. NGHIEN CAU I
MOT SO DE XUAT BiMC DAU VE PHAT TRIEN NANG LUC TIM TOI NGHIEN COU KHOA HOC CHO HOC SINH THONG QUA
DAY HOC HOA HOC A TRUfilNG TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
TS. CAO THj THANG - Vl§fl Khoa hoc Gldo due m Nam ThS. PHAM TH! KIM NGAN - TnrSng THPT Chuveo Laog S i.Ddtv^ndl
Phit trien ndng life tim tdi nghiln cliu khoa hpc (NCKH) vda Id muc tiiu vUa Id phUdng tiln de nang cao chit lupng day hoc cdc mdn khoa hpc tu nhiln ndi chung v i mdn Hda hoc ndi ridng. Vin d l d i t ra Id nang luc tim tdi NCKH Id gl? Gdm cic ning lUc thinh phin nio? Bieu hien eu t h l cua ndng life tlm tdi NCKH nhU t h l nio? Bing cich nao di giup hoc sinh (HS) cd dUpc ning lUc tim tdi NCKH thdng qua day hoc Hda hpc d trddng trung hpc phd thdng?
2. Quan nidm ve ndng Idc tlm tdi nghiln cihi khoa hpc cua hoc sinh trung hpc phd thdng
2.1. Nghien ciiti khoa hpc
NCKH Id qud trinh nghien eiili nhim khim phi ra nhdng kiln thdc mdi, hoc thuyet mdi... ve tp nhien va xd hpi.
NhOng kiln thdc hay hpc thuylt mdi niy tdt hdn, cd the thay t h l din nhdng vin d l cu, khdng edn phii hop [1 ]. Vf du: Quan ni§m thue vdt Ii vit t h l khdng cd cim giic ddoc thay t h l bing quan niem thUe vit ed edm nhin.
Hai thdnh phdn trong NCKH dd Ii phUdng phdp nghien cdu (qui trinh thi^c hi|n nghiln cdu) v i kit qui nghiln cdu (mdc dd ddng gdp cho khoa hpc, mdc dd O'ng dung giii quylt vin di thdc tiln). Hai thinh phin nay cung ehinh la hai tllu chf quan trong nhit d l dinh gii mdt edng trinh NCKH.
Kit qui NCKH Ii thang do quan trpng nhit ddi vdi cac cdng trinh nghidn cdu dUpc thifc hiln bdi cie nhd nghien cdu chuySn nghilp dupe diu tU dSy dii. Kit qui NCKH ed dilm chung I i : Cie If thuylt mdi, dinh ludt mdi, quy luat mdi, sin phim mdi so vdi nhin loai, mdi so vdi trudc dd...
Mdi cOa kit qui NCKH ed nhOmg mdc dd khic nhau: Mdi hoin toin mang tinh chit cda mdt phdt minh khoa hpc cd t h l Id sU cii t i l n ban so vdi trudc tiode hoan thien han so vdi cii da biet. Ket qui NCKH ed t h l dnh hddng ddi vdi mdt hay nhilu nginh khoa hpc gdp phin cdi tao thien nhien, cii tao xd hdi mang l^i chdt Idpng mdi cho cudc sdng.
2.2. Tim tdi nghiin cihi khoa hpc
Cin phin biSt mdc dd NCKH cua cic nhi khoa hoe vT dai, cic nhi khoa hpc t r i , ede d l t i i cua nghiln cdu sinh, thae sT, sinh viln v i cila HS trung hoc phd thdng...Mdt sd
^ Iciln eho ring: Nhilm vu chfnh cda NCKH d bac Dai hpc v i Phd thdng I i trang bi cho sinh viln, HS cdc kiln thdc, ki ning NCKH chung d l hd trp cho hoat ddng hoe tap v i ehuIn bj eho ede ho^t ddng sau khi tdt nghiep.
Do vdy, muc tieu khi tilp cin NCKH trong HS, sinh vien, chung ta nen dit trpng tim vio phddng phip nghiln edu hay qui trinh tiln hinh nghien cilu (phit hiln van d l , xiy dung d l cddng, td chdc thife hiln, phUdng phip thifc hiln, tim kilm tdi li&u, thu thip thdng tin, thf nghiem, quan sit, phin tfeh sd lidu, thd nghiem kit qud, vilt bio edo, trinh biy bio cio) m i ehua t h l yiu eSu cao vio kit qui nghien edu/sin phIm cudi ciing nhuddl vdi cdng trinh nghien cdu cda cie chuyin gia, cdc nhd khoa hpc.
