DIA PHUONG
NGHIEN ClIU TIEM NANO PHAT TRIEN ^^ ^^ ' CAY MACADAMIA l i N t l DAK NONG
Hoang Thj Huyen Ngoc, Nguyen Manh Ha
Vign Dia ly, Vign Han lam Khoa hpe va Cong nghe Vigt Nam
Tay Nguyen noi chung va Dak Nong noi rieng dang ph^l doi mat v6i hien tUdng cay ca plie gia coi, den giai doan phai tai canh neu muon tang nang suat va chat IUdng... Trong boi canh ay, cay Macadamia (con goi la mac ca) ndi len nhu mot phUdng an dot pha nham giai quyet bai toan tai canh cay ca phe, v6l Uu the vong ddi hdn 60 nam. La mpt ioai hat kho cd rat nhieu gia trj dinh dUdng, iVIacadamia dUdc tieu dimg cl nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi vdi gia ban kha cao. Chinh vi vay, thdi gian gan day d Viet Nam, iVIacadamia cdn dUdc menh danh la "cay ty dd" hay "nU hoang cua cac loai hat"...
Viec gidi thieu cay Macadamia tren viing dat Dak Ndng cd the la mdt hUdng di dung nham giai quyet bai toan ve tai canh cay ca phe, ddng thdi giup da dang hda cac loai cay trdng. Tuy nhien, viec quy hoach nhanh chdng va trien khai cap tap trdng Macadamia se tiem an rat nhieu rui ro khi chUa cd nhOng nghien cUu day du va ddng bd, dac biet ia nhUng dieu kien tien quyet nhU: dieu kien dat dai, khi hau thich hdp vdi mdi vimg trdng Macadamia. Do dd, nghien cUu ve tiem nang phat trien cay Macadamia tinh Dak Ndng tren cd sd danh gia thich hdp dat dai la van de het sUc cap thiet, cd y nghTa khoa hoc va thifc tiin.
CK sA dirileu va phiMng nhap nghlSn ciUi Cd scJ dQ lieu de thuc hien nghien ciiu g6m cac ban do: dat theo phan loai cua FAO-UNESCO ty le 1:100.000, phan tSng do cao, luong mUa trung binh nam, nhi§t do trung binh ban dem phan hoa mam hoa (thang 10), nhiet dp trung binh nam tinh Dak Nong. Dong thdi, tham chieu cac tai li§u: ke hoach phat triin kinh te - xa hoi nganh nong nghiep va phat trien nong thon tinh Dak Nong giai doan 2016- 2020, hien trang sCf dung dat san xuat cho cac loai cay tr6ng tinh Dak Nong...
De xac djnh dien tich phat triin hop ly cky Macadamia 6 Dak Nong, chung toi da ap diJng phudng phap danh gia thich hop d^t dai. Cac budc danh gia thich hdp dat dai tuSn theo "TCVN 8409:2012 - Quy trinh danh gi4 dft san xuSt nong nghi$p" do B6 Nong nghiep va Phat trien nong thon ban hanh. Co sd cua phudng phap nay la doi chilu yeu cau sCf dung dat ci!ia Macadamia vdi dac diem cua cac ddn vj d^t dai d l xac djnh mUc do thfch hdp ciia moi khoanh dat vdi cay trong, xay dung ban
Cay Macadamia d TSy Nguyen do ket qua danh gia phan hang dat dai. Theo do, mUc d6 thich hdp dat dai dli vdi cay Macadamia dUdc phan thanh 4 cap: S I - rSt thich hdp, S2- thich hdp, S3- it thich hdp, N- khong thich hdp. Tuy nhien, nghien cilu ChT gidi han trong danh gia thfch hop dat
niMGNCHiVietlN^r 35
DIA PHUONG
dai v6 m§t ta nhien.
Ngoai ra, nghien cCfu con sCf dgng phUdng phap phSn tfch t6ng hdp dO li^u nham ke XhUa co chpn loc cac ket qua nghien ciiu da dLfdc eong b6; phi/dng phap bkn do va he thong tin dja ly de xay dLfng cac bdn do ket qua. PhUdng phap tham van chuy§n gia dya tr§n vi§c trao ddi tri/c tiep vdi cac chuygn gia CO kinh nghiem trong ITnh vuc nghien cUu di/dc thUc hi^n de lua chon chl tieu phan c^p cho bSn do ddn vi dSt dai, xac djnh y§u c^u sCf dyng va de xuat hudng sCf dung dat cho cay Macadamia.
