' NGHIlN CtfU - P H A T T R I I N LY LUAN
DOI Mdi Tir DUY VE KINH TE - NHIN LAI 70 NAM
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Cach thufC; bifdc di, Id trinh phit tri^n cic nitdc co khac nhau, nhiAng nhin chung cac chinh thc^ cam quy^n cua cic qudc gia d^u phai quan tim giai quyet vin de the ch^ kinh ti nhti la mot tit y^u can cdt nhit bao dam cho stf phat triendn dinh cua che do chinh tri vi sti giau manh cua mpt dat ntidc.
• PGS,TS Lf: QUOC LY Pho Gidm doc Hgc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
T
he che kmh t^ luon la vSn di trpng yiu tac dpng true tiip khong nhtmg d^n phat triSn kinh ti noi rieng ma con true ti§p tac dpng d^n sir dn dinh cua ch^ dp chinh tri - xa hdi. Th^ ch^ kinh ti hieu qua khong chi lam cho d^t nir6c c6 n^n kinh ti phat trign, gi^u m^nh ma cbn g6p phltn quan trpng bao dim ch6 dfi chinh tri - xa hpi 6n dinh va b§n vung. Ngiroc lai, ihi chi kinh te kem hieu qua khong nhung se dua nin kinh ti tra nen tri tre, ngheo nan, doi khd ma cdn tac dpng true tiep lam cho che dd chinh tri mat on dmh (co the sup dd). Sll lua chpn thi chi kinh te cua Viet Nam trong 70 nam qua la mpt qua trinh lich sii ddy khSc nghiet va gian khd. Den nay, qua trinh nay van dang ddi hdi phai tiep tuc tim tdi hon niia, ddi mdi tu duy hon nua vi mpi mat d^ Viet Nam thuc su cd mpt the chd kinh ti higu luc, hieu qua nhat, cd kha nang dua nln kinh ti Viet Nam phat triin nhanh, viing chSc vagi^umanh.Ke tir ngay Cach mang Thing Tam vT dai thanh cdng den nay da trdn bay muoi nam. Tii
mdt dat nudc ngheo ddi lam than, nd le vdi canh hon 2 trieu ngudi chit ddi nam 1945, Viet Nam da trd thanh mpt nudc ddc lap va XHCN, cd cudc sdng ^ no, tuoi dep. 70 nam xay dung va hio ve d^t nudc XHCN, Viet Nam da trai qua nhung biin cd, thing tram cua Uch su ma khdng phai dan tdc nao, dat nudc nao cimg vugt qua dupc. Vupt qua khd khan, thach thiic, Viet Nam da cd nhung biroc phat trien vupt bac, dat dupc nhilu thanh tuu to lon. Vdi ban 30 nam dai gian khd trong hai cudc Idling chi^n chdng thuc dan Phip va de qudc My, hang chuc trieu ngudi khdng tigc mau xuong, da nga xudng vi mdt Viet Nam dOc lap, XHCN. ^^et Nam da budc ra khoi hai cudc chidn tranh dd bing nhung chien thing
"chin ddng dia cau" va di vao ky nguyen hda binh va phit triln. Trai qua chang dudng 70 nim, Viet Nam da lam nen bin anh hiing ca bat hd trong dung xay va bao ve Td qudc de nhan loai phai ngudngmp. Tirnam 1975 den nay, Viet Nam da cd nhieu ddi thay. Tii mdt dat nudc ngheo khd lam khdng du an, thg va luc tren trudng qudc te vd cimg nho be, bi bao vay, cam van, Viet Nam da trd thinh mpt nudc cd miic phit trien khi, tiem luc kinh te, chinh tri, quoc phdng - an ninh da manh len ro ret, da la thinh vien cua 70 td chiic qudc ti, la doi tic chidn luoc
LYLUANCH(NHTR!-So9/2015
NGHIEN CCrU - PHATTRIEN Lf LUAN
vdi 14 nuoc, ddi tic toan dien vdi 10 nuoc, ddi tic chidn lupc theo Hnh vuc vdi 2 nudc (Dan Mach, Ha Lan) va cd quan he ngoai giao vdi hon 185 nudc tren 193 nudc thanh vien Lien Hpp qudc. Die biet, Viet Nam da va dang la thanh vi6n chii ddng, tieh cue xay dung cdng ddng cic nudc ASEAN va dam phin Hiep djnh Ddi tic xuyen - ThaiBinhDuong (TPP)...
