(Oan hea phdp. I4 56 8 (257)-2013
HOA GiAi c a s d
DUOl Gdc NHIN VAN HOA
• ThS. NGUYEN PHI LONG
T
rong xa hdi. con ngUdi gan ket vdi xa hdi phong phfl ve van hda. Hda giai dUdc nhau bdi nhflng mdi quan he da nhin nhan dfldi gdc dp mdt hien tfldng ciia ddi dang, phflc tap. Khi nhflng mau sdng van hda phap luat cdng ddng, mdt net van thuan, tranh chap xay ra, cd nhieu phUdng thflc hda cua ddi sd'ng xa hdi.de giai quyet, trong dd hoa giai la mot bien phap Trong eac dinh che boa giai ndi chung d Viet de dfldc chap thuan nhat^ Nam, hda giai d cd sd ed be day van hda - lich sU Ddi vdi ngudi Viet Nam. hda giai cd chd dflng lau nhat. Trong sud't qua trinh ton tai, nd chi ben vflng trong qua khfl. hien tai va tfldng lai do phoi tu tUdng phap ly. van hda phap ly, phUdng nhieu yeu to nhfl: Dac diem tam ly dan tde: nhu thflc to chflc va thuc hien viec giai quyet tranh cliu ty than ciia xa hpi tfl quan mang truyen chap tren nhieu linh vUc. Hda giai gan lien vdi thong A Ddng; nhu cau duy tri. cung cd' sU doan con ngUdi - xa hdi. Dd la each sd'ng, Idi sd'ng cfl ket trong nhan dan. Hoa giai trfldc het xuat .xfl thUdng ngay can cfl vao ban tinh vd'n nhan phat tfl dac diem lich sit, truyen thd'ng. tam ly van cua con ngUdi. dd la sU trpng nghTa. duy dan toe. Lich sii cho thay xa hdi co truyen Viet tinh. do Ifldng va nhan ai. Khi tham thau vao Nam ton tai vdi vai trd to Idn cua cd cau lang xa. ddi sd'ng cdng dong thi anh hUdng xa hdi cua hda ling la ddn vj cd sd cau thanh nen qud'c gia. giai rat 16n, tao ra sU dong thuan xa bdi theo loi mang tinh khep kin. tu quan cao, Trong mdt sd'ng van minh, cd van hda.
cong dong lang xa khep kin, ngUdi Viet ua each Trong xa hdi dUdng dai, tranh chap phat tingxii theo dao dflc, phong tuc tap quan hdn la sinh ngay cang nhieu thi nhu ciu giai quyet theo phap luat, ngai kien tung, coi viec phai de'n tranh chap cang Idn. Thd che phap ly cho hda phap dinh la mot die\t bat die di. Vi vay. trong giai cang phai hoan thien. Nghien cflu ve hda moi trudng hdp, hoa giai dfldc xem la phUdng an giai trong tinh hinh mdi la phfl hdp vdi yeu cau toi i(u de giai quyet tranh chap, mau thu^n. x;iy dung van hda phap ly trong giai quyet ThilL- tiln da chflng minh rhng khdng nhat thiet tranh chap, nhfl la mot bd phan ciia van hda xa moi tranh chap trdng xa hdi phai giai quyet hdi.
•i^tig con dfldng phap luat. Cach thflc giai quyet Tfl lau, hda giai phan anh sfl gSn bd ciia tranh chap da dang cflng la bieu Men ciia mdt nhan dan de tao nen sflc manh chung ciia cdng
Ddn chu & Phdp ludt E H
^6n fwa pkdfi, Ig. 86 8(257)-2013
dong. Dac didm cua hoa giai la khi giai quyet tranh chap va xich mich nho se khdng cd ke thing, ngfldi thua, ma chi cd mpt ket qua duy nhat dd la cac tranh chap, xich mich dfldc giai quyet d'n thoa. Hda giai da ton tai, dang ton tai va se eon ton tai lau dai do y nghia va hieu ling xa hdi tich ciic ciia nd. Dieu dd ed ly do rat quan trpng, dd la nhflng dinh che hda giai dflng vflng dfldc ehinh la do nhflng tien de kinh te - van hda, xa hdi va phap luat ciia nd. Thflc te cho thay, pham vi hoa giai tuy chi la giai quyet nhulng mau thuan, tranh chap nho nhung mang lai y nghia xa hpi rat Idn, dd la gifl viing doan ket trong nhan dan, hda thuan trong gia dinh, chung sflc, chung long xay dflng nep sd'ng van hda b moi gia dinh, khu dan cfl, to dan phd'. Dd la cdng viec vfla tdn trpng phap luat vfla phu hdp vdi dad ly. Hda giai khdng cd ben thang, ben thua ma ca ddi ben deu dfldc.