¥k qua nghien ciili va thao ludn
Bin do ddn vj dat dai tinh Dak Nong va y§u cau sCr dyng dat cda c3y Macadamia
Cac chl tieu phan cap xay diJng bin do ddn vj dit dai: viec xay dUng cac ddn vj dat dai dUa tren cac y^u td v^ dilu ki^n tU nhien va y§u c^u sinh thai CO linh hLfdng ro net den kh& nang thfch hdp cCia cay Macadamia. Cac yeu t6 ph§n c^p dUdc xac djnh la;
dat, dia hinh, khi h^u. Trong do, yeu td dat lUa chon 4 chl tieu (nhdm dat, tang day dat, cd gidi d^t, d6 pH dat); yeu td dja hinh co 3 chi ti§u (dd ddc, do cao tuy^t ddi va khd nang ngap ijng); yeu td khf hau co 3 chl tidu (IUdng mUa trung binh nam, nhi^t dd trung binh nam, nhiet do trung binh ban ddm phan hda mam hoa thang 10).
Bdn do ddn vj dat dai tinh Dak Ndng t9 Id 1:
100.000 (hinh 1) gdm 176 ddn vj dat dai (LMU).
Trong dd, LMU 154 thuoc nhdm d^t den Luvisols cd dien tich nhd nhat 198,4 ha, LMU 88 thude nhom dat dd Ferralsols ed didn tfch Idn nhat 17.770,0 ha.
Hinh 1 - bin do dan vf dat dai tinh DSk Ndng 1^1$ 1:100.000
Ydu ciu SIJ" dung dit cua ciy Macadamia: eay Macadamia ed ydu cau sinh thai kha khat khe, thi'ch hdp phdt triin tren nhdm dat do, dat n§u thim cd tdng day trdn 100 em; thanh phan ed gidi ddt thjt pha set - eat; dd pH dat 5,0-5,4; dd ddc dudi 8°;
thodt nude, khdng bj ng$p ung. Do cao tuy#t ddi ly tudng d l trdng Macadamia la 800-1.000 m, vdi IUdng mua trung binh ndm tren 2.200 mm, nhi$t do trung binh ndm khodng 20-22°C. Dieu kidn quan trong quydt dinh den ch^t IUdng ra hoa va ddu qua cua Macadamia la nhi^t dd trung binh ban ddm phan hoa mdm hoa (thdng 10) khodng 15-17°C.
Danh gia thich hpp dat dai dSi vdi cay Macadamia va kiSm chC(ng
Kit qui danh gia thich hap dit dai dii vdi Macadamia tinh Dak Ndng: ket qud ddnh gid thich hop dat dai ddi vdi cay Macadamia (hinh 2) cho thay: Ddk Ndng Id vung ddt kha thich hop cho vide phdt triin Macadamia. Ting didn tfch SI Id 73.287,6 ha, chiem 11,2% tong di$n tfeh tU nhien (DTTN), tap trung d cdc xa cua huyen Dak Song (Ddk Hda, Nam Binh, Thudn Ha, Thudn Hanh...); xa Thugn An eua Dak Mil; eac xa Quang Tri/e, Qudng Tam eua huy?n Tuy DUc; xd Quang Sdn cija huyen Ddk Giong. Khu vUc cd dien tfch cap SI ehu yeu Id nhOng ndi phdn bd cua nhdm dat dd va nhdm ddt nau thdm hinh thdnh trdn dd me bazan d trung tam cua khu vifc nghidn cUu. Ngoai ra, eon cd cdc yeu t6 quan trpng khdc nhu tdng day dat, dp ddc, dai cao, IUdng mUa va nhi^t dp ban dem phdn hda mam hoa phu hpp.
Cap S2 chiem 19,0% DTTN vdi khoang 123.924,5 ha, tap trung d cdc xd Qudng Sdn, Dak Sdk, thj tran Dak Mil cua huyen Ddk Mil; eac xa Dak R'tih, Qudng Tdn cCia Tuy DUc; phan ldn cac xa thupc huydn Dak R'Idp vd thi xa Gia NghTa. Cdp S3 cd 134.420,4 ha chiem 20,6% tong DTTN, thude cdc xd Dak Ria, Ddk N'Drot cua Ddk Mil; cac xd Tan Thanh, Ndm N'Dir, DUc Xuyen cua Krdng Nd; Qudng Tri/e, Qudng Tdm cua Tuy DUc; Hung Binh, Dao NghTa cua Ddk R'lap.
Cdc ydu td gdy han che 6 cdp nay chu ydu Id do cao dja hinh (400-600 m hodc trdn 1.000 m), dd ddc (15-25°) va didu kien nhidt dd ban dem phdn hda mam hoa (13-15°) anh hudng true tiep den sd IUdng vd chat IUdng ra hoa cua Macadamia. Vijng khdng thieh hdp (N) vdi Macadamia chu ydu Id khu vt/c phfa bde cua Dak Ndng (huyen Cu Jut), phia ddng nam huyen Dak Giong do didu kien tdi han cCia dd ddc (tren 25°), tdng day dat, lupng mua vd nhi§t dp ban dem phdn hda mdm hoa. Tong dien tfch khdng
ISlNGNGHEVietlNdni
DIA PHUONG
Hinh 2: bin do phan hang thich hdp dat dai ciy Macadamia tinh DSk Ndng phu hdp cho trdng Macadamia trong khu vuc nghien cUu kha ldn (305.149,3 ha), chiem 46,8% DTTN.