Nhiing thay ddi neu tren e6 thd khang dinh la nhd ddi mdi tu duy cua Dang Cdng san Viet Nam, trong do cd ddi mdi tu duy vi chinh tri, kinh te, ddi ngoai va van hda... Trong nhiing thdi khac thing tram eua lieh su, ddi mdi tu duy da lam cho Dang ta ngay mdt manh len, lam cho dit nudc ta ngay mdt phit tridn hon va giau manh hon, nhan dan ta ngay mot duoc am no, hanh phiic ban. Qui trinh ddi mdi tu duy cua Dang khdng phai la mdt qua trinh bang phang, ma la mdt qui trinh diu tranh, cp xit vi tran trd de tim ra mpt eon dudng dua dit nuoc, dua dan tdc ta phit trien, di len.
Thi che kinh te ke hoach hda, tap trung quan lilu bao cip da phat huy tac dyng trong thdi chiln tranh, di cho ehiing ta dieu kien tdt de huy dpng cua cai vat ehit va sue dan phuc vu cho hai cupc khing chiln v! dai. Tuy nhien, the che kinh t l nay khdng ed kha nang giai phdng sue lao ddng va khoi day mpi tiem nang sing tao cua mgi ngudi de lam cho nln kinh tl ed thi phit trien trong giai doan hda binh. Khi budc vio thdi ky hoa binh, thd chl kinh tl kl hoach hda, tap trung quan hlu bao eip khdng nhiing khdng phit huy dupe tie dung mi edn trd thanh rio can eho su phit triln cua dit nudc. Hon 10 nam sau ngiy giii phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat dat nudc, Vilt Nam da Iun din vao cudc khung hoang kinh tl - xa hdi. Khdng chip nhan eanh sdng ddi khd dd, nhan dan nhilu noi di vuot rao, tim tdi ddi mdi. Nhilu viing ndng thdn di
tien hanh khoin sin pham (khoin chui) trong ndng nghiep. Nhilu doanh nghiep ciing da manh nha tiln hanh ip dung cac cich quan ly mdi. Ba lpi ich (Nha nudc, tap thi vi ei nhin) trong kinh tl bit diu dupc bin den. Nhiing tu tudng manh nha eua ddi mdi do khdng d§ ding dupc chap nhan ngay tit dau. Nhilu ca nhan, to chuc di phai nhin cic hinh thirc 1^ luaL
Dudng ldi eua Dang bit dau dupc ddi mdi tii Dai hpi VI vi tit diy trang sii cua Dang va ciia din tpc Viet Nam dupc vilt nen bdi nhung dianh tuu mdi. Ddi mdi tu duy vl kinh te di dupc Ding Cdng san Viet Nam chgn lam Idiiu ddt phi va di dua dit nudc ta di tu thanh cdng nay din thinh cdng khic trin mat tran kinh tl.
30 nam, mpt giai doan ddi mdi, da dua dan tdc W t Nam tting budc sanh vai vdi cic cudr^ qudc nam chiu. Nhin lai 30 nam ddi mdi cho thay, ddi mdi tu duy, trong do cd ddi mdi manh me tu duy vl kinh t l cua Dang la vd cung sing tao va hoin toan diing din. Nlun lai mdt vii nudc khdng chiu ddi mdi tu duy mi cho din hdm nay nhan dan cac nudc do vin ddi khd va ngheo nan, radi thiy hit SUAO; dai va cdng lao to ldn cua Ding ta tror^ nhung budc thai^ tram lich su dd.
