CHAU MY NGAY NAY 39 - »?
VAN HOA - LiCH SU
MOT SO TAC DONG CUA VAN HOA - XA HOI DEN PHAT TRIEN KINH TE MY LATINH
Y
eu tfl Uch sir va van hda xa hdi cd tac dgng manh ddn phat trien kinh te cua mfli nudc. My Latinh khdng phai la mgt ngoai le.Han niia, van hda cQng phan nap quy dinh lich sir phat trien kinh te cua mfli nudc. Trpng bai viet nay chiing tfli se xem xet van hda xa hdi tac dgng nhu the nao den phat trien kinh te d My Latinh. Ciing vdi xa hfli, kinh tS, va mdi trudng, van hda hien dugc xem la tru ept thu tu cua phat trien ben vung'.
Phat trien ben vung chi djt dugc neu nhu cd su hai hda va lien kdt giUa muc tieu da dang van hoa va cflng bing xa hpi, trach nhiem dfli vdi mfli trudng va kha nang phat trien kinh te.
UNESCO nhan manh rang, van hda la mpt nhan tfl quan trpng trong cupc chiSn chflng ddi ngheo, vi the bao tfln cac gia tri van hda cd y nghia quan trpng dfli vdi tiSn trinh phat trien. Tinh den yeu tfl van hda ddi hdi phai tich hpp ro rang thflng tin vd van hda vao cac phan tich phat trien kinh te. Ro rang la, van hda cd tac dpng thirc su den ket qua phat trien va cac d\f an phat trifln. Cac khac biet ve van hda
L6 Thi Thu Viin Nghien cdu Chdu My ciing cd the anh hudng den xu hudng chinh sach cua Chinh phii ddi vdi viec CO cau vfln dau tu nudc ngoai theo dinh hudng nhat dinh.
Tac ddng cua cac dac diem van hda xa hpi den phat trien kinh td dugc the hien qua cac khia canh quan trpng thudng dupc nha dau tu quan tam.
phucrng each va trinh do tu duy, giam bat dflng, tang hda nhap; ngfln ngu thuan lgi trong giao tiep; tfln giao, dao dire xa hpi: tin ngudng, hanh vi img xir, tinh than dan tgc; t|p quan, thi hi^u: tac phong lam viec, gu tieu dimg; giao due:
sfl va chat lupng ngudn nhan luc.
Trpng dd, d khu vuc My Latinh, can xem xet cac tac dpng cua hai cau triic van hda den su thanh cdng cua bat ke mo hinh cai each kinh te nao cua khu vuc nay: tham nhung vd thiiu tm tuang vdo cdc to chiec xa hoi; ho trg khong day dit cho viec thdnh lap cdc doanh nghiep nho. 6 My Latinh, tham nhiing van la mpt van nan, va trpng bfli canh ciia mgt cupc khung hoang nghiem trpng, thieu niem tin vao cac the che nha nudc cd the trd thanh mflt rao can ldn dfli vdi cac cai each can thiSt.
40 SO 10-2014 1. Tac dong cua tinh trang tham nhung den phat trien kinh te
Khu vuc My Latinh cd su da dang ve cac yeu td hen quan den con ngudi, vi du:
dan tflc, sac tpc, ngfln ngii, van hda, bch Su- va trinh dp phat trien kiiih te. Mac du cd su da dang, nhung van cd cac diem chung din den yeu kem ve phat trien kinh te, do Id tinh trgng tham nhung, ke ca trong gidi chinh tri gia, gidl tinh hpa quan su,... tat ca dieu nay thudng din den cac hanh ddng chflng thi trudng. Mac dii Brazil, Chile va Costa Rica da cho thay nhieu hen bd v^ phat trien kinh te nhan van, nhung hau bet cac nudc My Latinh khac dflu cd mdt eg cau hanh chinh tham nhiing va khflng hgp ly, lam can trd trien vong tang trudng kinh te, nhat la co hfli ddi voi doanh nghiep vira va nhd.