Dfldi cac trieu dai phong kien Viet Nam, eac vi vua da rat chu trpng den viec hoa giai d cd sd de tranh viee kien tting, gay mat doan ket trong nhan dan. Ddi vua Le Dti Tdng, trong the le cit kien cd ghi ring: "Tri huyen la vien quan g&n gui vdi dan, khi thay hai ben nguyen bi mdi bit dau kien nhau, thi nen xem xet'tat ca, roi dem ly le su viec hieu khuyen dti eho ho nghe ra, khuyen di bao lai de cam hda hp, hda giai hai ben"2. Trong Chi du cua vua Le Huyen Tdng da ghi: "Rieng cac xa trUdng, neu trong lang cd sU tranh tung, phai vd tfl phan xet va hda giai..."3.
Trong thdi ky Phap thuoc, trong qua trinh giai quyet cac viec hd va thfldng sii, hda giai dfldc xem la mdt giai doan bit bupc. Che dinh hda giai nay dfldc quy dinh tai "Bp Bic Ky phap vien
bien che*'.
Sau khi Cach mang thang Tam (1945) thanh edng, Chii tich Ho Chi Minh da ky ban hanh 02 van ban (Sic lenh so 13/SL ngay 24/01/1946 ve to' chflc cac Tda an va cac ngach tham phan, Sic lenh so 51/SL ngay 17/4/1946 ve an dinh tham' quyen cac Tda an va sii phan cdng gifla eac nhan vien trong Tda an) trong do quy dinh: Ban tfl phap xa ed nhiem vu "hda giai tat ca cac viec ve dan sU, thfldng sU. Neu hda giai dfldc, ban tfl phap cd the lap bien ban hda giai cd cac tiy vien:' va nhiing ngfldi dfldng sfl ky". Nam 1950, tai.
Hdi nghi tap huan Tu phap toan quoc nam 1950 to chflc b Viet Bic, NgUdi da ndi: "Xet xii dflng la tot, nhflng neu khdng phai xet xii thi cang tot • hdn".
Tfl nam 1960 den nam 1981, nhiem vu quan ly cdng tac hda giai dfldc chuyen cho Tda an nhan dan tdi cao thflc hien. Dieu 16, Luat Td.
chflc tda an nhan dan nam 1960 quy dinh: 'Tda an nhan dan huyen, thanh phd' thupe tinh, thi xa hoac ddn vi hanh chinh tfldng dfldng cd nhiem vti hda giai nhflng vti tranh chap ve dan sfl... va hfldng dan cdng tac hda giai d xa va khu phd"4. Ngay 26/02/1964, Tda an nhan dan tdi, cao da ra Thdng tfl so' 02/TC ve viec xay dflng td hda giai va kien toan td tfl phap xa, khu pho..
Day la van ban phap ly dau tien ghi nhan sti ton, tai eua To hda giai - mdt td chflc xa hpi the hien tinh chat tii quan ciia nhan dan, giiip dd cho eac ben giai quyet nhflng xung dot, tranh chap khdng phai blng con dUdng phan xii ma tren cd sd giai thich, thuyet phuc cac ben.