Thdng thudng, kit qua NCIQ-I eua HS, sinh viln cung I i sin pham "mofi" ddi vcfi chinh hp, cd tdc dung nhat ^nh ddi vdi thdc tien trong khudn khd pham vi hep.
Theo chiing tdi, dCing khai niem tlm tdi NCKH se phii hpp hdn de chi NCKH cua HS trung hpc phd thdng trong qua trinh hoc t i p eae mdn Khoa hoe tU nhien d trddng phd thdng.
2.3. Ndng lUe tim toi nghien edU khoa hpc cOa HS trung hpc pho thdng
Ning tdc tlm tdi NCKH la nang Idc chuyen biet cOa HS cd the phat triln thdng qua day hpc cie mdn khoa hoe tU nhien (mdn Khoa hpc tich hdp, mdn Vit if, mdn Hda hpc v i mdn Sinh hoe).
Ndng life tim tdi NCKH eCta HS pho thdng the hien d khi ning thue hl^n ddpe hoat ddng tim tdi nghien edu theo quy trinh NCKH ciia cic nhi khoa hoc: Khd nang lap ke hoach tlm toi nghien cdu v i thdc hiln k l hoach tim tdi nghien cdu theo quy trinh NCKH ndi chung. Nang life t h l hien d viec hanh dpng cd hieu qui cao trong mdt linh vifc hoat ddng nhat dinh.
Kit qua tim tdi nghien edu ciia HS chu yeu I i khim phi tim ra kiln thdc mdi ve khoa hoe td nhien - sin pham mdi ddi vdi hp nhifng chUa phdi la mdi ddi vdi nhan lo?i nhu I i sin phIm cCia cac nha khoa hoc.
Quy trinh NCKH ndi chung nhuSddd 1 [2].
Theo chdng tdi, ning lUe tim tdi NCKH eiia HS gdm hat nang lUc thinh phan I i :
Sado 1: Quy trinh NCKH ndi chung stilZ7-THANB4/2016* 13
Q NGHIEN caU_
Ndng life lap ke hoach tim tbi nghiin cihi theo quy trinh NCKH t h l hiln d sin pham can ed I i ki hoach tlm tdi nghiin cCfu, gdm du kien/de xuat v l : Chii de tim toi nghien cdU; cdc cdu hdi nghiin cdU; gid thuyit nghiin ciiu/dU dodn;
phuang dn thUc nghiem - tim tdi nghien cdu; cdch thdc thu thdp thdng tin, xi^lithdng tin: Cdng cu thu thdp vdphdn tich kit qud; ket ludn: "Cdi mdi" tim dUpc; cdu trOc npi dung bdo cao vd duklin cdch trinh bdy kit qud tim tdi nghien cdu theo ngdn ngdkhoa hoc.
Ndng lUc thUc hiin ke hoach tim tdi nghien cdu the hien ro d kit qud nghiin cUu - sdn pham cudi cung.
2.4. Biiu hiin cda ndng iUc dm tdi nghiin ciit/ khoa hpc cda hpc sinh trung hpcph6^dng
Thdng qua hpc tap mdn Khoa hpc tu nhi&n la thiic h\in cd kit qui theo quy trinh NCKH, cu the Ii:
- Xac djnh dupe chu de tim tdi nghien cdu: Cd tinh thiet thuc thiic tien, khi thi.
- Xie dinh dupe cau hdi nghien edu: The hi&n rd djnh hudng v i ed the tim tdi nghien cdu dddc.
- De xuat dupe gii thuylt nghiin edu/dd doan: Rd ring, ed t h l kiem chdng dupe
- Xie djnh dupe phUcmg an thuc nghilm - tlm tdi nghien cdu khi thi d l kilm chdng gii thuylt va trd Idi cho cau hdi nghiln cdu.