Trong nhirng thap ky gan day. My Latinh da chirng kien tham nhiing trong tat ca cac khia canh cua xa hdi, dieu nay da lam suy giam tang trudng kinh te. Tham nhung chinh tri la mpt van de quan trpng d cac nudc My Latinh, dat ra mflt sfl van de hen quan den mfli quan he giira cflng dan va chinh phu cua hp. Mflt mat, khi cac nha chiic trach cap cap nhat thucmg xuyen hen quan den van dgng bau cu, cac vu be boi tai chinh hay lam dung cac ngufln lire cflng de dat dugc lgi ich ca nhan, nen tang tham quyen va tinh hgp phap cua cac chinh quyen nay cd the bi suy yeu. Mat khac, tham nhfiiig la mpt sir vi pham nghiem trpng cac giao keo bat thanh van giiia cdng dan va cflng chuc nha nudc. Theo cac nha kinh td, tham nhung d My Latinh da lam tang chi phi giao dich, giam chat luong va
dflng lire, uu dai dau tu, lam giam tinh canh tranh cua cac cdng trinh cdng cdng, vi the tat yen dan den tac ddng tieu cue ddi voi tang trudng kmh te.
Tham nhiing d My Latinh da gay ra tinh ttang giam dau tu va giam tang truong vi cac ly do sau: gay that thoat cho doanh thu fliufl, tinh trang hdi Id tran lan cfing cho phep cac nha cung cap dich vu bd qua nhimg tieu chuan da dugc thiet lap va cung cap hang hda hay dich vu kem chat lugng, tir dd tac dgng den toan bfl nen kinh td Tham nhiing cung lam suy yeu cac quy dinh ciia phap luat, ket qua la cac giap dich dugc thuc hien khflng t h u ^ lpi.
Tdm Itii, qudc nan tham nhiing va quan lieu da lam trim trpng them mpt sfl vSn de khac ti-ong nen kinh te My Latinh do lam cham tiep can tin d\mg, do dd gay khd khan cho viec thanh lap cac doanh nghiep va tao -viec lam Ddi vdi ngudi ngheo, tiep can tin dung gin nhu khdng the do cac khd khan khi thiet lap quyen sd hiru hop phap tai san cua hp. Ve lau dai, viec phu nhan phan ldn sir diam gia day du cua dan chirng vao he thflng kinh te da can ti-d thuc dii cac cai each kinh te quan trgng de cd sir thinh vugng chp khu vuc My Latinh.
2. Mgt yeu td van hda xa hoi khac tac dong dSn phat triln kinh tk My Latinh la chi so niem tin thSp va bSt binh dang cao
Niem tin la mdt phin quan ti-png . trong vdn xa hfli ciia mpt nudc, bao gflm cac the che, mang ludi va quan diSm.
Niem tin d day dugc hidu la sir chip
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 41 nhan lan nhau giiia hai hay nhieu thuc
the, la each danh gia thudc do dap due trpng xa hpi. Su phat trien cua xa hpi theo huoTtig cd dp tin cay cap hgn se trd thanh dpng l\rc manh me cho tang truomg kinh te, va ngupc lai, phat trien kinh te ciing se thuc day sir tin cay tipng dai han.
Tin tuomg cd the anh hudng den quyet dinh kinh te cua ngudi dan thdng qua nhieu each khac nhau. S\r tin tudng khuyen khich tang trudng va phat trien kinh tfl thdng qua tac dpng dfln hieu qua san xuat, giao dich, cac the che chinh thirc va hoat dflng cua Chinh phu. Cac thfl che chinh thirc thuc diy san xuat va trap dfli, nhung ciing sir dung cac ngufln luc tii san xuat va cac boat dpng trao dfli thugng mai. Niem tin lam giam chi phi giao dich, tinh khflng nhat quan va cac rao can ve thdng tin, lam tang tinh hieu qua cua cac the che chinh thirc, va nd ciing chinh la mflt tai nguyen de khdi dung va duy tri cac doanh nghiep mdi.
Niflm tin cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng trpng thuong mai quflc te, va khi giao dich dien ra trong mdt khoang thdi gian thay vi duac hoan thanh ngay tai chd va khi phap luat khdng hoan hao: "hdu het cdc giao dich Ihucmg mgi co trong chinh no Id mot yeu to ciia su lin tudng, tinh chdc chan cUa bdt ky giao dich thuang mqi ndo dugc thuc hien trong mot khodng thai gian"^
My Latinh phai ddi mat vdi rat nhieu vin dfl, trong dd nfli bat nhat la xa hdi cd chi sfl niem tin rit thap, theo nhu
phan tich d tren, dieu nay han che ca hdi cho tang truflmg va ddi mdi kinh te, tang chi phi giao dich kinh te. My Latinh la xa hfli cd chi sd niem tin thap vdi mire dfl bat binh dang kinh te cao, do dd cac chuong trinh hfl trg toan cau cung khd thanh cdng do thieu kha nang hau thuan tir cac nudc nay. Cac nudc My Latinh phan nao nhan thiic dupc tac ddng cua su tin tudng thap ddi vdi phat trien kinh te.
