TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA CpNG NGHE - SQ 18 - TRLfONG DAI HQC PHAM VAN D^NG
VAN DUNG D ^ Y HOC GIAI QUYET VAN DE - ORIXTIC TRONG D ^ Y HOC VAT LI DE BOI D U O N G NANG L U c
GIAI QUYET VAN DE CHO HOC SEVH
Nguyen Thi Mai *
TOM TAT
Ddi v&i mon Vgt li, phdi triin ndng luc gidi quyit vdn di cho hpc sinh Id mgt trong nhimg nhiem vy quan trpng vd ciing la dinh hu&ng lan trong ddi m&i phuang phdp dgy hpe ddp ung ehuang trinh gido dye pho thong m&i Bdi viit lap gungphdn tich nhiing diim m&i vi dinh hu&ng phdi trien nang luc trong Chuang trinh Gido due phd thdng, ldm ro vi ndng luc gidi quyit vdn di ciia hgc sinh, phdn tieh edu true vd cdc dgc diim cua dgy hpc niu vdn di - Cfrixlie, trin ca s& do di xudt quy tinh td chuc dgy hpc niu vdn di - Orixtie nhdm phdt trien ndng luc gidi quyet vdn di eho hpc sinh nhu mot gidi phdp mang tinh Ihuc lien irong dgy hpe Vgt li & tntang Trung hgc pho thdng.
Tir khda: Ndng lyc, giai quydt vdn de, day hpc, neu vdn dl - Orixtie
Dgy hpc theo dinh hudng phdt trien nang luc da dupc nhidu nudc quan tdm tii nhOng ndm 90 cua the ky XX vd nay da trd thanb xu budng giao due raang tinh qudc te.
0 Viet Nara, van de day hpc theo dinh hudng phat trien nang lyc cQng da dugc nhilu nhd nghidn ciiu khoa hpc giao due quan tdm. Tuy nhidn, tren thyc tl, vice triln khai to chiic day hgc ndi chung va dgy hgc Vat li ndi rieng theo dinh hudng phat triln nang lyc d trudng phd thdng bien nay mdi chi Id budc ddu. He thdng ca sd ly thuylt va nhung kinh nghiem thyc tiln vdn Id vdn dl khd, chua dugc giai quyet mdt each thoa dang.
Thang 12/2018, Bp Gido dye va Dao tao da ban hanh Chuang trinh giao due phd thdng tong tbi va Chuang trinh giao dye phd thdng mdn Vat If. Cac Chuang trmh neu hdn cd nhilu dilm mdi rdt ddng ky vpng, dac biet la viec chuyen ddi tur kiiu Chuang trinh tiep can ndi dung sang tilp can nang Iuc. Thuc t l day hpc cho thdy, trong giai doan hien nay, vide chuyin tii phuang phap day hgc ngng v l hnyln thu kien thiic sang day each hpc, each van dyng kiln tbiic, ren luyen kT nang, hinh tbdnh va phdt trien nang lyc va phdm chdt nhdm ndng cao chdt lugng ciia cac boat ddng dgy hpc va gido due Id het Stic cdn thilt. Ddi vdi mdn Vdt li, phdt trien nang lyc ndi chung vd nang lyc gidi quyet vdn dk ndi rieng cho hgc sinh la rapt trong nhirng nbidm vu quan trpng va cung la dinh hudng Idn trong ddi mdi phuang phdp day hpc.
I. Mpt st nhan dinb chung ve dinh hudng phat triln nang luc trong Chuong trinb giao due ph6 thong
So sdnh vdi Chuang trinh gido due phd thdng hien hanh, Chuang trinh giao due mdi da tgo mot budc chuyin can bdn tir Chuang trinh giao due tilp can ndi dung sang Chuang trinh tidp can ndng Iuc. Doi vdi ngudi hpc cd sy thay ddi ve quan diem: chuyen
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TAP CHl KHOA HOC V A C O N G N G H E - S 6 18-TRU'O'NG DAI HQU KHAivi VAM'.^'^-JG
tu vide hpc sinh hpc dugc cai gi din chd quan tdm hgc sinh van dyng dugc cai gi qua vide hpc. Ddi vdi phuang phdp, muc tieu day hpc: chuydn tii cdch day hgc theo Idi chgy theo khdi lugng kiln thiie, it chii y day each hpc, nhu cdu, hting thii ciia ngudi hpc...