KiSm chijfng: tuy Macadamia Id Iodi edy mdi, dang trong qud trinh khdo nghigm de tien tdi trdng md rpng, nhung trong thuc te, d Ddk Nong da cd nhOng hp ddn tidn hanh trong xen, trdng thudn Macadamia vdi quy md nho va rdi rae. Oe kiem tra dp tin cay cCia kdt qud ddnh gid thieh hdp dat dai ddi vdi cdy Macadamia, nghidn cUu lUa chon ngdu nhien mdt sd dja dilm da trdng Macadamia d Dak Ndng, tu dd ddi chieu, so sdnh vdi kdt qua nghien CLfu. Qua so sdnh cho thay, cd 19/22 dilm kiem tra dung vdi bdn do phan hang thi'ch hdp dat dai. Trong dd cd 9 diem Macadamia phdt trien tdt, cho thu hoach cao Ung vdi nhUng vung dUdc ddnh gia rdt thi'ch hpp hodc thfch hdp. NgUdc lai, 10 dilm trdng Macadamia khdng hieu qud eung tUdng Ung vdi vung It thieh hpp hodc khong thfch hdp trdn bdn dd.
Ngodi ra, 3 dilm trdng Macadamia trdn vung thfch hpp nhung ty l§ ra hoa, ddu qud lai thap. Qua dieu tra, phdng van ngudi trdng cho thdy, nguydn nhdn la do cdy gidng ban ddu kem chdt IUdng. NhU vdy, ddnh gid thfch hpp dat dai trong nghien cUu nay khd
phij hdp vdi thuc trang eanh tdc Macadamia tren dja ban tinh Dak Ndng trong nhUng nam vUa qua. TU dd thay rang, ket qud nghien cUu cd dd tin cay eao.
Dinh hudng phat trien viing Macadamia tmh Dak Nong
Ca sd khoa hpe lUa chpn vung phat triin Macadamia: hien nay, Quy hoach phat trien ndng nghiep, ndng thdn tinh Ddk Ndng ddn nam 2020 da xdc djnh den nam 2020 trdng hdn 14.600 ha Macadamia. Vung djnh hUdng quy hoach phdt triin Macadamia trUdc tien phdi Id vung cd eac dieu kien tu nhidn dupc ddnh gid thich hdp. Trdn ed sd kdt qud ddnh gid thich hdp ddt dai eho phep lUa chpn eae vung trdng Uu tidn theo thUtunhU sau: (1) Vung ed cdc ddn vj dat dai rat thi'ch hpp; (2) Vung cd cdc ddn vj dat dai thfch hdp; (3) Vung ed eae ddn vj dat dai it thieh hdp.
Yeu cau ve hieu qud kinh td - xa hdi va moi trudng: vung dUdc lUa chpn uu tien phdt triin trong Macadamia phdi phdn dnh toan didn hidu qua ve cdc mat kinh te, xd hdi va moi trudng. Cae muc dfch SLf dung ddt khde la: dat Idm nghiep cd rUng, ddt ehuyen dung, ddt d, ddt lua, dat trdng eao su, hd tieu khdng phat triin Macadamia. NhU vdy, Uu tidn phdt trien vung trdng Macadamia trdn nhCfng hd thdng sLf dung dat sau: cdc loai ddt trdng cay Idu ndm (cd phd, didu, edy an qua...); dat chua sii dung, dat trdng cay hdng ndm cd hidu qud kinh te thap hodc khdng ben vUng ve mdi trudng (dat trdng san, ngo). Qud trinh lua chpn nay can phdi cdn nhac do cd su thay ddi giOa ede thdi ky cCia nhu eau xd hpi ve loai ndng sdn dd vd vdn de an toan IUdng thuc.
Yeu eau vd lao dpng va quy md: Macadamia can tudi vao mua khd, ddng thdi san phim sau khi thu hdi cdn dupe dUa vdo x^ ly va ehe bien ngay, vl vay nen phdt then d nhUng vung ddng ddn cU vd lao ddng, trinh dd ddn tri cao, biet dau tu thdm canh, dp dung cdc tien bd khoa hoc. Vung bd tri san xudt Macadamia cung phdi dap Ung ydu cau cd giao thdng thudn Idi de tien cho eong tdc chi dao, thu mua, che bien, ndng cao chat lupng sdn pham.