Hau het cac nudc My Latinh bi mac ket trong tinh trang xa hpi lac hau va chinh the rfli loan trong nhieu thap ky, dieu nay tac ddng xau den nhieu cau tnic xa hdi va cau triic van hda truyen thdng, vi the da khien nhieu xa hdi My Latinh mat di su tin tudng can thiet. Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep, viec tao dung niem tin cd y nghia sdng cdn de cd su thanh cflng trong kinh doanh. d My Latinh, chi sfl mem tin thap gay nhieu khd khan cho viec thiic day hoat dpng kinh doanh va diu tu vao phat trien dpanh nghiep nham tap nhieu viec lam, dfli mdi va tang san lugng..
Chi sfl niem tin thap tac dflng nhieu nhit den cac doanh nghiep nhd d My Latinh. Xa hdi My Latinh cd chi sd niem tin thap gay ra nhieu bat lpi khi tham gia thi trudng toan cau, nguyen nhan la do ddi tac nudc ngoai khdng the rin tudng vap cac xa hdi dd, tir dd lam ban che dau tu. Cac nen kinh te My Latinh cd mire dp tin tuomg thap khflng chi gidi ban eg hfli dfli vdi tang trudmg trong pham vi ngi bp mang ludi tfl chirc
s o 10-2014 ttong nudc ciia minh, ma cdn tac dflng dSn toan bfl khu -vuc.
Dfli vdi cac nudc My Latinh, tien bp kinh te ddi hdi mdt su hrgng tac linh hoat giira van hda va niem tin.
Mdt so quoc gia nhu Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica va Mexico da bat diu cd thay ddi theo hudng tich cue hon nhung kSt qua vin cdn khiem tdn, va Argentina hien dang phai ddi mat vdi mpt so tinh tt?ng bat fln dan su va thang trim vfl kinh tfl do yflu kem ttong quan tri chinh sach kinh te (Ngan hang the gidi, 2006). Tren thuc te. My Latinh dang phai doi m^t vdi tinh trang quan tri kem, nhat la d Colombia, dac biet la su bat dn dan su do miic dp tin tudng thap.
Hai thap ky sau khi My Latinh bit dau trd lai tii chfl dp dflc tai den dan chu, cflng luan trpng khu vuc nay van cdn rit mau thuan. 6 hiu het cac nudc My Latinh, da sfl dan chirng chap nhan dan chu la hinh thiic chinh phii tflt nhat.
d My Latinh, muc dp tin tirdng giiia cac ca nhan thap nhat tren the gidi.
Cac thd che chinh tri d My Latinh cfing the hien mflt inire dp tin tudng thip. Mire dfl tin tudng thap giira cpn ngudi vdi nhau the hien su xuflng dflc cua van hpa chinh tri My Latinh, day la mpt di san chung cua khu -vuc. Dieu nay bao gflm ca cau tnic phan cap quyen luc d nhieu cap dp va su thu dpng cua cflng dan dfli vdi chinh quyen dia phuang, chinh quyen bang... tir dd khflng khuyen khich sang tao va phat ttien kinh te.
Bdt binh ddng cao
My Latinh la mot khu vuc dfli mat nghiem ttgng vdi van de ddi ngheo va bat bmh ding nhat die gidi. Khu vuc My Latinh cd ty le bit binh ding cao nhit thfl gidi, va ttPng ba thap nien cudi cimg cua die ky XX, tmh ttang bit binh ding gia tang d hiu hflt cac nudc ttong khu vuc'.
Cd ba nguyen nhan chinh din den tinh ttang nay: thii- nhdt. My Latinh va Caribbean cd su phan bd bit binh dang ttong giao due va nhirng khac biet ve ky nang cao nhit tten thfl gidi ttong cac tiirdng dai hpc; ihii- hai, do su phan phdi dit dai rit chenh lech (My Latinh cd ty le phan phoi dit dai bit binh ding nhil the gidi) va su gia tang ttong toe dp tang trudng cua luc lupng lao ddng ttong nhirng thap ky qua da lam giam mire luong tuong doi cua lao dpng phd thflng; thu ba, khoang each ldn giiia thu nhap trung binh cua ngudi giau va nhimg ngudi khac.