sang day each hgc, cdch van dung kiln thiic, ren luydn ky nang, hinh thdnh ndng luc va phdm chdt cho hpc sinh. Ddi vdi vide kilm tra danh gid: chuyen tir each ddnh gid ndng ve kilm tra tri nhd sang kilm tra danh gia ky ndng, nang Iuc van dyng kiln thiic, nang lyc gidi quylt vdn dl,... coi trpng ca kilm tra ddnh gia kit qud hgc tap vdi kiem tra ddnh gid qua trinh. Trong day hpc Vat li d tiudng pbd thdng, each tilp cdn nang lyc khdng nhirng ddi hdi hoc sinh ndm virng nhirng kiln tbiic, kT nang ca bdn, ma cdn ehii trpng ydu can van dung kiln tbiic, kT ndng vao thyc hanh, gidi quylt cac tinh hudng trong hgc tap va cudc sdng [1], [2].
Ta cd the khdi quat nhirng dilm chinh nhu sau:
- Muc tiiu gido dye: md td chi tilt, tbi hien ro cdi dich cdn dat dugc; pbai quan sat dugc, danh gia dugc; cd ca sd de kidm chiing dugc miic do tidn bp ciia hpc sinh mdt cdch lien tuc.
- Ndi dimg gido due: lya chgn nhiing ngi dung nhdm dat dugc kit qua dau ra da quy dinh, gdn vdi cdc tinh hudng thyc tidn. Chucmg trmh chi quy dinh nhirng ndi dung chinh, khdng quy dinh chi tiet.
- Phuang phdp dgy hge: vai trd ciia giao vien la ngudi td chtic boat dpng, hudng ddn, hd trg dd hpc sinb ticb eye, ty lyc chiem ITnh kien thiic, ren luyen ky nang, phat trien nang Iuc, bdi dudng tinh cdm, thai dp cho minh. Chii trpng sii dung cdc quan diem, phuang phap va ky thugt dgy hpc tich cue; cdc phuang phdp dgy hpc thdng qua thi nghiem, thyc hanh.
- Mnh thire td ehue dgy hgc: td chiic hinh thiic dgy - hpc da dgng; chii y cac hogt ddng xa hpi, ngoai khda, nghien ctiu khoa hpc, trdi nghiem sdng tao; ddy manh iing dyng cdng nghd thdng tin trong dgy hgc.
- Ddnh gid kit qud hpc tap cda hpc sinh: tidu chi danh gid dya vao ndng Iuc ddu ra, chii trpng den ddnh gid ky nang, khd nang van dyng trong cdc tinh hudng thyc tien; cd tinh den su tidn bp trong qud trinh hpc tap.
2. Nang luc va nang luc giai quyet van d l cua hoc sinh
Khi ban ve nang lyc, dya tren nhiing tieu chi khde nhau da cd nhilu tdc gid dua ra nhung quan dilm khac nhau. Chung tdi tbdng nhdt vdi dinh nghTa dugc ghi trong Chucmg trinh gido due pho thdng tdng the: Nang lyc Id thudc tmh ca nhan dugc hmh thanh phat trien nhd td chat san cd va qud trinh hgc tap, ren luydn, cho phep con ngudi huy dpng tdng hgp cdc kien tbtic, ky nang va cdc thudc tmh ca nhdn khac nbu hting thii, nilm tin, y chi,... thyc hien thdnh cdng mdt loai boat dpng nhdt dinh, dgt kdt qua mong mudn trong nhiing dilu kien cy thi [1].
Nang lyc gidi quydt van dd la kha ndng ciia rapt cd nhan "huy ddng", kit hgp mgt each linh boat va cd td chtic kiln tbtic, ky nang vdi thai dp, tinh cam, gia trj, ddng ca 206 • JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY •
TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA C O N G NGHE - SO 18 - TRU&NG BAI HOC PHAM V A N D O N G
canhan,... d i h i l u va giai quyet vdn dl trong tinh hudng nhat dinh rapt each hieu qua vd vdi tinh thdn tich cue.
Nhilu nha khoa hpc cho rang, cau triic nang lyc gidi quylt vdn dl thudng bao gdra 4 Ihanh to nang lyc:
- Tim hilu, khdm phd van dl; nhdn bilt vdn dl, phdn tich dugc tinb hudng cu thi, phdt hien dugc tinh hudng cd vdn de, neu dugc tinh hudng cd vdn dk.
- Thilt lap khdng gian vdn dl: thu thdp, lya chpn, sdp xIp tbdng tin vdi kiln thiic vdt li da hpc. Xdc dinh thdng tin, biet tim hidu cac tbdng tin cd lien quan, tu do xac dinh each thiic, quy trmh, chidn luge gidi quylt va thdng nhdt each hanh ddng.