De xuit dinh hudng phat then viing Macadamia (hinh 3): tren cd sd ket qua ddnh gia thich hpp ddt dai, hien trang phdn bd eac loai edy trdng chfnh, phdn tfch cdc ydu cdu, lua chpn vLjng phdt trien Macadamia cho thdy, tiem ndng ddt dai cCia tinh Oak
s o , nam 20,6 g J ^ J I g S l V i l NaHl
DIA PHUONG
Hinh 3- bin dd di xuit vdng phat trien Macadamia tfnh D&k Ndng
Ndng khd ddi ddo cho muc dfch phdt trien loai cdy trdng nay. Tuy nhien, trong dieu kien cd phe, cao su, hd tidu vdn Id nhUng cay trdng truyen thdng, cd thd manh eua tinh, ddng thdi Macadamia iai la cdy trdng mdi, hidn van dang tim kiem thj trudng tieu thu, vi vdy bude dau ehi nen djnh hudng quy hoach trdn cdc didn tfch dupc ddnh gid rat thfch hpp (81).
Hidn nay. Dak Ndng cd khodng 450 ha Macadamia, chu yeu trdng tren dja ban huyen Tuy DUc va Dak Mil. Tuy nhien, ddy Id nhOng didn tfch gieo trdng rdi rdc, nhd le, tu phdt. Qua thiJc td nhUng ndm ddu trdng, cd vudn Macadamia phdt triin tdt, eho hoa va qud bdi, cd vudn eho t^ Id dau hoa va qua ft. Vi vdy, cdn ra sodt, glO Igi cdc vUdn Macadamia cho kdt qud tdt, dua vdo quy hoach, tiep tue ddu tU, dp dung cdc bidn phdp khoa hpe ky thudt; ddng thdi chuyin doi cdc vUdn khdng hieu qud.
Dien tich can quy hoaeh cdn lai, Uu tidn trdng Macadamia xen trong vUdn ea phd thuan, Macadamia xen vdi cdy dn qua hodc thay the ed phe gid cdi, trdng thuan tren dat chUa sCf dung, dat nUdng san, dat trdng dieu kem hieu qud.
K6tln$nva kidn nghi
Ket qud danh gid thfch hpp dat dai ddi vdi cay Macadamia tinh Dak Ndng eho thdy, di$n tfeh rdt thfch hdp (SI) ed 73.287,6 ha (ehlem khodng 11,2%
DTTN CLia tinh) tdp trung d huyen Dak Song, Ddk Mil va Tuy DUe; cap thfch hdp (82) ed 123.924,5 ha (chiem 19,0%); edp it thich hdp (83) ed 134.420,4 ha (chiem 20,6%); cdp khdng thich hdp (N) ed didn tich 305.149,3 ha (chidm 46,8%). Cdc ydu td gidi han d nhOng vCing nay chO yeu la do ddc Idn, tang dat mdng (dudi 50 cm), nhidt do trung binh ban dem phan hda mam hoa (thang 10) khdng phii hdp vd nhOng vung ngdp ung.
Ket qud nghien cUu da gdp phan cung edp cd sd khoa hpe trong vide d[nh hudng sii dung ddt eho phdt triin Macadamia tinh Dak Ndng. Theo dd, dien tfch dat rat thfch hdp de trdng Macadamia Id 41.717,7 ha, hodn todn ddp Ung dUdc mgc tieu quy hoach 14.600 ha Macadamia den nam 2020 cua tTnh Dak Ndng.
D I phdt thin bdn vOng cay Macadamia d nUdc ta ndi chung va tinh Dak Nong ndi ridng, edn tien hdnh thdm nhi3ng nghien eUu tren khfa canh kinh te, xa hpi va mdi trUdng .e:
1. Bo Nong nghiep va Phai tnen nong thdn (2012), TCVN 8409:2012 - Quy trinh dinh gii dat sin xuat nong nghi$p, 50 tr.
2. Hoang Hoe. Novak M, Wilson K, Jones K (2010), Sich hudng din trong cSy v^ quin /)? vUdn cSy mac ca, d\) in CARD 037/05/VIE
3 NguySn TC( Si§m (2015). "Cay mac ca - h u y i n tho^ii hay ngij nhSn''", Hpi d$p ldn v^ phat trien nguon nUdc Vi$t Nam, Hi NOi.
4 Sd Nflng nghiep va Phat tnen nong thon tinh DSk N6ng (2014). Ke hoach phit triSn kmh te-xa hoi nganh ndng nghi$p v^
phat trien nong thdn tinh DSk Nong giai doan 2016-2020, 24 tr.
5 FAO(1976),-4frameworfcfor/andeva/uafion, R o m e , 8 7 p g s .
fUuftUAU^Vipi^ So 1 n d m 2 0 1 6
