10 Nghien CU'U Ton giao. .Sf3'9 2011
NHO GIAO VA PHAT TRIEN BEN V Q N G
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di tvf e a c h la h e tvf tufcfng c h i n h t h o n g t r a i s u o t tif t h d i H a n de'n he't t h d i n h a T h a n h , N h o g i a o giiif v a i t r o q u a n t r o n g b a c n h a t t r o n g v i c e x a c l a p ddi s o n g t i n h t h a n ciia x a h o i T r u n g H o a t r u y c n t h o n g . D o n g t h d i N h o g i a o c i i n g a n h hufofng r a t Idn dc'n nhiYng quo'c g i a d o n g v a n ( N h a t Ban, H a n Quo'c, Vict Nam, S i n g a p o r e ) . D i e u dd k h a n g d i n h m o t e a c h h i c n n h i e n r a n g , N h o g i a o la m o t t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a chifa dvfng n h i e u gia tri pho bicn va tritdng ton.La m o t t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a , N h o g i a o k h o n g t h e k h o n g a n h hvfcfng d6'n ddi s o n g dvfdng d a i ; v a svf p h a t t r i 6 n h i c n n a y cua cac q u o c g i a D o n g A k h o n g t h e k h o n g t i n h de'n v a i t r o ciia N h o g i a o . Tuy n h i e n , nhiY m o i t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a k h a c , a n h hvfcfng ciia N h o g i a o la phiYc t a p v a c6 t i n h h a i m a t . Bcfi vay, m a c dii d e u thufa n h a n a n h hvfcfng ciia N h o g i a o , nhvfng c h o de'n n a y , v a n t o n t a i nhiYng q u a n d i e m d a n h g i a , v a d o dd, n h i f n g lYng xuf k h a c n h a u , t h a m c h i t r a i ngvfdc n h a u do'i v d i N h o g i a o t r o n g siY p h a t t r i e n x a h o i dvfdng d a i .
Nhvf chvmg t a bic't, kc' tuf d a u t h e ' k i X X de'n n a y , t a i nhiYng t h d i d i e m k h a c n h a u , v d i nhiYng mufc d o k h a c n h a u , N h o g i a o d a trcf t h a n h do'i tvfdng c u a svf p h e p h a n . N h o g i a o b i ke't t o i l a n g u y c n n h a n
NCMVKN V A N P i r r C ' ' chii ye'u d i n dc'n svf t r i t r o ciia c a c x a hoi D o n g A. Nhufng c h u a n mtfc c a n b a n n h a t ciia N h o g i a o b i c u h i c n q u a NgU luAn, Ngii Thitdng. Tam cifdng, Tam Tdng, Tit Di'tc bi coi l a c o n g cvi t i n h t h ^ n t h o n g tri c o n ngifdi dvfdi c a i v 6 d a o li; nh&n d a n h t i n h ngvfdi, n h a n d a n h n h i n n g h i a , d a o 11 N h o g i a o l a i h a n h u c e o n ngiYdi; v a noi nhvf Lo T a n , d a o li N h o g i a o l a m o t thvf dao li an thit ngifdi. Vi v a y , l o a i bo moi h i n h thvfc b i c u h i c n c u a N h o g i a o t r o n g ddi s o n g n g h i a l a l o a i b o m o i di h a i cua N h o g i a o l a m o t you c a u , m o t n h i e m vu g a n l i e n v d i svf n g h i c p x a y diYng x a hoi m d i , c o n ngvfdi m d i . O t h d i d i e m d a u the k i XX, svf p h c p h a n N h o g i a o m o t each cvfc d o a n c u n g c 6 c a i li ciia nd; boft do la t a c n h a n c a n thic't c h o svf c h u y e n minh ciia c a c x a h o i D o n g A s a n g t h d i d a i mdi.
Tviy n h i e n , tvf t h d i d i e m h i c n n a y nhin l a i . svf p h e p h a n s a c h t r d n nhvf v a y , giong nhvf v i c e h&'t c a c h a u nvfdc t a m ciing dijfa t r c t r o n g chavi.
L a m o t t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a , Nho g i a o k h o n g d c g i b i l o a i bo. T u y k h o n g e o n giiY v i t r i t h o n g t r i v e m a t tvf tvfofng nu'a, N h o g i a o v i n t h e h i c n m o t sufc song d a i d a n g t r o n g d d i so'ng dvfdng dai.
T r o n g nhiYng t h a p k i g a n d a y , ngufcfi ta l a i dvfdc c h i Y n g k i e ' n m o t t r a o Ivfu tvf
*. PGS.TS.. Vien Trie't hoc. Vien KHXH VN.