-Tiln hinh phdong i n thUe nghiem - tim tdi nghiln cdu d i d l ra d l thu thip dUdc tfidng tin, xd If thdng tin mdt cich khoa hpc
- Kit ludn: "Cai mdi" tlm dupe trin ed sd cdc bing chdng khoa hpc.
-Vilt dupe bao cio v i trinh biy kit qud tim toi nghiln edu theo ngdn ngd khoa hpc
3. D l xuit mdt sd biin phap nhdm phdt t r i l n ndng Idc tlm tdi nghiln cdu Mioa hoc cho hoc sinh trung hpc phd thdng thdng qua day hpc Hoa hoc
3.1. Cdsd khoa hpc
- Vdn dung eae ptiudng phap day hpc tfch cUc Ii mdt hddng d l phit trien nang lue cho HS, sinh vl^n ttidng qua day hoe Hda hpc [3].
- Nang liictim tdi NCKH t h l hien d chd HS da thife hidn tim toi NCKH nhU t h l nio? Viee phat triln nang life tim tdt NCKH thdng qua eae hoat dpng ma HS ed ed hpi de tlm hilu v i thdc hifin nhiem vu hoe t^p theo quy trinh NCKH.
- Hda hpc la mdt trong eic mdn khoa hoe td nhidn
dUdc day hoc cho HS. Day hpc Hda hpc mang bin c^
NCKH: HS tien hanh cic thf nghiem hda hoe de tlm tii nghiln edu kiln thdc mdi [4].
- Mdt s6 phuang phap day hpc tfch cife tao dilu Id^
cho HS hoe t i p hda hoc theo hudng tim tdi NCKH: Phufli^
phdp Bin tay nan bot vd phUdng phdp Day hoc theo d^JM [5].
- Djnh hudng phdt trien nang lUe tim toi NCKH cho HS trung hoc cCia Bo Giio due va Dio tao d l t h l hiln rd d cuOt thi Sing t?o Khoa hpe - Ki thuat cho HS taing hoc da 86 Giao due td chdc tU nim 201212]. Do dd viec td chdc eho HS thuc hi'^n mdt sd de t i i NCKH ciing I i mdt biln phdp kh^pg t h i thiiu de phit tnln ning luc tim tdi NCKH cho HS.
3.2. Mpt sd bien phdp phdt triin ndng lUc tirti tbI nghien cihi khoa hpc eho hoc sinh trung hpe ph6 thing thong qua day hpe mdn Hda hpc
Bi^nplidpi: Vdn dung phuang phdp Ban tay nan b6t theo hudng phdt triin nang iUc tim tdi NCKH eho HS
Phuong phdp Bdn tay nan bdt Ii phddng phip d^iy hpc die thti eCia cae mdn khoa hoe tU nhien.
Day hpc mdn Hda hpc dda tren tlm tdi nghien cdu xua'l phit td sU hilu bilt v l cdch thdc hpc tdp eua HS, bin chat cfla NCKH hda hpc v i siixie ^nh cac kiln thdc ciing nhd ki ning ve hda hpe ma HS can ndm vdng. Cic pha trong day hoc theo phuang phdp Bin tay nin bdt ed nhieu dilm tddng ding viS qua trinh NCKH cua cic nhd khoa hoc v i tim tdi NCKH cfla HS: Pha 1: Tinh hudng xuit phat va edu hdi neu van de; Pha 2: l-Tinh thdnh eau hdi nghiln cdu eho HS; Pha 3: De xuat gii thuyet v i thilt k l phUdng i n thdc nghl#m tlm tdi - nghien cdu; Pha 4: Tiln hinh thUc nghiem tim tdi - nghldn edu; Ptia 5: Kit tuin v i hdp thUe hda kien thdc.
So sinh 5 pha eCia phUdng phap Bin tay nan bdtviil quy trinh tlm tdi NCKH d l xuat eho thay: Van dung phUcJng phip Bin tay nan bdt Id mdt bien phip hiiru hieu d l phdt trien nang lUc tim tdi NCKH cho HS vi giOia chiing ed nhOng diem tddng ddng. Cu t h l nhU Bing 1.