Nam 1982, Bp Tu phap dflpc thanh \kp lai theo Nghj dinh so' 143/HDBT ngay 22/11/1981
Ddn chu & Phdp lu$t
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cua Hdi dong Bd trUdng (nay la Chinh phu) dUdc giao nhiem vu quan ly va hudng d i n boat dpng cua to'hoa giai. Tfl nam 1982 den nam 1987, cac to hoa giai da dUde thanh lap cl cac thdn, xdm, a'p, to dan phd'... trong pham vi ca nUde. Hoat dong boa giai trcl thanh mpt phong trao sau rong va cd hieu qua tdt, gdp phan quan trpng vao viec ngan-ngfla va giai quye't nhflng tranh chap b cd sd. Tfl nam 1988 den nam 1992, trong qua trinh chuyen dd'i cd che, to chflc va boat dong cua td boa giai d nhieu cd sd bi giam sut, CO ndi mot so' td hoa giai hau nhu khdng boat dong hoac cd boat ddng, nhflng hieu qua khdng cao. Tfl nam 1992, boat ddng hda giai tflng budc difdc cung CO va phat trien. De tiep tuc kien toan to chflc, tang cfldng va nang cao hieu qua boat dong cua td hoa giai, tren cd sd nhflng van ban phap luat mdi, Bd Tu phap mdt mat chi dao, hfldng dan cac dia phUdng quan ly va hfldng dan hoat ddng boa giai d cd sd, md Hdi nghi chuyen de toan qud'c (thang 8/1994) ve tu phap xa va to hoa giai de tong ke't, danh gia tinh hinh td chflc va boat dpng hoa giai toan qud'c trong thdi gian qua, dong thdi trao doi kinh nghiem va de ra nhflng bien phap tiep tiic kien toan td chflc va nang cao hieu qua boa giai b cac dia phUdng hong thdi ky mdi. Ngay 25/12/1998, Uy ban ThUdng vu Qud'c hdi da thdng qua Phap lenh ve To chflc va boat dong hda giai cf cd sd. Ngay 18/10/1999, Chinh phu da ban hanh Nghj dinh so 160/1999/ND-CP quy dinh chi tiet mdt so dieu ciia Phap lenh ve To chflc va boat ddng hda giai b cd sd. Day la hai van ban phap luat cd hieu liic phap ly cad quy dinh day du va ddng bd cac van de ve to chflc va boat dpng hda giai cl cd
sd nhfl hinh thflc, nguyen tic, pham vi hda giai;
vai trd ciia Uy ban Mat tran To qud'c Viet Nam, cae td chflc thanh vien cua Mat tran, cac to chflc xa hpi khac, td chflc kinh te, cd quan nha nUdc, ddn vi vu trang nhan dan va cdng dan trong cdng tac hda giai; quan ly nha nUdc ve cdng tac hda giai; cac quy dinh ve cd cau td hda giai cung nhu tieu chuan, thu tuc bau, mien nhiem td trfldng, to vien to hda giai; boat dpng hda giai, khen thudng va xif ly vi pham. Sfl ra ddi cua hai van ban nay the hien tinh ke thtta, tinh lien tuc cua truyen thd'ng hda giai b nfldc ta, tao cd sd phap ly cho viee tiep tuc cung co to chflc, xay dflng dpi ngu td vien td hda giai va tang cUdng vai trd, trach nhiem cua eac to chflc chinh tri xa hdi, td chflc xa hdi khac, cd quan nha nUdc, ddn vi Iuc lUdng vti trang va cdng dan ddi vdi cdng tac hda giai cl cd sd. Hien phap nam 1992 da ghi nhan mdt quy djnh rat quan trpng la: "0 cd sd, thanh lap eac to chflc thich hdp cua nhan dan de giai quye't nhflng vi pham phap luat va nhflng tranh chap nhd trong nhan dan theo quy djnh cua phap luat (Dieu 127). Trfldc day, khai niem
"hoa giai cd sd" da dUdc sfl dung nhieu, song chUa cd mpt dinh nghia chung nhat ve boa giai cd sd. De'n thdi diem hien tai, Luat Hoa giai d cd sd (cd hieu lflc tfl ngay 01/01/2014) da dfla ra mdt dinh nghia day dii nhat ve hoa giai cd sd, theo dd: "Hoa giai d cd sd la viec hda giai vien hfldng dan, giup dd, thuyet phuc cac ben dat dfldc thda thuan, tfl nguyen giai quye't vdi nhau cac mau thuan va tranh chap trong nhan dan d cd sd". Den nay, d hau het cac tinh, thanh phd' da kien tean, cung ed' va xay .dflng mdi td chflc hda giai d cac xdm, thdn, ban, ap va cum dan cu.