Nguyen Van Philc. Nho }>ido va pitat trien hen vCfn^. II
tvfcfng r a siYc k h o i p h u c vi t r i ciia N h o g i a o : t r a o Ivfu Tan Nho giao hicn daP^
NhiYng n h a t a n N h o g i a o h i c n d a i c h o r a n g , svf p h a t t r i e n h i c n n a y d a n g bi chi p h o i bdi c a c q u a n d i 6 m thicn nhan tifctng- phan, con ngifdi la chiia to cua tit nhien;
bcfi trie't li chinh phuc tif nhien. thong tri tit nhien. Vdi n h i f n g d i n h hvfdng dd, con ngvfdi r a svfc b d c lot va h u y h o a i tvf n h i e n , t a o r a nhvfng v a n n a n k h o n g chi t r o n g q u a n h e v d i tvf n h i e n m a ca t r o n g q u a n h e x a h o i . Can phiii p h c p h a n va d o a n t u y c t nhiYng q u a n d i 6 m , nhiYng tri6't li dd; d o n g thcfi, trcf l a i k h a i t h a c , p h a t h u y cac tvf tifcfng, c a c g i a t r i N h o g i a o t r o n g v i c e x a y dvfng n c n t a n g t i n h t h a n cua x a h o i h i c n d a i . T h e o nhufng n h a t a n N h o g i a o h i e n d a i , N h o g i a o la m o t h o c thuye't g o m nhiYng tvf tvfofng, nhiYng g i a
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t r i cd y n g h i a p h o q u a t , v i n h h a n g . Nhufng g i a t r i dd l a c d sof c h o viec thie't l a p m o t x a h o i k h o n g c h i b a o h a m svf h a i h o a giii^a c o n ngvfdi v d i c o n ngvfdi, m a con b a o h a m suf h a i h o a giiYa c o n ngvfdi vdi tiY n h i e n . Mot svf h a i h o a T h i 6 n D i a - N h a n nhvf t h e ' l a d a m b a o c h o svf p h a t t r i e n b e n viYng k h o n g c h i v d i m d i q u o c g i a m a c o n c h o ca t h 6 ' g i d i nhvf m o t c h i n h t h e . H d n the', h o c o n c h o r a n g , cac tvf tvfofng c d b a n c u a N h o g i a o nhvf: Nhan, Hoa, Thanh, Tin, Trung, Thu: Trung dung,v.v... c h i n h l a n h i h i g ye'u t o ' d e x a y dvfng n e n m o t n e n Luan li pho bic'n c h o t h e ' g i d i . Co' n h i e n , nhvf m o i t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a , svf h i c n d i e n c u a N h o g i a o t r o n g x a h o i dvfdng d a i l a k h o n g the' p h u n h a n dvfdc. T u y v a y , l i e u N h o g i a o cd t h e giiJ m o t v a i t r o t o I d n nhvf t h e ' k h o n g ; n g o a i r a , svf p h a t t r i e n h i e n n a y cd d d i h o i p h a i k h a c p h u c nhiYng d i h a i g i c u a N h o g i a o
k h o n g ? Dc g i a i d a p nhiYng c a n hoi n a y , n g h i a la d6 cd m o t svf d a n h g i a h d p li h d n vc v a i t r o ciia N h o g i a o , t h c o c h i i n g tdi, c a n x c m x e t quan he ciia Nho giao
vcjfi nhifng- yen cau ciia sif phat tricn hicn nay. Bcfi 16, c h i n h nhifng y6u cau ciia svf p h a t t r i c n h i c n n a y la cd sd va ti6u chi c h o vice d a n h g i a vai t r o ciia moi t r u y e n t h o n g v a n h o a t r o n g dd cd N h o g i a o .
Nhvf c h i i n g ta bi6't, t r o n g m a y t h a p k i g a n day, m a c dii t a n g Irvforng k h a cao, nhvfng k i n h 16' l o a n cau d a p h a i ddi m a t vdi h a i cuoc d a i k h i i n g h o a n g va n h i e u s u y t h o a i cue bo t a i cac quo'c g i a r i 6 n g biet. D o n g t h d i , n h i e u v a n dc vc con ngvfdi, x a h o i , m d i trvfdng dvfdng nhvf v a n chvfa cd dvfdc n h i i ^ g g i a i p h a p t r i c t d6.
NhiYng d a u h i c u k h o n g b e n viYng v a n h i e n hiYu t r o n g svf p h a t t r i e n ciia m d i quoc g i a c i i n g nhvf ciia ca t h 6 g i d i . Boti vay, Phat trien ben vifng trd t h a n h t r u n g t a m chii y ca vc m a t li l u a n ciing nhvf ve m a t thvfc ti6n.