- Ldp kd hogch vd thuc hidn giai phdp: dl xudt gid thuylt; Lap kl hoach: thilt lap tiln trinh thyc hidn (thu thap du lieu, thdo ludn, xin y kiln, giai quylt cac rayc tieu.,.), thdi diera gidi quydt tdng muc tidu; Thuc hidn kl hoach: thyc bien va trmh bay giai phdp, dieu chinh ke hogch de phu hgp vdi thuc tien vd khdng gian van de khi cd sy tbay ddi.
- Ddnh gia va phan dnh giai phdp: thuc hien va danh gia giai phdp gidi quylt vdn de. Suy ngam ve each tbiic va tidn trinh giai quylt vdn dk. Didu chinh vd van dung trong tinh hudng mdi, xdc nhdn nhiing kien tbtic vd kinh nghidm thu dugc. De xudt gidi phdp cho nhimg vdn dl tuang tu.
Nghidn ciiu ve nang lyc giai quydt van de, chiing tdi thong nhat each hidu ve cac thanh td va yeu cdu ctia moi thdnh td ctia nang luc giai quydt vdn dl cua hpc sinh da neu trong Chuang trinh Gido due phd thdng tdng the, bao gdm:
- Nhdn ray tu&ng m&i: bilt xac djnb va lam ro thdng tm, y tudng mdi va phiic tgp tii cdc nguon thdng tin khde nhau; bilt phdn tich cac ngudn thdng tin dpc lap de thdy dugc khuynh hudng va dp tin cdy ciia y tudng mdi.
- Phdt hi$n vd ldm ro vdn di: phdn tich dugc tinh budng trong hpc tap, trong cudc sdng; phdt hidn va neu dugc tmh hudng cd vdn dl trong hpc tap, trong cudc sdng.
- Hinh thdnh vd triin khai y tu&ng m&i: neu dugc nhilu y tudng mdi trong hpc tap vd cudc sdng; suy nghT khong theo ldi mdn; tgo ra ylu td mdi dya tren nhiing y tudng khde nhau; hinh thdnh vd kit ndi cac y tudng; nghidn ciiu dl thay doi giai phdp trudc sy thay doi ciia boi cdnh; ddnh gid riii ro vd cd du phdng.
~ Dixudt, lua chpn gidi phdp: bilt tbu thap va lam rd cdc thdng tin cd lien quan din v4n dl; bilt dl xudt va phan tich dugc mdt sd giai phap gidi quylt vdn de; lya chpn dupc gidi phap phii hgp nhdt.
- Thiit ki vd id ehde hogt dpng: lap dugc k l hogch boat ddng cd myc tieu, ndi dung hinh thiic, phuang tien hogt dpng phu hpp; Tap hgp va dieu phdi dugc ngudn luc (nhan lye, vat luc) cdn thilt cho boat dpng; Bilt dilu chinb kl hoach vd viec thyc hien ke hoach, each tbtic vd tiln trinh giai quylt vdn de cho phit hgp vdi hoan cdnh de dgt hieu qua cao; Danh gid dugc hieu qua ciia gidi phdp vd boat dpng.
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TAP CHi KHOA HQC VA C O N G N G H E - SQ 18 -TRU'O'NG BAI H Q C P H A M V A N tj^i'iG
- Tu duy dpe lap: bilt dgt nbilu cau hdi cd gid tri, khdng dd dang chdp nhgn thdng tin mdt chieu; khdng thanb kiln khi xem xet, ddnh gia van de; biet quan tdm tdi cdc lap ludn va rainh chiing thuyet phyc; san sang xem xet, danh gid lai vdn de.
3. Day hpc giai quyet van de - Orixtie voi viec phat trien nang luc giai quyet van de cho hoc sinh
Day hpc neu vdn dl - Orixtie khdng phai la mdt phuang phap day hpc cu the, dan nhdt, nd la mdt he phuang phdp dgy hpc chuyen bidt hda, tiic la mot tap hgp nhieu phuang phdp day hpc lien ket chat che vdi nhau, trong do phuang phdp xay dung bdi todn Orixtie giu vai trd chu dao, gdn bd vdi cac phuang phdp day hpc kbde, tap hgp lai thdnh rapt he tbdng toan ven.