Thi chl kinh thi hudng dinh hudngXHCN di Mnh thanh va dang diroc hoan thien. Nen kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudngXHCN da cho Viet Nam dat dupc nhiing budc phat trien mdi, cd siic di len mdi, giau manh hon, tuoi dep hon. Viec tu bd nen kinh tl kl hoach hda, tip trung, quan lilu bao cip sang thuc hiln nen kmh t l thi trudng dinh hudngXHCN da cho Viet Nam thiy sulua chpn dung din cua mOt thi ehe kinh tied thi dua mdt dit nudc dang ngheo ddi cd eo hgi trd dianh giau manh. Tii nhiing budc diu chip ehiing ddi mdi tu duy vl kinh t l vdi nhilu giai phip nua vdi (nua mudn thi trudng, nua mudn kl hoaeh hda, tap trung quan lilu bao cip), Vilt
LV LUAN CHfNH TRI-S69/2015
Nam da ngay mdt ddi mdi dih khoat hon sang nen kinh t l thi trudng (tir bo hoan toan co che kl hoach hda, tap trung quan lieu bao cip), Dai hdi XI ciia Ding di cd nliieu ddi mdi manh me ve tu duy kinh t l va di khing dinh rd rang hon con dudng phat trien kinh t l cda Vilt Nam la nen kinh t l thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN. Cu thi la "Xa hdi xa hOi chii nghia mi nhan dan ta xay dung la mdt xa hdi: ...cd nen kmh tiphit triin cao dim trenlucluqmgsinxuithidn dai vi quan he sin xuit tiin bd phu hop;...''". Tu duy kmh tl mdi d day dupc phit trien cao, phii hpp vdi nen kinh tethi trudng dinh hudngXHCN vdi vile khdng hi gd bd, cung nhic vao mdt loai hinh sd hiiu vl tu hlu san xuat ma quan tam vao ban chat bin trong cua nd, chinh la quan he sin xuat tien bg phu hpp. Diy li budc tiln ldn trong ddi mdi tu duy ly luin vl kinh t l eua Dii^ vdi vile khing dinh, lim ro quan dilm, ly luan va tu duy vl kinh tl cho giai doan phit trien mdi, coi trpng va bao dam cho cac thanh phin ldnh te phit trien manh me vi mgt dat nudc ^^lt Nam giau manh, XHCN.
Nhd ddi mdi tu duy kinh te va su lua chpn thd che kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN, Viet Nam di tir mdt nen kinh te hiu nhu khdng cd ting trudng thinh mgt nudc cd tdc dd ting truong cao thii hai a chau A. Tang trudng kinh te binh quin ciia Viet Nam trong giai doan 1986-2014 dat 6,6%/nim, trong do giai doan 1991-1995 li 8,2%; giai doan 1996-2000 dat 7,0%; giai doan 2001-2005 dat 6,9%; giai doan 2006-2010 dat 6,32%; giai doan 2011-2015 du kiln dat 5,82%. Quy md ciia nen kmh t l sau 30 nam di ldn len khdng ngimg. Nim 1990, GDP ciia Viet Nam mdi dat 6,5 ty USD, tM sau 10 nim din nam 2000, GDP dat 31,21^ USD (gap 4,8 lin nam 1990), din nim 2010 dat 134,6 ty USD (gap 20,7 lan GDP nim 1990) va nam
2015 dukien dat 2041^ USD (gip31,4lin GDP nam 1990). Thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi ciia Vilt Nam sau 30 nam ddi mdi da ting khi cao, ed budc nhay vpt vl chat. Nlu nhu nim 1990, GDP binh quan dau ngirdi d Viet Nam mdi dat 98 USD thi din nim 2014 da dat 2052 USD (gap 20,93 lin GDP/ngudi nam 1990) va Vilt Nam da chinh thiic trd thinh nude cd thu nhip trung buih thip vio nam 2009. Ddng thdi, Viet Nam di tung buoc nit ngin khoing each thu nhip so voi cic nudc ve sd tuong ddi.
Ddi mdi tu duy ve kinh te vi su lua chpn nln kmh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN cdng da dua nen ldnh te Viet Nam chuyin dich manh vl CO cau kinh tl. Tir mdt nudc thuin ndng vdi t^
trgng ndng ngMep cMlm 38,74% trong nln kinh t l nam 1990 xudng cdn 18,1% nim 2014.
Dilm ndi bit trong viec lira chpn nln kinh tl thi trudng dinh hudngXHCN la van dl xuat - nhip khau. Neu nhu tnrdc nam 1990, kM Viet Nam dang la ihanh vien Hdi ddng tuong trp kinh tl, xuat khau cua Viet Nam cM dung d miic vii tram trieu USD/nam, din nam 1990, kM Vilt Nam da tiln hinh ddi mdi dugc 5 nam tM kim ngaeh xuit khau mdi dat 2,4 ty USD, nhung din nim 2014, kim ngach xuat khiu cda Viet Nam da dat 150 ty USD ^ p 62,5 lin nam 1990). Dieu die biet dang luu y niia la, den nim 2014, ty le kim ngach xuit khau trin GDP cua Viet Nam dat 80,6%. Diy la mdt su khang dinh su phit trien vupt bic cua nln kinh t l \ l l t Nam.