N a m 1987, t r o n g Bao cao Tifcfng lai chung ciia chiing ta (Our c o m m o n f u t u r e ) d o Uy b a n Bao vc m d i trvfdng v a p h a t t r i 6 n t h e g i d i (WCED) c u a Li6n Hdp Quoc thvfc h i e n , p h a t t r i e n b e n vvfng dvfdc d i n h n g h i a la: "sit phat trien co the dap itng difdc nhihig nhu cau hicn tai ma khong anh hifdng, ton hai deh nhihig kha nang dap ifng nhu cau ciia cac the'he tifcfng lai" Ddi k h i , d i n h n g h i a n a y difdc hi6u m o t e a c h r a t h a n h e p ; t h e o dd, v a n de p h a t t r i e n b e n viYng h i q u y g i a n c h i v e
!. Nho giao tCr thai Tdng diroc cac hoc gia Phirang Tay goi la Tan Khdng giao hoac Tan Nho giao (Neo- Confuciani.sm); con Tan Nho giao hien dai (New Confuciani,sm) la trao liru tir tudng mai hinh thanh may thap ki gan day.
12 Nghicn CU'U Ton giao. So 9 201J
vice bao vc tai nguy6n, sif dung cac d a n g n a n g Ivfgfng sach, cac cdng nghe than thicn vdi mdi tnfdng. Qua that, dd dimg la mot phifdng dicn, mot ycu cau ciia phat tricn ben viYng; nhifng vice quy gian nhif vay k h o n g chi th6 hicn mot nhan thifc, mot each hi6u phi6'n dicn vc quan niem ciia Li6n Hdp Quo'c ma cdn d i n d6'n tinh k h o n g hicu qua t r o n g vice hoach dinh, thifc thi cac chifdng trinh, cac dvf an phat tri6n. Bcfi tr6n thifc tc, phat tricn ben vifng k h o n g chi la bao vc mdi trvfdng. Hdn the', vice bao vc mdi trvfdng lai bi quy dinh k h o n g chi bcfi cac giai phap k i n h tc' ki thuat ma cdn bcfi cac giai p h a p thuoc linh vvfc xa hoi, con ngvfdi. Thvfc ra, t r o n g dinh n g h i a ciia minh. Lien Hdp Quo'c n h i n n h a n phat trien ben viYng bao ham ca ba phvfdng dien, ba muc ti6u, va do dd, ba ycu cau g a n lien vdi nhau, quy dinh lan nhau. Dd la: phat tricn kinh tc' ben vifng, phat
trien xa hgi ben vifng, phat trien moi trifcfng ben vvfng. N6'u phat trien ben viYng bao ham mot noi d u n g can ban va toan dien nhvf vay, thi Nho giao cd the cd nhufng ddng gdp gi, hoac can trot gi do'i vdi phat tricn t r o n g dieu kicn hicn nay?
Dvfdi day, chvmg tdi thuf phan tich mot so' a n h hvfcfng, tac dong ciia Nho giao trcn cac phvfdng dicn cua phat trien.
1. Tren phifdng dicn kinh tc', khoa hgc-cong nghe
Khi xem xet t h a n h cdng ciia qua t r i n h phat tri6n, hien dai hoa cf Nhat Ban, mot sd hoc g i a k h a n g dinh r a n g , nhd cdng thiYc doc dao tinh than Nhat Ban + Cong nghe Phifdng Tay ma quo'c g i a nay dat dvfdc nhiing bvfdc phat trien n g o a n muc ve k i n h te' va xa hoi. Ciing nhvf vay.
ngvfdi ta cho r a n g , cac g i a tri truyen t h o n g Ddng A ma cot Idi la Nho giao, c h a n g han, do cao bon ph&n, ton trong gia dinh, liicii hoc, nh&n ai, song hoa dong vdi tif nhien,... la cd sof va dong Ivfc cho svf cat canh cua nhiYng con ho nho Ddng A. K h o n g the' phii n h a n difdc vai trd ciia nhvfng g i a tri nay doi vdi svf phat tricn t r o n g dicu kicn hicn dai, nhiTng, theo c h u n g tdi, dd k h o n g phai la nhiYng dong Ivfc can ban, dac biet la t r o n g linh vvfc k i n h tc' Nc'u muon ndi de'n dong Ivfc can ban cho svf c&'t canh k i n h tc' cua Ddng A, thi phai ndi tdi cd che thi
tnfdng, tinh than canh tranh thitdng mai, nhifng thanh titu khoa hoc cong nghe la nhufng g i a tri dvfdc du n h a p tvf Phvfdng Tay. Nc'u k h o n g cd nhufng dong Ivfc cd tinh quyc't dinh dd thi chac chan k i n h to' Ddng A se van chi ehim sau t r o n g giac ngii dvfdc vd ve bcfi cac gia tri Nho giao, Phat giao, Dao g i a o va nhufng gia tri d a n g i a n khac. Ngvfdi ta co the Ivfu y va n h a n m a n h nhufng cau ndi cua cac n h a k i n h dicn Nho giao vc vai tro ciia k i n h te'hay mot svf khviyc'n khich nao do doi vdi vice lam giau. Chang han, Khong TiV coi vice lam cho dan dii an U cdng viec h a n g dau dc' t r i nvfdc. Ong cdn ndi r a n g , nvfdc v6 dao ma t r d nen giau cd la mot dicu d a n g x a u ho, nhvfng nvfdc cd dao ma k h o n g lam g i a u dvfdc ciing la mot dieu d a n g x a u ho. Tham chi, Ma,nh Tii: da p h a t hicn r a mot t i n h quy luat d a n g chvi y la, ngvfdi cd h a n g san mdi c6 h a n g tam, ngvfdi k h o n g cd h a n g san tat k h o n g CO h a n g tam. Tuy nhien, theo chvmg tdi, dd chi la nhiYng p h a t ngon le te 'Va svf khuye'n khieh lam giau chi la svf khuye'n khich con ngvfdi vdi tvf each con
Nguyen Van Phuc. Nho giao va phat trie)] hen vilng. 13
ngvfdi ca nhan. Nhin tong the, va ve thvfc chat, Nho giao k h o n g chii trvfdng phat trien kinh te trcn binh dien xa hoi, khong cd chinh sach phat tridn kinh te' hiYu hicu Do'i vdi Nho giao, kinh te'khong difdc nhin nhan ti^ gdc do k i n h te' ma lai dvfdc nhin nhan tii" gdc do chinh tri, dao diYc vdi tvf tvfofng chu dao la quan binh thco danh vi.
