo dam cho mdt cudc sdng ed day du gia tri nhan phdm, dugc thdnh lap hogc gia nhdp cdng dodn (Didu 23), quydn dugc nghi ngcri, gidi tri (Didu 24).
Tren co sd sy ghi nhan ttong Tuydn ngdn toan tiid gidi vd quydn con ngudi, Cdng udc qudc td vd cdc quyen kinh td, xa hdi vd van hda nam 1966 da cy thd hda vd ghi nhan cac quydn ciia NLD tir Dieu 6 den Didu 9. Cu the, quydn ldm vide (Didu 6);
quydn dugc hudng nhiing didu kidn lam vige edng bang vd thudn lgi nhu dugc trd luong thda dang va tid thu lao bang nhau, quydn dugc hudng nhimg dieu kidn lam vide an toan vd vd suih, sy nghi ngoi, thdi gian rdnh rdi (Didu 7); quydn duge thdnh lap vd gia nhap cdng dodn, quydn dugc dinh cdng (Didu 8); quydn duge hudng an todn xa hdi, kd ed bdo hidm xa hgi (Didu 9).
Cdc quydn eua NLD mac dii dugc ghi nhgn ttong Tuydn ngdn todn thd gidi ve quydn con ngudi vd dugc ey thd hda tiong Cdng udc qudc te vd ede quydn kinh te, xa hdi va van hda nhung dd chi Id sy ghi nhgn mang tirtii nguyen tdc chung. Cae quydn ttong liiih vye lao ddng cdn duge ghi nhgn vd bdo vd bdi rat nhidu vdn kidn do ILO
So 23 (thang 122015) \
Tap chi
^KIEMSAT I
Cfido notng ^ niim 9{gdy ihdnh Idp Qydn dpi nhdn ddn 'Viit Jfjam (22/12/1944 - 22/12/2015)
khdi xudng. Mdt chuc nang co ban cua ILO la thidt lap cdc chuan mye lao dgng qudc td bang vide thdng qua ede Cdng ude vd khuydn nghj bao trum eac ITnh vye lien quan ddn lao ddng, vide lam ddi lue chiing dugc nhdc ddn nhu Id Bd luat Lao dgng qudc td. ILO da xdy dyng cac tidu chudn lao ddng qudc td nham quy djnh va bao ve cac quydn cua ngudi lao dgng thdng qua vide ban hdnh nhidu Cdng ude va khuyen nghj. Den nay, ILO da thdng qua 189 Cdng udc vd 203 khuydn nghj, day ehinh Id nhiing edng cy phdp ly chu ydu, quan ttgng nham khuydn ttg edng bang xa hdi va bao ddm cdc quydn cho NLD; theo eae van bdn ndy, quydn cua NLD gom cac quyen:
Quydn ldm vide, quydn edng dodn ddc lap, quyen khdng bj dp lam vide khdng luong, quydn nam nd hudng luong bang nhau, quydn khdng bj phdn bidt ddi xu, quydn khdng bj phdn bigt ddi xir ndu cd con cai, quydn dugc giup do vd ed vide lam thich hgp neu b$nh tgt, quydn dugc dao tao, bdi dudng cd an luong, quydn khdng bj dudi vide, quydn dugc tia luong bdng tidn, quydn hudng luong ttdn hogc bang mde tdi thidu, quydn duge trd luong n i u chu su dyng lao dgng bj phd sdn, quyen duge nghi it nhat nguydn mdt ngdy mdi tuan, quydn duge quyen lgi tuong duong, ndu ldm vide bdn thdi gian, quyen ldm khdng qud 40 tidng/tudn, quydn ndu ldm ca ddm, quydn an todn lao ddng, quydn dugc bdi thudng n i u ed tai ngn, quydn dugc nghi khi bi bgnh vd chiia bdnh, quydn eua phy nii mang thai hoae cho eon bu sua me, quyin cua lao dgng xudt khdu, quydn duge cd tidng ndi tham gia vdo edng viec phdt tridn don vj, CO sd, bg phan... nai minh dang lao dgng thdng qua cdng dodn, quan ddc hogc cd nhdn cd y kidn.