Bin eanh nhiing thinh tuu vl tde dp ting tnrdng nln kinh tl, vl quy md nln kinh te va ting cao cua tdng kim ngaeh xuit khiu trong 30 nim qua, mdt thanh tuu to ldn niia do la ddi sdng eiia ngirdi dan da dugc eai tMen va nang len ro ret. CMnh sich an sinh xi hdi dupc trien khai vi thuc Men tdt, di dat nMlu kit qui, radi nam giam binh quin khoang 2% hd ngheo. Ty
LY LUAN CHINH TRI-So9/2015
NGHIEN C ^ U - PHAT TRI^N LV LUAN
11 hd ngheo ciia ca nudc nam 1993 d muc 58%
thi nim 2014 ty ll niy da giam xudng cdn 8%
(trong kM dd ehuin ngheo eting dugc thay ddi va ning lln cao hon trudc dd nMeu).
Nhiing thanh thinh tuu neu trin khang dinh su lua chpn nln kinh t l thi trudng djnh hirdng XHCN la mdt su lira chpn diing din.
Ben canh nhimg thanh tuu nlu trin ciing cin phai thiy ring nln kinh tlViet Nam dang diing trudc thuc te tut hiu tirong ddi so vdi nMlu nudc. Nln kinh tl\^lt Nam dang phit triln dudi miic tilm nang, cdn ton tai nMlu ylu kim va bit cap. NMeu chuyin gia cho ring, nln kinh t l Viet Nam la "nen kinh t l khdng chiu phit trien".
Thuc tl cho thiy, kinh tl vl md eda Viet Nam chua thuc su dn dinh, viir^ chic, nguy co lam phit vin edn tilm an, eie can ddi vi md vin cdn trong tinh trang ehua that su bin vting. Dilu die biet luu y, do li nang suit lao ddng ciia Vilt Nam cdn qua thap so vdi cie nudc trin thi gidi.
CMnh vi nang suit lao dgng cua Vilt Nam qui thip nen mac du quy mo cua nln kinh tl
cd ldn len nhilu vi cd nit ngin khoang cich tuong ddi so vdi cic nudc nhimg khoing cich ve cac con sd tuyet ddi vin rit ldn. VI thu nhip tinh theo dau ngudi cung vay, so vdi cac nudc thu nhip tinh theo dau ngudi da dugc ting len rd ret va di nit din khoing cich diu nhap tinh theo dau ngudi vl sd tuong ddi cdn vl sd tuyet ddi tM qui ldn. TM du nhu, nim 2000, thu nhap tirih theo dau ngudi cua Vilt Nam la 433 USD tM tiiu nh|tp tinh theo diu ngudi cda Thii Lan la 1.969 USD (gap 4,5 lin Viet Nam va chlnh llch 1.536 USD so vdi Viet Nam);
Malaixia li 4.005 USD (gip 9,2 lin Vilt Nam, chenh lech 3.572 USD so vdi Viet Nam); Han Qude li 11.948 USD (gip 27,6 lan Viet Nam va chlnh llch 11.515 USD so vdi VietNam).
Din nim 2014, thu nhap binh quin diu ngudi eua Vilt Nam dat 2.052 USD, dii Thai Lan dat 5.561 USD/ngudi (gip 2,7 lan Viet Nam va chenh llch 3.509 USD so vdi Viet Nam vi gap 2,28 lan miic chenhlleh nim 2000); Malaixia dat 10.830 USD/ngudi (gap 5,3 lin so vdi Vi$t Nam Dd thi 1. Ning suit lao dOng Vi$t Nam so vdi cic nudc
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Ngudn: Hdng Anh: Ning suit lao ddng VietNam cdn tiiap visao?7-6-2014
LfLUAN CHINH TRJ-SO9/2015
vi chenh lech so vdi Viet Nam li 8.778 USD gip 2,45 lin muc chenh lech nim 2000); Hin Qudc dat 27.970 USD/ngudi (gip 13,6 lin so vdi Viet Nam, chenh lech so vdi thu nhap binh quan diu ngudi cua Viet Nam nam 2014 la 25.918 USD, gip 2,25 lin miic chenh lech nim 2000).