Xac dinh danh vi de quan binh dvfdc Khong Tuf coi la dieu davi ticn phai lam khi chap chinh. Nlio giao nhin nh&n quan binh nghia la hdp li chuf khong phai la bang nhavi vc mat so' lifdng trong phan phoi cac Idi ich xa hoi. Clvang han, theo Manh T ^ Vua cd 10, Khanh cd 1; Khanh cd 4, Dai phu cd l,v.v... cho de'n dan thvfdng theo dd ma bdt dan di: dd la quan binh. GiiY dvfdc mot trat tvf quan binh, ngvfdi ta khong cdn cam thay ngheo tiing niYa.
Manh Tuf ndi: "Quan binh thi khong cd ngheo, hoa muc thi k h o n g cd it". Nhvf vay, dieu ma Nho giao quan tam hdn ca la svf quan binh, quan binh la dieu kien, la phvfdng thiYc de duy tri trat tvf, svf binh yen cua xa hoi. Vi thej cac nha nvfdc phong kieii Nho giao, tuy cd thvfc thi mot so' chinh sach khuye'n n o n g nhvfng ciing chi la nham lam cho dan du an of mot miYc do nhat dinh; theo dd, mdi ngvfdi chu cua mot gia dinh, t r o n g len cd the phung dvfofng dvfdc cha me, trong xud'ng cd the nudi n a n g dvfdc vd con". Vdi quan diem va phvfdng thiYc phan phoi nhvf the^ Nho giao can trcf svf phat trien kinh te' hdn la khuye'n khich svf phat trien kinh te'
Gan lien vdi svf p h a t t r i e n k i n h te', dong thdi la n h a n to' ben t r o n g ciia phat trien k i n h te' c h i n h la nhiYng tie'n bo t r o n g l i n h vvfc khoa hpc-cdng nghe. Svf p h a t trien k i n h te', mot mat, ddi hoi mot
cd che' khviy6'n khich Idi ich trong linh vvfc khoa hoc-cdng nghe; mat khac, ciing ddi hoi mot svf khich 16 ve mat tinh than cho nhvYng phat ki6'n, nhufng tim tdi khoa hoc-cdng nghe. Nho giao vd'n coi thvfdng khoa hoc tif nhien va cdng nghe; theo dd, nhiYng t h a n h tvfii khoa hoc-cdng nghe chi dvfdc coi nhvf nhvfng tai nghe khong dang kc. Bcfi th6', Nha nvfdc khdng cd chinh sach khviyc'n khich nghi6n ciYu khoa hoc, s a n g che' va ap d u n g cdng nghe. Thay vi quan sat va thvfc nghiem, Nho giao chu trvfdng phan tit (reflection) nhvf la phvfdng each duy nhat de quan triet ngoai gidi. Hoc gia ngvfdi Trung Hoa Qiu Renzong n h a n xet rang, cac hien tifdng da d a n g ciia tvf nhien chi dvfdc Nho giao n h a n thiYc t h d n g qua nhufng he thii'c (scheme). Am-Difdng; Nhu-Cifc/ng. Chang han, ddng dat dvfdc giai thich rang, vi am khi bi n g a n can k h d n g thoat ra dvfdc, cdn dvfdng khi bi de nen khdng the bdc hdi. Svf giai thich tii mu, khdng xac dinh nhvf the' k h d n g cho phep nhan thiYc dvfdc cac svf vat, hien tvfdng mot each sau sac va xac dinh. Tufdng tvf nhvf vay, nguyen li Thien nhan hoa cam gia dinh rang, svf chuyen ddng ciia h a n h tinh cd anh hvfofng de'n so' phan con ngvfdi; rang, thai do con
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ngvfgfi cd the lam cho Trdi vui miYng hoac gian dii:. SiY lien he va suy dien vd doan dd k h d n g the la can cuf khoa hoc cho viec xem xet quan he giiYa con ngvfdi (xa hoi) va tvf nhien. Cai thiY trie't hoe ve khoa hoc cua Nho giao k h d n g cho phep thiie day khoa hoc-cong n g h e va k i n h te' phat trien. Bdi vay, theo chiing tdi, can khac phuc triet de nhiYng anh hvfofng tieu cvfc cua Nho giao do'i vdi k i n h te', kjh.oa hoc- cdng n g h e va quan tam hdn de'n nhuftig
14 Nghicn cii'u Ton giao. So 9 2011
ddng life dieh thvfc cua phat tricn kinh tc t r o n g dieu kicn hicn dai; c h a n g han, kinh 16' thi trvfdng (doi vdi Vict Nam dd la kinh t6'thi trvfdng dinh hvfdng xk hdi chii nghia), li6'n bo khoa hoc-cdng nglic, Idi ich chinh d a n g cua ngifdi lao dong.v.v