Theo ddnh gid cua Uy ban kinh te My Latinh vd Caribbean (EALAC) thi tinh trgng bdi binh ddng ndy Id mot ira nggi ldn den cd qud trinh gidm doi ngheo vd tdng truang kinh te . Bat binh dang cao d My Latinh anh hudng quan ttpng den tdc dp tang ttudng chu yeu qua giam mire dp dau tu.
My Latinh cung la mflt khu vuc kem dan chu, dieu nay gay ttd ngai ddi vdi viec hinh thanh cac dang phai chinh tti manh ndi chung, va do su yen kem cua luc lupng lao ddng da can ttd su phat ttien cua cac dang trung ta. Cac yeu tfl nay gay can ttd tdi kha nang tai phan bo
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 43 cua nha nudc va viec hinh thanh mpt mfl
hinh kinh te chinh tn cd the mang lai tang trudng va cdng bang. Hem niia, cac cai each kinh te tan tu do ttong ba thap ky qua da cd nhung tac ddng ngupc lai do su suy giam mpt sd lupng viec lam khu vuc chinh thirc vdn da thap.
Cac hpc gia ciing nhan thay cd khac biflt ldn giiia cac nudc My Latinh d nhieu khia cgnh khac nhau. Chang han nhu cac nudc Chile, Uruguay, va Costa Rica tir lau da nhan thirc dupc tim quan ttgng cua viflc cd cac chinh sach xa hfli va nha nudc boat dflng hieu qua han cac nudc My Latinh khac, 0 mot sd nudc nhu Brazil, cac dang manh ban, ky luat hon va cd tinh cuong Hnh ban gin day da noi len.
Cac cflng cu chinh sach chu yeu tac dpng dfln viec phan phdi thu nhap la thue va cac chi tieu xa hdi. O My Latinh, tac ddng phan bd chi tieu xa hpi phiic tap hgn va cd xu hudng khac nhau ttpng cac logi chi tieu khac nhau. Chi tieu cho an sinh xa hdi cd xu hudng giam, dieu nay ciing cd anh hudng nhat dinh den tinh ttang bat binh dang ttong khu vuc nay.
3. Mang ludi xa hpi d My Latinh Mpt yflu tfl van hda khac tac dpng dfln hoat dpng kinh te la viec hinh thanh cac mgng ludi xa hpi. Mang xa hdi tac ddng dfln phat trien kinh te thdng qua viec thuc thi cac the che phi chinh thirc.
Mang ludt xd hoi co tdc dgng ldn nhdt din phdt iriin kinh ti a My Latinh
Id gia dinh. Gia dinh cd vai ttd quan ttpng d cac nudc My Larinh. Tai day, cac mdi quan he gia dinh la nen tang cho ban sic va dinh hudng xa hfli va hfl thong chinh tri. Ban sac gia dinh tfln tai manh me ttong xa hdi My Latinh. Trong nhieu gia dinh, viec ban cd phan cua cdng ty cd xu hudng de tang sd lupng cfl ddng gia dinh - nhirng ngudi cd sd him vfln chu yflu vi gia dinh chir khflng phai vi ly do kinh tfl. Dieu ndy hgn che hieu qud cita no luc ciing co vdn cita cdng ty cd phdn trong nhieu doanh nghiep gia dinh.
Cac cdng ty My Latinh thudng dugc quan ly nhu mdt gia dinh. Cac cdng ty thudng tuyen dung nhan vien mdi thdng qua cac nhan vien hien tai ciia hp, qua ngudi than va thanh vien gia dinh ciia nhan vien. Theo hp, dieu nay dam bao su tin tudng, long trung thanh va y thirc ttach nhiem rat quan ttpng de giii td chirc vdi nhau.
Mat khac, d My Latinh cd nhjn thirc rdng cdc ky thugt qudn ly mdi dot khi khong phu hgp vdi truyen thdng dia phuang, mdt sd hoat dpng quan ly khflng dupc nhan vien chap thuan, vi vay, cac nha quan ly cam thay mifln cudng cung cap giao due co ban va dao tao ky thuat chinh thirc. Su thieu hut kien thirc ky thuat, giao due chinh thirc, va ky nang phan tich va giao tiflp la nhung ttd ngai nghiem ttpng chp ngudi lao ddng My Latinh. Han nua, cac cdng ty My Latinh thudng chi diuih mpt phan nhd ttong ngan sach ciia hp de dao tao.
vi vay dan den tinh ttang ngufln nhan luc bi lac hau.