Ddn chu & Phdp lu^t tM
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Xuat phat tfl thiic tien, nen d nhieu tinh, thanh phd, trong mot cum dan cU da thanh lap nhieu td hda giai phu hdp vdi dac diem dan cfl, nghe nghiep, tam ly, tap quan... nhfl td boa giai b cac chp, trung tam budn ban, to tda giai d xdm Dao, td hda giai d cac ddng hp... Hieu qua hoat dpng cua to hda giai dUdc nang cao, khang dinh vj tri, vai trd cua td hda giai trong ddi sd'ng xa bdi, gdp phan to Idn vad viec cimg cd'doan ket nhan dan, ngan ngfla kjp thdi nhflng hanh vi vi pham phap luat va tpi pham, giam bdt nhflng vu viec dfla len Tda an nhan dan giai quyet, mang lai Idi ich kinh te, xa hpi va tinh thdn cho Nha nfldc va toan xa hpi...
Hda giai cd sd cdn dUdc quy dinh trong cac van ban quy pham phap luat khac, vi du Luat Dat dai nam 2003 (Dieu 135 va Dieu 136), theo dd hda giai tranh chap dat dai dfldc tien hanh theo 3 budc: Hda giai tfl nguyen ca nhan, hda giai cd sd va hda giai bat budc tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa. Viec tien hanh to' tung tai Tda an ddi vdi cac tranh chap ve dat dai chi dfldc thuc hien khi da tien hanh hda giai bat bupc tai Uy ban nhan dan cap xa. Cdn cac bfldc hda giai tai cd sd la hoan toan tfl nguyen. Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2000 quy dinh "Nha nude va xa hdi khuyen khich viec hda giai tai cd sd khi vd, chong cd yeu cau ly hdn. Viec giai quyet dUdc thflc hien theo quy dinh cua phap luat ve hda giai d cd sd" (Dieu 86). Bd luat Dan su nam 2005 ghi nhan van de hda giai trong quan he dan sii
"viec hda giai gifla cac ben phfl hdp vdi quy djnh cua phap luat dUpc khuyen khich" (Dieu 12).
Qua trinh ra ddi, tdn tai va phat trien ciia hoa giai theo thdi gian cflng nhu nhflng xu
hudng va yeu cau ciia xa hdi da chflng to rang boat ddng hoa giai khdng cdn la mpt hien tfldng xa hdi ddn thuan, ma d day nd da trd t h a n h mot hien tfldng van hda, chfla dflng nhflng gia tri tot dep dang tran trpng, nhfl Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da ndi: "Van hda la sfl tong hdp cua moi phfldng thflc sinh boat cung vdi bieu hien cua nd ma loai ngudi da san smh ra n h i m thich ting vdi nhu clu ddi song va ddi hdi cua sfl sinh ton"^ . Nhfl vay, boa giai cd sd thflc sti la mdt net van hoa truyen thd'ng ctia ngfldi Viet, phfl hdp vdi thuan phong, my tuc can dfldc bao tdn va phat huy dung nhu tinh t h i n Nghi quye't so 49-NQ/TW ngay 02 thang 6 nam 2005 cua Bp Chinh tri ve Chien lupc cai each tfl phap den nam 2020:
"Khuyen khich viec giai quyet mdt so tranh chap thdng qua thUdng Ifldng, hda giai, trpng tai: Tda an hd trd bang quyet dinh cdng nhan viec giai quyet do" •
1. Theo Tii dien tieng Viet cm Nxb. Khoa hpc xa boi phat banh nam 1995, hoa giai dxsac hieu Ik
"hanh vi thuyet phuc cac ben dongy cham ddt xung dot hoac xich mich mpt each dn thoa". Theo Tit dien Luat hoc do Nxb. TiTphap. Nxb. Td dien Bach Khoa ra Vien nghien cdu Khoa bpc phap ly - Bp Tu phap xuat ban nam 2006 thi boa giai "la thuyet phuc cac iten tranh chap tu giai quyet tranh chap cua minh mpt each on thoa".
2. Lich sd tap ky, tap 1 (1975), Nxb Khoa bpcxa hdi. Ha Noi.
3. Toan Anh (1992), Nep cU lang xdm Viet Nam.
Nxb Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh. thimh phd Ho Chi Mmh.
4. Quoc hpi (1960). Luat To chdc Toa an nhan dan. Ha Noi
5. Ho Cbi Minh (1995). Toan tap. tap 3. Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Ndi.