2. Trcn phifcfng- dicn xa hgi
Xa hdi li tvfcfng ciia Nho giao la mot xa hoi dn dinli, thai binh, dai dong, trong dd, con ngvfdi sd'ng hoa muc, than ai. Do thvfc hien xa hoi li tifcfng dd, Nlio giao chii trifcfng Nlian chinh, Tlian dan. Chxi trvfdng nay dvfdc thd hicn thdng qua cac bicn phap cai tri bang Nlian, Lc. (Jliinh danlt Nhan, Le, Chinh danh vvfa gia dinh mot xa hdi cd trat tvf tr6n dvfdi (vua, quan, dan; vua tdi, cha con, vd ch6ng,v.v ), vvfa la cdng cu can thie't de thie't lap va duy tri mot trat tvf xa hoi cd tr6n dvfdi phan minh. Nhvf vay, Nho giao cd vai trd to Idn trong vice binh on xa hdi. Tren thvfc t6', Nho giao va xa hoi phong kie'n Nho giao da ton tai tren hai ngan nam. Dieu dd chiYng to kha n a n g duy tri siY dn dinh xa hoi ciia Nho giao. Nhvfng trong khi chi bie't de'n on dinh, Nho giao lai can trcf nhiYng tie'n bo vc mat xa hoi.
Trong xa hoi phong kie'n Nho giao, quan niem Chinh danh dinh phan, svf xac lap trat tu; thuf bac xa hoi ca trcn phvfdng dien danh nghia, ca trcn phufdng dicn quycn Idi thvfc te', da tao r a mot svf bat cdng, bat binh dang, va do dd, triet tieu dong Ivfc phat trie'n. Chinh danh k h d n g chi la rao can do'i vdi ngufdi of t a n g Idp du-di ma cdn la rao can dd'i vdi ca ngvfdi ot tang Idp tren.
Chang han, ddi vdi nhiYng gia dinh quan lai, Chinh danh da cho ho dvfdc hvfcfng Icrt Idc tvfdng lYng, thi Chinh danh ciing khdng
cho ho \km them nghe phu, t r a n h Idi vcfi d&n. Mac dii k h d n g phu nh§,n khat vong lam giau tif nhien cua con ngvfdi, nhvfng viec coi thifdng khoa hpc, cdng nghe, coi thifdng kinh doanh cving thai do khuyeii khich t&m li bang long vdi cuoc sd'ng thanh b£n, va cd sof cua tat ca nhiilig dieu dd la quan niem va svf thvfc thi Chinh danh ciia Nho giao da k h d n g chi can trcf svf phat tricn kinh t6', ma cdn triet tieu ca dong Ivfc tinh th^n, tam li cua tie'n bo va cdng bdng xa hdi.
Tvfdng tif nhif vay, quan niem Nhan chinh. Than dan va mot so' chinh sach than dan k h d n g bao gid cd the phat trien t h a n h quan niem d a n chii va cd che' thvfc hicn dan chii. Manh Tif tufng de xuat thuye't Thong cong dieh sit dc bicn minh cho che' do quan chu va svf bat binh dang xa hdi tuf gdc do phan cdng lao dong.
Theo ong, ngvfdi lao tam dvfdc ngvfdi nudi, ngvfdi lao Ivfc phai nudi ngvfdi la lc phai chvmg. Ngufdi lao tam cd chifc trach lay ciia chia cho thicn ha, lay dicu thicn giao hoa thicn ha, tufc la lo vice cho ca thicn ha; ho dvfdc nvidi bcfi nhufng ngvfdi lao Ivfc tufe n h u ^ g ngvfdi chi phai lo cho m a n h dat r i c n g eiia m i n h la dieu hien nhien; ho cai tri ngvfdi lao liYc ciing la dieu hic'n nhien. Chinh vi vay ma, he t h d n g quan he cd ban cua x a hoi phong kie'n Nho g i a o bieu hien qua Ngii lu§,n la mot he tho'ng quan he xa hoi bat binh dang: bat b i n h d a n g g i a i cap, bat binh d a n g the ho, bat b i n h d a n g gicfi tinh, v . v . T r o n g he tho'ng quan he xa hoi bat b i n h d a n g dd, con ngvfdi k h d n g phat t r i e n dvfdc n h a n each doc lap. Svf rang buoc k h a t khe cua cac quan he Nho giao
Nguyen Van Phtic. Nho giao vd phat trien hen vi7ng. 15
khie'n con ngvfdi chi hicn ra nhvf con ngvfdi cua chiYc nang, ciia bon phan.