Cac doanh nghiep gia dinh My Latinh phai dfli mjt vdi vin de ton tai lau dai khdng chi bdi khdng vupt qua dupc cac khd khan chung ddi vdi tat ca cac boat ddng kinh te, ma edn la cac xung dot phat sinh tir tinh chat cua doanh nghiep gia dinh. Vi the nhieu doanh nghiep gia dinh d My Latinh cdn nhd den cac thanh vien ben ngoai de dat dupc muc tieu va ttanh mau thuan. Thflng thuomg, phiic lgi gia dinh va nhu cau uu tien thudng khflng xem xet den nhu cau tang truflmg tuong lai cua cong ty.
Trong cac doanh nghiep gia dinh My Latinh, van hda gia dinh cd anh hudng manh me. Gia tir gia dinh, thai dp va dao dire cua gia dinh dupc dua vap cflng ty mflt each true tiep va manh me, ddi hdi ldng trung thanh va cam ket tir cac thanh vien ttong gia dinh, ciing nhu ngoai gia dinh. Che dp gia trudng la mpt mfl hmh quan ly chiem uu the ttong khu vuc nay.
Nhu the, van hda gia dinh d My Latinh la rit phfl bien, cd tac ddng den phat trien kinh te khu vuc. Ve mat tich cue, mang ludi gia dmh giup dd rit nhieu ttpng cac khu vuc ngheo, ttong cac flii ttan nhd khip My Latinh, cac hoat ddng nay bao gflm chan nuoi, quiy thuc phim, giup dp siia chua va xay nha mdi, lam viec ttong cac chufli hgp dong phu. Tuy nhien, mat tieu cue cua van hda gia dinh My Latinh la khdng khuyen khich md rdng va ddi mdi kinh
te. Cling nhu cac sang kifln kinh doanh da dang tir ben ngoai...
(3 My Latinh, cac boat ddng phi chinh thirc dien ra thudng xuyen ma khdng cd su bao ve hay dam bao ve luat phap. Vi du, cac boat ddng budn ban tten dudng phfl khdng the duac dua vao ttong nfln kinh te chinh thirc vi cac hoat dflng kinh te chinh thirc ap dat nang ve chi phi xa hdi nhu thue, phap luat lao ddng... khifln ngudi kinh doanh khdng cd dil thu nhap tfli thieu.
O My Latinh, thuang mai va cac dich vu giao thdng cdng cdng phi chinh thirc diln ra phd bien. Ngufln gflc cua tinh chit khdng chinh thirc cd thfl dupc nhan thay dp hieu qua cua phap luat thip. Sd dl cd nhieu boat ddng phi chinh thirc la do chi phi de thuc hien phat luat d My Latinh rat cao, ngudi dan My Latinh gldi ban chi phi luat khi mire chi phi ciia viec man thu luat cap hon lgi ich. Ngudi dan My Latinh tuan theo quy dinh cua phap luat khi cd lgi, khi khdng cd lgi thi hp khdng thue bifln theo quy dinh dd, day la mflt thdi quen tiiy tien, khong cd lpi cho nen kinh te khu vuc nay'.
Do chi phi thuc hien phap luat d My Latinh la rat tfln kem da lam bdp meo thi tiirdng va din dfln loai tiir mflt bp phan dan cu ngheo tham gia vao hoat ddng chinh thiic, hp khflng thfl thuc hien tiieo quy dinh cua phap luat, khflng.the tta thue. Chinh nha nudc da tao ra cac rao can luat phap vdi canh ttanh thi hudng,
Mpt sfl lugng ldn ngudi My Latinh tham chi khflng dugc dua vao nfln kinh
CHAU MY NGAY NAY
te hpp phap ciia dat nudc. Hon mflt nira ngudi dan My Latinh boat dflng ttong nen kinh te phi chinh thirc. Trong khi d My Latinh thanh lap ngay cang nhieu ngan hang thuong mai uu tien hon cho doanh nghiep vay it vfln, nhung cac chuyen gia vfl ddi ngheo tin ring pham vi ciia nfl luc nay cdn ban che, vi ngudi ngheo van khdng the tiep can vdi cac khoan vay lorn can thiet de khdi nghiep, thue nhan cdng va ttd thanh doanh nhan thanh cflng. Cach tflt nhat de thuc hien thanh cdng cupc chifln chdng ddi ngheo la mang lai cho ngudi dan quyen sd hiru hpp phap va mflt khufln khfl thuang mgi hgp ly cd the dua hp vao nen kinh tfl chinh thiic, Dieu dd cho phep hang ttiflu ngudi dan My Latinh su dung nha cua hp nhu la tai san the chap dfl cd dugc cac khoan vay ngan hang bit diu mflt cflng viec kinh doanh mdi. Bdi vi hien nay chii yflu chi cd gidi tinh hoa My Latinh tiep can dugc vdi cac cdng cu de tao ra cua cai.