Nhiing sd lieu tren cho thiy tht^ t l nln kmh tl Vilt Nam da tut hiu so vdi nen kinh te cua nMlu nudc trin thi gidi. Nlu Viet Nam khdng cd nhimg giai phap dot pha ve the chl kinh te chic chin xu thi tut hau se eang ldn hon. Vdi chii tnrong tip trung hoan tMen the che kinh te thi tnrdng dinh hudng XHCN theo hudng xay dung nen kinh t l thi trudng Men dai, hdi nhip qudc tl, cd nMlu hinh thiie sd hiiu, riMlu thinh phan kinh tl, vin hanh diy du, ddng bd theo quy luat thi trudng, c ^ tranh hmh dang, minh bach cd the tao cho nen kinh te \^lt Nam cd mgt xung lue phit trien mdi. Tuy Miiln, tir kmh ngMlm thuc tiln 30 nam ddi mdi va 70 nam xiy dung vi bao ve dit nudc cho Vilt Nam thay ring mudn phit triln cin diit khoit tii bd mgi tin du cii cua co ehl tap trung quan hlu bao cip, ddi mdi manh hon nua, quyet hit hon niia. Phit trien nen kmh t l thi trudng dinh hirdng XHCN la nen tang dl giii phdng vi khoi thdng mgi ngudn luc, tilm ning va sing tao cho phit triln. Phit trien nln kinh te thi tiirdng li mdt budc di tit ylu va la phuong tien khdng thi thieu de eho nhan ioai di den giau cd vi phdn vinh. Chinh vi le dd cin xiy dung mdt thi chl kmh t l thi trudng day du, hoin chinh, bio dam cho mdt nln kinh tl ning dgng, Mlu qua, dem lai cho Viet Nam su giiu manh va phdn vmh. The chl kmh t l thi tnidng dinh hudng XHCN d Viet Nam hiln nay cMnh la mdt the chl kmh t l d dd cd cic dilu kien de nen kinh te phit trien ning ddng nhu mdt nln kinh t l thi trudng Men dai. 6 dd, mdi tnrdng ldnh doanh
phii thdng thoing, phii hda nhip vdi mdi trudng kinh doanh d ttIn cac thi trudng thi gidi va cic qudc gia khac. Nen kinh te thi trudng d dd khdng cd sij phin biet ddi xii giiia cic ddi tupng va chu the tten thi trudng dd. Die bilt, thi ehl kinh t l thi tiiidng dinh hudng XHCN d Vilt Nam khdng cd sir di bi0t, khie biet so vdi eac thi che kinh te thi trudng Men dgi tten thi gidi. Vi nhu viy li, mgi thanh phin kinhtl deu dupc ddi xu bmh dang, choi cung mdt sin choi va cimg mdt luit ehoi, khdng cd su uu tien hay phin bilt. Cac khu vuc kinh t l diu li bd phan hpp thanh cua nln kinh t l thi trudng dinh hudngXHCN, boat dgng bmh ding, diingphip luit, duge luat phap bio ve vi khuyin khieh phit triln nhu nhau.
Dl dat dupc nhirng dieu nhu ttIn vi dl ed mdt thi ehl kinh te thuc suMeu qua, ning ddng cin ddt phi manh ml tu duy ve kir± tl. Die biet tu duy mdi vl cic van dl phat trien cda nhin loai vi ed thii dp ciu thi dl ling nghe vdi phuong cham: Hpc mpi cai khdn, cii tdt cua nhin loai dl dung xiy dit nudc; Sii dung mpi sue manh cua nhan loai de bio vl dit nudc; Huy ddng mgi ngudn lire cua nhin loai dl lira giiu dit nudc.
Can xay dung mdt thi ehl kinh tl ma d dd kbit vgng lam giau, kbit vgng vuon len dugc tham sau, dugc hun due ttong tam thiic cua mgi con ngudd Vilt Nam; mgi ngudn Iiic cho phit triln dupc huy ddng, mgi siic sang tao cho phat triln dugc khoi day va tii dd tao nln mdt ddng luc, mdt siic manh vuon lln ttong con ngudi Viet Nam, dua Viet Nam ttd thinh mdt dit nudc giau manh, phdn vinh ttong thuc tl 0
(1) DCSVN: Van kj$n Dai hdi dai biiu toan qudclin didXI, Nxb Chinh tri qudc gia. Hi Ngi, 2011, tt.70.
LYLUAN CHlNH TRI-So9/2015