Nguyen Cdng TriY tifng n h a n xet mot each chinh xac vdi svf tam d^c ciia mot nha Nho thvfc t h u r a n g , "Xuat mau hoai tien thi hiYu qvian than"(Lot long me da thay vua va cha, n g h i a la da thay bon phan cua ngvfdi tdi, ngvfdi con). Bi cot chat vao bdn phan. con ngvfdi trot n6n bi ddng trvfdc cvidc song, dc b a n g Idng vdi hien t r a n g xa hoi va hoan canh ban than; tinh tich cvfc vc mat xa hoi, tinh n a n g ddng s a n g tao, y chi vvfdn I6n k h d n g ed dieu kicn d6 phat trien. NhiYng dac diem do cvia n h a n each mot mat la san pham cua c h i n h nhufng quan he m a n g t i n h thiY bac cua xa hdi p h o n g kien Nho giao; mat k h a c lai la n h a n td' bao dam svf ben viYng cua cac quan he dd; qua dd tao nen svf t r i t r e cua xa hoi. Bcfi th6,
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de tao dieu kien cho svf phat trien xa hoi t r o n g dieu kien hien nay, can phai khac phuc nhiYng di h a i tiY nhiYng quan he, nhiYng quan niem bat binh d a n g dd.
Dong thdi, chu d o n g va tich cvfc xac lap nhiYng n h a n to' thvic day mof r o n g dan chu, thvfc hien cdng b a n g xa hoi, an sinh xa hoi va dac biet la tao r a nhiYng dieu kien td'i vfu cho svf phat trien toan dien cac pham chat n h a n each con ngvfdi dap ijfng cac ycu cau cua p h a t tri6n ben viYng.
Tuy nhien, t r o n g dieu kien ma nhiYng tac dong tiY m a t t r a i cua cd che' thi trvfdng, cua tie'n bo cdng n g h e d a n g lam suy giam t r a c h nhiem, bdn phan, d a n g kich thich t i n h thiYc d u n g l a n h liing, svf vd cam va t i n h ich ki cua con ngvfdi thi viec khai thac, ddi mdi va hien dai hoa y thiYc ve bdn p h a n cua Nho g i a o cd the la mot giai p h a p hiYu ich n h a t dinh.
Ngay nay, ngvfdi ta ndi nhieu d6'n nhvfng quan niem Nho giao ve sif hai hda giifa con ngvfdi vdi con ngvfdi trong xa hdi va xcm dd nhvf la nen tang tinh than cho vice xay dvfng xa hoi hai hda vdi tvf each la muc ti6u va dieu kicn ciia svf phat tri6n ben vii'ng. Trong bdi canh nhiYng tranh chap, nhufng xung dot ca trong khudn khd mot qudc gia, ca trong khudn khd giifa cac qudc gia van hicn hufu nhvf la van dc cd tinh toan cau, nan giai thi nhifng quan niem Nho giao nhif Nhan chinli, hay Hoa nhi bat dong cd the cd vai trd nhat dinh. Nhan chinh la cai tri bang Idng n h a n ai, la y6u ngvfdi, coi ngvfdi nhvf ban than minh, la chinh tri n h a n dao. Nhan chinh cd cd scf li luan la quan niem Hoa nhi bat dong. Khdng Tu' ndi: "Ngvfdi quan tu' hoa hdp nhvfng khdng hoa tan" (Luan Ngii. Tu" Lg). Dieu dd ddi hoi ngvfdi cai tri phai nhan thiYc dvfdc svf t h d n g nhat ma da dang bi6u hien t r o n g toan bo chinh th6 Thien-Dia-Nhan de van d u n g vao cai tri xa hoi ciing nhvf lYng xu: vdi tvf nhien. Vi vay ma Nhan chinh ddi hoi h a n g loat nhiing y6u cau,
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chang han: "lay dvfc Idn de bao chvfa muon vat" (Dieh hoc); "thi hanh dn hue r o n g rai cho n h a n dan, ciYu vdt va n a n g dd moi ngvfdi" (Luan Ngii. l/ng da); "lo trvfdc thien ha, vui sau thien ha" (Pham Trong Ycm),v.v... Trong cac y6u cau oua Nhan chinh, long thifdng ngifdi vd trach nhiem quy dinh l4n nhau, bieu hien qua n h a u ciing tao nen noi dvmg coi 16J oiia Nhan chinh vdi tvf each mdt phvfdng thiYc cai tri; dong thdi, cung la yeu cau ve mat n h a n each ddi vdi cac chu the thiYc thi Nhan chinh tiYc cac minh vvfdng va cac quan phu m i u dieh thvfc. Ne'u khac phuc
16 Nghicn CLTu T6n giao. S(y9 2011
dvfdc tinh b&'t binh d a n g va dvfdc ddi mdi theo tinh th^n d^n chii, thi tinh nhfi,n dao cua Nhan chinh so la tac nhfi,n tich cvfc gdp phan tao difng ncn chinh tri hicn dai, nhan dao; dong thdi, nd cung gdp phSn thvic day svf tuf kicm chc', kich thich tinh than li6n ddi, svf dong thudn va nghia vu qudc t6' ddi vdi moi con ngifdi ndi chung, tao dieu kicn cho tie'n bo va dn dinh xa hoi.