Nhilu npi dung mdn Hda hpc d trddng trung hpc ph6 thong cd the ap dung phUdng phip Bin tay nan b$tdk biet la ndi dung ve tinh chat hoa hpe cua cic loai chSt vh chat cy thI.Vi du:Tinh chat hda hpe eCia axit nitric tinh chSt hoa hpc ciia amoniae, tfnh chat hda hoe cCia phenol, tinli chat hda hoc eua kim loai kiem...
Kit qui tim tdi nghien edu mdt ehCi de hpc tip theo Bdng 1: So sdnh quy trinh t'lm tdi NCKH vdi phuang phdp Bdn tay nan bdt
Quy trinh tim toi NCKH Quytrlnhhoctheo phOtfng phip Bintaji njnbdt Lap ke ho^ch Xie ^nh chu de tim tdi nghien cdu Chii de hpc tap
Tinh hudng xuat phdt v i eiu hdi neu vin d g Xac djnh edu hdi tim tdi nghiln cdu va gii thuylt nghien eUu Ciu hdi nghign edu va gii thuyet nghifin cjr Lap ke ho^eh tim tdi nghien edu Phuang i n thi/c nghiem - tlm tdi Thue hiln k l
hoach
Dilu tra, thUc nghiem tlm tdi Tiln hinh thp'c nghiem tim tdi
Thuthipthdng tin Thu thap thdng tin
Xdlithdng tin Xdlithdng tin
Kiem chdng gii thuylt Kiem chdng gid thuylt
Tdng hdp viet bio cio vd trinh biy kit qui
Tong hdp kit qua tim tdi nghien edu Kit luan vd hdp thdc hda kiln thdc Viet bio cio nghien edu Vilt bdo cio kit qui thUe nghiem tlm tdi Trinh biy kit qui tim tdi nghien ciili Trinh biy kit qud thue nghi#m tim tdi
H * KHOA HOC B U O D U C
. NGHIEN ClIllCQ
Quy trlnh chung Lip k l hoach
Thue hien k l hoach
Tdng hpp vilt bio cio v i trinh biy kit qui
Quy trinh tim tdi NCKH Xac djnh chd d l tlm tdi nghien cdu Xie djnh eiu hdi tim tdi nghiln ciid v i gii thuylt nghien edu
Lap k l hoach tlm tdi nghien cdu Dieu tra, thdc nghiem tlm tdi Thu thip thong tin XCr Ii thdng tin Kilm chdng gid thuylt Tdng hpp kit qui tim tdi nghien ciili Vilt bio cio nghien cdu Trinh biy kit qui tim tdi nghien edu
Quy trinh hoc theo dir dn Xie djnh chu de dd i n - Chu de hoe t i p Ciu hdi ^ n h hudng/ nghien edu/ cdu hdi nlu van d l
Lip k l hoach thdc hien dd i n Dilu tra, thdc nghiem tlm toi Thu thip thdng tin Xdlithdng tin Kit ludn Tdng hop kit qui d i i i n Vilt bdo cao kit qud dii an Trinh bay kit qud dd an ahuung phap Bin tay nan
adtid kiln thdc "m^" ddi /diHS.
Sien phdp 2: Van iung phuong phdp Day Hpc du dn theo hudng jthdt trien ndng lUc tim M NCKH cho HS '
Day hoc dii i n I i m$t phddng phdp day hpc tfeh cue eho tat c i cie mdn hoc Tuy nhiln, v|n dung Day hpe di^an trong day hpe cdc mdn khoa hpe tif nhiln ndi chung va mdn Hda hoc ndi rieng cd n i t khdc bilt nlu hddng dSn HS thuc hi^n tim tdi nghien edu mpt ehii d l di/ an theo quy trinh (Bing 2).
Nhd vay, quy trinh hpc theo du an v i quy trinh tim tdi NCKH eOa HS ed nhdng diem tUdng ddng.
Cd t h l v$n dung Day hoc du i n theo quy trinh tlm tdi NCKH la mpt cich Idm hi&u qui edthephittriln nang Idc tim tdi NCKH cda HS.
Mpt so du dn ed ndi dung thuc tien ed the thUe hiln trong mdn Hda hpe d trudng trung hoc phd thdng nhd: Cong nghiep Silicat vat li^u Polime, rie thii kim loai...