Tdm lai, mpt ly do quan ttpng khien chp cac mang ludi phi chinh thirc cua My Latinh cd hieu qua hogt dpng chua cao la do thieu cac ca hdi danh cho da sd ngudi dan. Viec loai trir mdt sd nhdm ve gidi tinh, ngudn gdc dan tdc, hay vi til xa hpi giai thich tgi sao nfln kinh te My Latinh chua dugc td chiic tflt. Cac mgng luoi phi chinh thirc d My Latinh khflng nhilng khong khuyen khich dugc tang trudng ma cdn lam tang cac ganh ngng ve mgt xa hpi.
4. Kinh te kem phat trien do nhan thiic han che ve van hda trong phat trien kinh te
Trong qua ttinh hfli nhgp kinh te quflc te, van hda kinh doanh My Latinh cdn nhiflu hgn chfl, bit cap: Hien nhiflu cip lanh dgo, doanh nghiep va doanh nhan My Latinh chua nhgn thirc hflt dupc tam quan ttgng, dgng luc cua van hda kinh doanh ttong phat ttifln kinh te cung nhu ttong hpi rJiap qudc tfl, vi thfl ttong qua trinh kinh doanh da bdc Id nhirng bat cap, anh hudng tieu cue den nang luc canh ttanh va hogt dpng kinh dpanh ciia mdi doanh nghiep. Mdt trong cac giai phap la thiic day du hch van hda do cd tinh ttang thieu ttam ttpng cac diem tham quan du hch van hda d My Latinh.
My Latinh cin nhan thuc dugc vai ttd cua van hda ttong phat ttien cua cac quoc gia la rat quan ttpng -vi hai ly do:
trudc hit, tac ddng cua van hda duac the hien qua tam quan ttgng to ldn cho su phat trien kinh te cua cac nudc; thu hai, tir quan diem kinh te, logic ciia thi truomg dugc xay dung tten viflc dat dupc lpi the SP sanh chac chan ddi hdi phgi su dung tat ca cac ngudn luc san cd, khflng chi kinh tfl ma cdn van hda, xa hfli hoac chinh tti, Vi thfl, su tfln tai cua hpi tu va su phan ky van hda ttong qua trinh phat ttien kinh tfl ciia cac quflc gia la diflm dac trung the hien tinh da dgng ciig cac mfl hinh phat tiien ttfln toan thfl gidi, Thuc te nay ttd nen rd rang hgn khi cac xem xet van hda dupc
dat vao ttpng tam cua cac chien lupc phat trien cua cac qudc gia.
Walker'xac dinh ba khu vuc chinh cua -viflc hai hda hda cac tac dflng giua van hda va kinh tfl, dd la: 1) tich cue tham gia boat dflng van hda la gdp phan xay dung cpng dflng viing mgnh va thuc diy tinh thin cflng dong; 2) vgn boa cpng dflng tang cudng tao ra gia tri kinh te; 3) gia tri duac tgo rg bdi san pham van hoa cd thfl dupe chuyfln thanh dflng luc tang trudng thflng qua xuat khau san pham truyen thdng dpc dap.
Trong tac pham "Sir dung do giUa cdc nen vdn minh" cua Samuel P.
Huntington, flng cho rang hot nhdp kinh te dugc thiic day bdi su tuang ddng ve vdn hda. Ranh gidi van hda d My Latinh dang ngay cang ttd nfln md nhgt ban va khdng rd rang do anh hucmg ket hop cua van hda va toan cau hda kinh tfl, gia tang su phu thudc va hdi nhap kinh te khu vuc. O My Latinh, cac hiep hpi kinh tfl - Mercosur, Hiep udc Andean, Hiep udc ba ben (Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela), Thi trudng chung Trung My - da dem lgi ludng sinh khi mdi cho hpi nhgp My Lgtinh, tai khang dinh quan diflm dupc the hien rd rat ttong Lien minh chau Au ring hpi nhap kinh tfl se dat dugc tdc dp nhanh hgn va sau han khi qua ttinh hpi nhap dd dua tten su tuang dflng ve van hda. Tren thuc tfl, ttong hai tiiap ky qua, cac nudc My Latinh da cd nhiing thay ddi dang kfl, dflng tiidi viec tu do hda kinh te cua cac nude My Latinh (da so cac nudc ttong khu vuc da ttd thanh
thanh vien ciia Tfl chirc thuang mgi thfl gidi WTO) dg khifln cac nudc niiy ngay cang phu thudc nhieu vao thuang mgi qudc tfl.