3. Trcn phifctng dicn moi trifcfng Svf phat tricn trong dicu kicn hicn nay dang dan dc'n mot svf m&'t can bS,ng nghidm trong giiYa con ngvfdi (xa hoi) va tiY nhien. Can kict tai nguyen, 6 nhiem mdi trvfdng, bie'n ddi khi hS,u theo chieu hvfdng bat Idi la hau qua cua nhiJfng chic'n Ivfdc va nhiYng duf an phat trien khdng bie't de'n ben viYng. De'n Ivfdt minh, chiing lai la nhiYng tac nhan khie'n cho phat trien trcf thanh phat trien k h d n g ben viYng. Va ke't cue la, con ngvfdi, n h a n loai phai g a n h ehiu nJiiYng h a u qua n a n g ne dd.
Cd the ndi, tai san xuat mof r o n g t r o n g dieu kien k i n h te' thi trvfdng, svf gia t a n g dan so' qua miYc cung Id'i sd'ng tieu thu, thvfc dung la nhufng n h a n to' can ban da va d a n g tao r a mot siYc cp r a t Idn dd'i vdi siY phat trien ndi c h u n g va dd'i vdi quan he giiYa con ngvfdi va tvf nhien ndi ricng.
Khai thac tvf nhien dap lYng cac yeu c£u cua mof r o n g san xuCt, cua nhu cau tieu diing d a n g dvfdc day len cao hdn bao gid he't. Ddng thdi, nhiYng tie'n bo khoa hoc- cdng n g h e vufdt bac hien nay d a n g md r o n g va n a n g cao k h a n a n g khai thac tvf nhien cua con ngufdi. Tat ca nhufng dieu dd d a n g lam cho tuf nhien k h d n g cdn k h a n a n g tvf dieu chinh, tvf can b a n g dvfdc
nifa. Bcfi v4y, bao ve va phat tricn moi t n f d n g trcf t h a n h v&'n dc ci'p bach cd tinh toan c£u ma vice giai quye't nd ddi hoi sif dong thufi,n, d o n g trach nhiem cua moi ngvfdi d&n, moi cdng dong, moi qudc gia, Ndi cu the hdn, bao ve mdi trvfdng ddi hoi mot sif tuf h a n chc' nhfi^t dinh nhiYng Idi ich trvfdc mat, Idi ich ca nhan, Idi ich cue bo, dc hvfdng tdi Idi ich chung, Idi ich lau dai, Idi ich cua svf phat trien ben viYng. Vi vky, t r o n g m&'y tha,p ki qua, h a n g loat cac hoi nghi thvfdng dinh di dvfdc ti6'n h a n h vdi nhufng cam ke't quoic 16' n h a m ke't hdp cac muc tieu, cac yeu c^u: t a n g trufofng k i n h te', bao ve moi trvfdng va cai thicn dieu kien song cho con ngvfdi. Tuy vay, nhiYng left ich cue bo dvfdng nhvf van can trcf suf thufc thi cac cam ke't quo'c te' khie'n cho t i n h trang phat trien ndi chvmg c u n g nhuf tinh t r a n g mdi trvfdng ndi r i c n g van hien hufU nhieu bat dn. Cu the la, sijf t a n g tnfdng k i n h te' k h d n g ben vufng, nhiYng suy thoai, t h a m chi la dai suy thoai van dien r a trcn p h a m vi toan cau; nhieu van dc xa hoi nhvft d a n chii, cong b4,ng. vice lam, y te', g i a o due, an s i n h xa hoi,v.v. chvfa dvfdc bao dam; mdi trvfdng xuohg cap, nhiing tac d o n g bat Idi cua bie'n doi khi h&vi n g a y c a n g g i a tang,...Chinh vi vay ma dao dvfc moi trvfdng d a n g noi len nhtf la mot t r o n g nhiifng vain de c&'p bach cua phat t r i e n ben viing hien nay.