Ket qui tim tdi ngliien cdu mdt chu d l hpc t i p theo phddng phdp Day hoe theo
du i n thdng thddng I i kien thdc mdi ddi vdi HS. Ngoai ra cung ed t h l ed sdn pham thilt thife va hdu ich tCiy theo quy md va muc tilu eCia dd i n .
Biin phdp 3: T6 chUc cho HS tim tdi NCKH Theo chung tdi, viec hudng dan HS tim tdi NCKH thdng qua day hpe mdn Hda hpc cung cin thdc hl^n theo quy trinh ba budc ed bdn tUdng td NCKH ndi chung:
Do dd, thdng qua viee tham gia true tilp nghiln cdu mdt ehii d l cu the theo quy trinh tlm tdi nghien edu se co tic dung tdt ddi vdi phat trien nang lUc tim tdi NCKH ciia HS.
Sdng 2: So sdnh quy trlnh tim tdi NCKH vdi quy trinh hpc theo dudn
Bdng 3: So sdnh quy trlnh tlm tdi NCKH vdi quy trlnh NCKH ndi chung Quy trinh chung
Ldp k l hoach
Thi^c hien k l hoach
Tdng hpp viet bdo cao vd trinh b i y k i t q u i
Quy trinh tlm toi NCKH Xie djnh ehii d l tim tdi nghien edu Xac dinh eiu hdi tlm toi nghien cdu vd gii thuyet nghien cdu
Lap ke hoach tim tdi nghiln cdu Dieu tra, thdc nghiem tim tdi Thu thap thdng tin Xdlithdng tin Kilm chdng gii thuyet Tdng hpp kit qud tim toi nghien edu Vilt bao edo nghiln ciiu Trinh biy kit qui tlm tdi nghien edu
Quy trlnh NCKH ndi chung Xac ^ n h d l t i i nghien cdu
Van de can giii quyet - Gid thuylt khoa hpe Lip ke hoach NCKH Dieu tra, thUe nghiem khoa hoc Thu thip thdng tin Xdlithdng tin
Kiem ehuTig gid thuyet khoa hpe Tdng hop kit qui NCKH Viet bao edo Khoa hoe Trinh bdy/cdng bd kit qud NCKH Chung tdi dd v i dang td chUe eho HS thdc hien mdt s6 de t i l nghien edu nhd ed dng dung thife tiln nhu Nghiln edu sin xuat nln thorn, nghiln cdu sd dung ba hdi lim hddng, nghien cdu lim thude trd siu td tdi, si, dt...
Kit qui nghiln ciiu tlm toi mpt d l t i i nhd thudng tao ra sin pham hdu ich cho HS v i cong ddng.
4. O l xuat quy trinh trien khai thdc hien biln phdp phit triln nang lire tim toi nghien cdu khoa hoc cho hpc sinh thong qua day hoc mdn Hda hoc
Chiing tdi da de xuat quy trinh thife hi&n va eae biln phip cu the nhu sau:
Quy trlnh tim tdi nghi£n cihi 1. Nghien cdu ca sd Ii luan vd thuc tien eiia van di phit triln ndng Idc tim tdi NCKH eiia HS 2. Nghien cdu d l xuit ve phdt trien nang luc tlm tdi NCKH cho HS thdng qua day hpc cie mdn khoa hpe
;i^ nhien ndi chung v i mdn Hda hpc ndi rieng 3. Xay ddng t i l Wiu eu t h l hda cic bien phip phit trien ning Idc
4. Thdc nghiem d trddng phd thdng, danh gia ket qud, kiem chdng gii thuyet nghiln edu
Bien phip cu the
Phan tich, he thdng hoa cae van de tien quan ed trong cac tai lieu, sdeh bao trong vd ngoai nUdc
Nghien edu khii niem, bieu hien va bien phdp phat trien nang lUe tim toi NCKH eho HS
Thilt k l giio i n van dung phdong phap Bin tay nan bpt day hpc dudn va td chdc cho HS nghien cdu de tai cd ndi dung thdc tien Thilt k l cdng eu ddnh gii ning Idc tim toi NCKH cho HS
Trien khai day hoc d mdt sd diem trudng trung hoc phd thdng, dinh gii d l xde djnh hieu qui eCia bi^n phip d i d l xuit
(Xem tiep trang 61) stilZ7-raAKB4^16* 15