5. Cac bat cap ve luat lao dgng a khu vu-c My Latinh
Budc chuyen ddi sgng tu do hda va chuyen dich ca ciu kinh te d My Latinh da gay ra ttanh luan ve cai each luat lao dflng. Cuflc ttanh luan nay cd dua ra nhiflu vin dfl ve phap luat lap dflng Men hanh va cac thfl chfl tao ra nhiflu ttd ngai ddi vdi diflu chinh eg cau ttong khu vuc nay. Mflt van de khac dugc dgt ra la neu nhu cac cai each nay cd y nghTa quan ttpng ddi vdi My Latinh thi cac chinh phu nen ap dung nhiing thay ddi gi?
Trong bai viflt "Cdi cdch thi truong lao dong trong nen kmh te tu do hda", tac gia Gustavo Marques cd dfl cgp- nhiflu luat lao ddng d My Latinh lam suy yen kha nang diflu chinh dfli vdi dieu kifln tM trudng ludn thay ddi cua cac dpanh ngMep. Cac nha phan rich cho rang, vai ttd ciia cac chinh phu ttong thuang lupng nfln dugc gidi ban de thue hien hpp dflng lao ddng, va cac thda udc lap dpng cfing nen khuyfln khich quy tic lao dpng dfl nang cao hieu qua. Vfl vai ttd cua cdng doan va phong ttao lap dflng d My Latinh, mac dii cdng doan lao dflng d khu -vuc nay cd the giup thuc diy dan chu hda va nang cao nang suit, nhung hp thudng tang tien luong cua cdng daan vifln va gay ra tinh ttang thit nghiep cho ngudi lao dpng khdng cd tay nghfl.
CHAU MY NGAY NAY 47 Nhung viec lam hien nay cua cac cong
doan nay ciing co the lam giam dau tu, do do dan den tang truang thap va giam so luang viec lam trong tuong lai.
Hon niia, hku het cac quoc gia My Latinh van giii nghiem ngat quy dinh ve lao dpng, dieu nay gay kho khan voi viec sa thai nhan vien. Tuyen dung da tro nen cong k^nh, va do do tac dpng tieu cue di kem la a My Latinh, nguai sii dung lao dong cam thay kho khan de thich ling vai nen kinh te va nhu cau kinh doanh thay doi nhanh chong.
Hien nay, nguai chu lao dpng o My Latinh bi bo buoc boi cac bien phap bao ho. O mot so nuac My Latinh, truac khi sa thai mpt nhan vien, nguai sir dung lao dpng phai thpng bap va tim kiem su ch4p thuan tu ben thii ba, chang han nhu cong doan lao dpng hoac Bp Lao dpng. Chi phi sa thai mpt nhan vien co the rat ton kem, nhu tai Brazil, cung vai yeu cau thong bao truac, so tien phai thanh toan cho nguoi lam cong khi cham diit hpp dong tuang duang vai ba nam tien luang cua nguai lao dpng bi sa thai.
Tuyen dung cung tra nen ton kem, ngay sau khi mpt nguai nao do duac thue, nguoi su dung lao dpng phai npp thue tinh theo bang luang va thuc hien chi tra an sinh xa hpi de trang trai tat ca tu quy luang him den bao hiem y te va bao hiem that nghiep. Hien nay, cac khoan thanh toan nhu vay a Argentina, Brazil va Colombia cao han 2-3 lan so vcfi a My hoac Nauy. Dieu nay tac dpng
manh den phat trien kinh te cua nhieu nuac My Latinh.
Theo so lieu cua Ngan hang The gioi. My Latinh bi mat can bang Ion nhat khi giii cac quy dinh chat che de bao ve nhiing nguai da duac tuyen dung va lam cho viec thue nhan cong moi tro nen dat do, do do it cong an viec lam dupc tao ra, va chinh dac diem nay cung lam han che kha nang phat huy sang tao ciia nguai lao dpng do nguy co bi dao thai thap.