Ciing nhuf dao dufc ndi chung, dao dvfc mdi trvfdng ddi hoi cac chu the cua phat trien phai nhS,n thufc dvfdc t r a c h nhiem bao ve moi trvfdng v4 bie'n nd thanh trach nhiem dao dvfc. Chi cd nhvf v§,y, ngufdi ta mdi tvf giac, tvf n g u y e n h a n ch§' cac left ich cue bo, left ich trvfdc m a t de
Nguyen V^an Phiic. Nho giao va phat trien hen vilng. 17
bao ve mdi trvfdng vi Idi ich chung ciia phat trien; qua dd kh£c phuc difdc tinh t r a n g thie'u t r a c h nhiem dd'i vdi vice biio ve va p h a t tricn ben vifng mdi tnfdng hien nay cf nhi6\i ca nhan, nhieu doanh nghiep, t h a m chi of ca mot so' chinh phii.
Trong bdi canh dd, nhifng quan niem Nho giao vc thicn dia nhan hop nhat.
thien dia nhan hdp difc cd mot y n g h i a tich cvfc n h a t dinh ca trcn binh dicn quan li xa hoi ca trdn binh dicn lifa chon va dinh hvfdng Idi sd'ng cho mdi con ngvfdi, mdi ca nhan. TiY cho k h a n g dinh sif hdp nhat Thien-Dia-Nhan, Nho giao da nhan thay, of mot miYc do n h a t dinh, tinh quy dinh lan n h a u giu'a cac van dc k i n h 16', xa hoi va mdi trvfdng. Chang han, khi t r i n h bay nhiYng ndi d u n g chinh y6'u ciia Nhan chinli, Manh TiV da ddi hoi cac bac minh vvfdng: trdn phvfdng dicn kinh t6', phai bie't hvfdng dan dan chiing each thiYc lam an, tao dvfng cho ho mot san nghiep; tr6n phvfdng dien xa hoi, phai chii y de'n g i a o due dao li, cham lo cho ngvfdi gia; t r e n phvfdng dicn mdi trvfdng, phai bie't bao ve va p h a t trien tai nguy6n (khdng diing Ivfdi day bat ca, k h d n g dan gd vao mua xuan, k h d n g gie't gia siic vao mua sinh san). Tvfdng tvf nhif vay, t r o n g Dai hgc van, Vvfdng Dvfdng Minh cho rang, t r o n g mdi con ngvfdi (ca dai n h a n va tieu n h a n ) deu ticm an mot nhan tinh trdi phii, mot n a n g Ivfc hdp nhat mot th6 vdi trdi dat, van vat, va do dd n6'u k h d n g hi tvf due che lap, ho cd the yeu thvfdng r o n g khap, cd thd' khuy6'ch trvfdng Idng trac an k h d n g chi t r o n g p h a m vi n h a n loai ma cdn mcf r o n g r a dd'i vdi ca van vat, t h a m chi ca go da. Cho ncn, theo dng,
muon trd thanh dai nhan, moi ngifdi can trif khif tif due, lam sang cai dvfc sang ciia ban than dc trcf vc tinh t r a n g ban sd hdp nhat mot the vdi trdi dat.
Nhu' vay, cf tam vi md, quan li xa hoi t r o n g dicu kicn hicn nay cd th6 tim thay t r o n g Nho giao y6u cau vc svf thdng nhat, tinh quy dinh lan nhau giii'a cac phvfdng dicn kinh tc', xa hoi va mdi tnfdng dc' hoach dinh va thvfc thi cac chi6h Ivfdc, cac chinh sach phat tri6n mot each cd hicu qua. O cap do vi md, mdi con ngvfdi cd the tiY chd nhan ra siY hdp nhat mot
the rcJjf trdi dat, ma Ivfa chon va xay dvfng cho minh mot Idi sdng bao chiYa each hanh xii" than thicn vdi ca Thi6n-Dia- Nhan. Ndi each khac, phvfdng dicn dao dvfc mdi trvfdng t r o n g Nho giao la mot gdi y cd y n g h i a ddi vdi viec bao ve va phat tri6n mdi trvfdng cf tam sau ciia lifdng tam va trach nhiem dao difc.
Tdm lai, Nho giao hay moi truycn thdng van hoa ndi chung dcu la san pham ciia nhiing thdi dai da qua. Mac du chvfa dvfng nhiYng gia tri m a n g tinh trvfdng ton nhvfng khdng t r a n h khoi n h u ^ g han ch6', nhiYng bat cap nhat dinh dd'i vdi y6u cau ciia xa hoi hicn dai. Phat tri6n ben vii'ng cd the tim thay nhiYng n h a n to' tich cvfc nhvfng cving phai khac phuc, vvfdt qua nhiYng han ch6', nhiYng n h a n td' ti6u cvfc cua Nho giao. NhiYng ycu cau ciia phat tri6n ben viYng trong dicu kicn hicn nay, t r o n g dd svf phat tridn ngvfdi la t r u n g tam, can dvfdc coi la cd sof va dinh hvfdng cho vice lYng xiir vdi Nho giao vdi tvf each mot truycn thdng van hoa. /.