Ngodi vide ghi nhdn hang logt cac quyin ciia NLD, ILO cdn ed eo ehd d i theo
ddi, gidm sat vide thyc hidn cdc quydn nay.
Theo dd mgi qudc gia thdnh vien cua ILO, ngay cd khi qudc gia dd ehua phd chudn ede cdng ude vdn phdi cd nghia vy nop bdo cao qudc gia hdng nam cho ILO. ILO edn ydu cau cdc qudc gia thdnh vidn cdn phe chudn vd sau khi phd chudn cac cdng udc phdi cd nghia vu thi hdnh nham ddm bdo cdc quydn eua NLD khdng bi xam hai.
Nhu vdy qua nghidn ciru cac van bdn phap ludt qudc td ed the thdy rang cdc quydn eua NLD la mgt tiong nhiing quyen hit sue quan tigng eiia con ngudi thugc nhdm cdc quydn ve kinh te, xa hgi vd van hda. Cdc quydn ciia NLD cd vai ttd quan ttgng ddi vdi ngudi lao dgng hoae tap the NLD. Cdc quydn ndy khdng chi duge ghi nhdn trong cdc van bdn phap luat qudc td (Tuydn ngdn, Cdng udc, khuydn nghj), md cdn dugc cy the hda vd quy djnh tiong cdc van bdn phdp ludt qudc gia nhu Hien phdp, bd ludt, ludt vd duge thd hign dudi hai khia cgnh la quyen va nghTa vy, bdi dd bdo ddm cdc quydn eua NLD cdc qudc gia huge phai ban hdnh cae quy djnh vd nghTa vy thdng qua vide ban hdnh cdc ehinh sdch, chuang trinh dd thuc ddy vide thyc hidn cdc quydn ciia NLD, ddng thdi phai dua ra ede quy dinh mang tinh ehd tdi xu ly khi eac quydn ndy bj xdm phgm.
3. Q u y i n co vide Iam
Quydn ed vigc lam (hay quyin dugc lam vide) Id nhdm quyen co bdn ttong ludt Lao dgng vd Id mgt ttong rat nhidu quyin khac ciia NLD. Quyin dugc ldm vide cd vj tri rdt quan tigng vi "quyen duprc ldm viec Id cdt loi de thifC hien cdc quyen con nguai khac vd tgo nen mpt phdn quan trpng khong thi tdch r&i tu nhien cua nhdn phdm"(^^\
(11) Le Thi Hoii Thu, Bao dam quyen con nguai trong phSp lu|t Lao dgng Vigt Nam, Nxb. Dgi hgc Qu6c gia Ha Ngi, nam 2013, tr 23.
T a p chi
KIEM S A T _ /So23(thang12^5)
NGBI&N c u t i • TRAO D 6 I
(Juyen ed vide lam Id yen td co bdn dd bdo ddm sy tdn tgi thyc td eiia eon ngudi, ddng thdi Cling Id ydu td de bdo ddm nhdn phdm vd long ty ttgng eua NLD. Quydn cd vide ldm dugc coi Id quydn hien djnh ttong phdp ludt qudc td, cy thd Dieu 23, Tuydn ngdn todn the gidi ve quydn con ngudi nam 1948 ciia Lidn hgp qudc ghi nhdn: "Mpi ngu&i deu CO quyen ldm viic, tu do lua viec ldm..."; tiong Cdng udc qudc td ve ede quydn kinh td, van hda vd xa hdi nam 1966 eiing xde dinh cdc ydu td cua quydn cd vide ldm tai eac didu 6, 7, 8.