Ket luan
Bai viet nay khang dinh van hoa xa hoi CO tac dong din k8t qua phat trien va cac du an phat trien. Van hoa dong mot vai tro quan trpng trong hoat dpng kinh te, vi np CP the anh huong den hanh vi va thai dp ciia nguoi dan doi vol tiet kiem, giao due, dao due lam viec... Khu virc My Latinh c6 xu huong ciia mpt nen van hoa ma thong tin dupc tich trir, khong duac chia se. Vi the, doi mai cong nghiep a My Latinh phai doi mat vcri kho khan dang ke. Voi cac han che ve van hoa. My Latinh chua xay dung dupc mpt nen van hoa canh tranh ben vung Trong lich su phat trien ciia khu vuc, 6 nhieu nuac, gioi lanh dao can tra viec thanh lap xa hpi phat trien lanh manh, tu chii, quan tri tPt, xa hpi cong bang, cac to chuc minh bach va hieu qua. O cac nuac My Latinh, ciing vai han che ve the che va cung nhac ve kinh te, cac han che ve van hoa ciing da lam cham toe dp thu hiit FDI cua khu vuc nay.
Van hoa kinh doanh ciing la mot khia canh van hoa. Trong xu the toan cau hoa, canh tranh d4y soi dpng nhu hien nay, muon dam bap ben viing cho hoat dpng kinh doanh cua quoc gia, cac nuac My Latinh phai c6 kha nang thich iing, tu hoan thien de hop tac, hpi nhap va nam bat thai ca mpt each kip thai. Muon vay, moi doanh nghidp noi neng, cpng dpng doanh nghiep My Latinh noi chung c4n phai y thuc tao dung cho minh mpt nen tang van hoa kmh doanh, tao niem tin vung chdc cho cac doi tac. Hon niia, mot nen van hoa kinh doanh tien tien con la dieu kien tien quySt de xay dung thanh cong cpng dong doanh nhan chuyen nghiep, tu do cac doanh nghiep mai phat huy duac vai tro ciia minh, dong gop quan trpng vao qua trinh hpi nhap kmh te sau rpng cua khu v\jc My Latinh. Vi the, cac nuoc khu vyc My Latinh can giai quy§t cac han che trong van hoa kinh doanh ciia minh de dat duac thanh qua kinh tS t6t dep hon •
Tdi lieu tham khdo:
L Amira Feller, University of South Florida, Role of culture in economic development case study of China and Latin America, 2008.
2 David Throsby, Economics and Culture, Cambridge University Press, 2001.
3. Damian S. Pyrkosz, CulUire makes the difference - the Humanistic Approach to the Understanding of Economic Development, Institute of Enghsh Studies, Univerity of Rzeszow, 2008.
4. De ferranti, Dacvid, Guillermo E Perry Inequality in Latin Amenca Breaking with history? Washington, D.C, 2003.
5 ECLAC, Social panorama of Latin America, UN Economic Commission for Latm America and the Caribbean, 2004
6, Economic Commission on Latin America and the Cambbean (2004), Social Panorama of Latin America, UN Economic Commission on Latin Amenca and the Carribbean.
7. Francis X. Hezel, SJ, The Role of Culture in Economic Development. June 2009, http://www micsem.org.
8 Inter-American Development Bank, Facing up to inequality in Latin Amenca, Washington, 2002,
9. Leopoldo Castedo, Cultural Foundations of Latm American Integration, IDB Cultural Center, September 1999, No 33
tO.Lenartowicz, T , &. Johnson (2003), A cross- national assessment of the values of Latin American managers: Constrasting shades of gray? Journal of international business studies, 34, 2003.
11 Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, Luigi Zingales, Does culture affect economic outcomes'^ Jan 2006
12 Morley, Samuel (2001), TPie Income Distribution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, United Nations Press
13 Paul Lamy, Victor Armony and Andre Tremblay, Values, culture and the economic integration of Latm America and North Amenca an empirical perspective on culturalist approaches, Dialogos Latino- americanos, 2004.
Chu thick:
1 Keith Nurse, Culture as the Fourth Pillar of Subtainabte development, London, UK, 2006 2, Luigi Guiso, Paola Sapienza, Luigi Zingales,
Does culture affect economic outcomes'^ Jan 2006
3 Morley, SamUel (2001), The Income Distri- bution Problem in Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile, United Nations Press.
4. Economic Commission on Latin America and the Cambbean (2004), Social Panorama of Latin Amenca, UN Economic Commission on Latin America and the Cambbean 5. Roles, p 64
6. Walker, Ch,, Jackson M and Rosenstem C , 2003, Culture and Commerce; Traditional Art in Economic Development, The Urban Institute, the Fund for Folk Culture, Santa Fe, New Mexico