So vdi quydn ciia NLD lao ddng, quyen cd vide lam hgp hon, tuy nhidn ddy lai Id mdt quyen co ban nhat, quan trgng nhat ttong ITnh vye lao ddng vigc ldm. Quydn cd vide ldm ehinh Id tien dd, didu kidn quan ttgng dd thue hidn cdc quydn khae cua NLD ndi ridng vd eac (^uydn cua eon ngudi ndi chung nhu quyen ve nha d, quyen ve gido due, van hod... Chi khi quydn ed vide lam duge dam bdo thue hidn thi cdc quydn khac ciia con ngudi mdi cd y nghTa.
Quydn cd vide ldm la mdt quydn eo bdn ciia con ngudi da dugc ghi nhdn trong phdp ludt qudc td vd dugc ndi ludt hod ttong phap luat cua cdc qudc gia.
Mae du ddy Id mdt trong nhiing quydn quan trgng eua con ngudi, nhung cho den nay chua cd dinh nghTa hay khdi nidm ndo mang tinh khdi qudt vd quyen cd vide lam ciia NLD. Ngay cd trong Tuyen ngdn todn thi gidi vd quydn eon ngudi nam 1948 (Diiu 23) hoae Cdng udc qudc td vd ede quydn kinh td, xa hdi vd vdn hod nam 1966 (ede didu 6, 7, 8) cua Lien hgp qudc eiing chi liet kd quydn cd vide ldm cua NLD. Cdc van dd cdt loi ve quydn cd vide lam duge ghi nhgn trong Tuyen ngdn vd Cdng udc trdn gdm: Co hdi ldm vide; ty do lya chgn vide lam; diiu kien
ldm vigc thudn lgi; khong bj phdn bigt ddi xu; quydn ty do thdnh lap vd gia nhdp cdng dodn.
O \^dt Nam cho den nay, chua ed cdng trinh ndo dua ra khdi nigm vd quydn cd vigc ldm. Quydn ed vide ldm cung duge ghi nhdn vd ngi ludt hda cdc tidu chudn qudc td vd quyen con ngudi ttong linh vye lao ddng, dac biet la quyen cd vide lam eua NLD ttong Hien phdp vd van bdn phap luat lao ddng nhu: Didu 30 Hidn phap nam 1959 "Cong ddn nu&c Viet Nam ddn chu epng hod co quyen ldm vipc...", Dieu 58 Hidn phdp nam 1980 "... Cong ddn co quyen co viic ldm...", ddn Hidn phap nam 2013 "Cong ddn co quyen ldm viec, lya chpn nghe nghiep, vipc ldm vd nai ldm vrec"('2); "co quyen ldm viec, tu do lua chpn viec ldm vd nghe nghiep, hoc nghi vd ndng cao trinh dp nghe nghiep, khong bi phdn biet doi xuve gi&i tinh, ddn tpc, thdnh phdn xd hpi, tin nguang, ton gido C^^,
"duac ldm viec cho bdt ky ngu&i su dung lao dpng ndo vd & bdt ky nai ndo md phdp ludt khong cdm "0^).
Nhu vgy, ke cd phdp ludt qudc td hay Hidn phdp vd cdc van ban phap luat lao ddng eua nudc ta hidn nay deu chua dua ra khdi nigm mang tinh chat tdng qudt vd quyen ed vide ldm eua NLD. Trdn eo sd nghidn eiiu cae van bdn phap lugt qudc td, Hidn phdp vd phdp lugt lao ddng cua nudc ta, tdc gid xin dua ra quan didm eua minh vd quyen cd vide ldm eua NLD trdn eo sd tidp can quydn ndy dudi gdc do quydn con ngudi: Quyen co viec ldm Id quyen ca bdn vd quan trpng cua eon ngu&i duac ghi nhdn vd bdo ve trong Hien phdp, phdp lugt quoc gia vd phdp ludt quoc te. •
(12) Khoan 1 Dilu 35 Hien phdp nam 2013.
(13) Khoan I Dieu 5 B$ lu^t Lao dong nam 1994.
(14) Khoan 1 Dilu 10 Bg luat Lao dgng nam 2012.
— T g p Chi S623(thang12y2015)^KIEM S A T '