Dgy hpc gidi quyet van dd - Orixtie cd tdc dung phdt huy hogt dpng nhdn thiic tich cue, tu chii cita hpc sinh, giiip cho hpc sinb chiem ITnh dupc cdc kidn tbtic khoa hpc sdu sdc, viing chdc, van dung dugc, ddng thdi dam bao sy phdt trien tri tue, phat trien nang Iuc sang tao ciia hpc sinh trong qud trinh hpc tap [3].
* Nhiing ddc trung ca bdn de nhan bilt v l dgy hoc neu vdn dl - Orixtie:
- Gido vien dgt ra trudc hpc sinh mdt logt cac bai toan nhgn tbiic cd chiia dyng mau thudn giiia cdi da biet vd cdi cdn tim, nhung chiing dugc cdu tnic lai mdt cdch su pham, gpi Id nhirng bai toan neu van de - Orixtie.
- Hpc sinh tiep nhgn nhiing mdu thuan ctia bai toan nbu van de mau thuan ciia chinb ban than rainh vd dugc ddt vao tinh hudng cd vdn de, tiic Id trang thai cd van de ben trong biic thiet, raudn giai quydt bang dugc bai toan dd.
- Trong khi vd bdng each giai quylt bai todn vdn dl - Orixtie, hpc sinh tu lyc chiem ITnh kidn tbtic, ren luyen ky nang, phdt trien ndng lyc vd cd dugc niem vui sudng ciia sy nhdn thuc sdng tgo.
De phat buy ddy dii vai tro cua hgc sinh trong su tu chii hdnh dpng xdy dyng kiln thiic, vai trd ctia giao vien trong sy td chuc tinh budng hpc tap va dinh budng hdnh ddng tim tdi xdy dyng tri tbtic cua hgc smh, cung nhu phdt huy vai trd cua tuong tdc xa bpi (cua tap the hgc sinh) ddi vdi qud trmh nhdn tbtic ciia mdi cd nhdn hgc sinh, ddng thdi cho hgc sinh tap quen vdi qua trinb xay dung, bao vd cdi mdi trong nghidn ciiru khoa hpc thi cd thd thyc hidn tien trinb dgy hpc theo cac pha phdng theo tiln trmh xay dyng, bao ve tri thiic mdi trong nghidn ciiu khoa hpc. Tiln trinb day hgc nay gdm cdc pha nhu sau:
- Pha thu nhdt: Chuyin giao nhiem vy, bdt dn hda tri tbiic, phdt triln vdn dl.
Gido vidn giao cho hpc sinh mdt nhidm vu cd tilm dn vdn dk. Dudi sy hudng ddn ctia giao vien, hpc sinh quan tam den nhiem vu dat ra, sdn sang nhdn va tu nguydn thyc hien nhiera vy. Quan niem va gidi phap ban ddu ctia hpc smh dugc thu thdch. Hgc sinh y thiic dugc kbd khan (vdn de xudt bien). Dudi sy hudng ddn ciia gido vien vdn d l dugc chinh tbtic thyc didn dgt.
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA C Q N G N G H E - SO 18 -TRU'ONG DAI HOC PHAM VAN D O N G
- Pha Ihu hai: Hgc sinh hanh dpng ddc lap, ty chii, trao ddi, tim tdi gidi quylt vdn dl.
Hpc sinh d^c lap xoay trd vugt qua khd khdn. Cd sy dinh hudng, hd trg ciia gido vien khi cdn. Hpc sinh dien dat, trao ddi vdi ngudi khac trong nbdm v l each gidi quylt vdn dl va kit qua thu dugc, qua do cd the chinh Ii, hoan thidn tiep. Dudi su bd trg ctia giao vien, hanh dpng ctia hpc sinh dugc dinh hudng pbu hgp vdi tiln trinh nhdn thiic khoa hpc va thong qua cac tinh hudng tbii cap (khi cdn).
- Pha thd ba: Tranh ludn, the che qua, vgn dung tri tbiic mdi.
Dudi su hudng ddn, hd trg cua giao vien, hoc sinh tranh ludn, bao ve cai xdy dyng dugc. Gido vidn chi'nh xac hda, bd sung, the che bda tri thiic mdi. Hpc sinh chinh thdc ghi nhdn tri tbtic mdi va van dyng.
Cdc pha ctia tien trinh dgy hpc md td dudi ddy:
Pha thu nhdt:
Chuyin giao nhiSm vu, bdt dn hoa tri tbiic, phat bieu vdn dfi
Tinb hudng co tiem dn van de
Phat bieu van de - bai toan
Pha thit hai:
Hpc sinh hanh dpng dpc lap tu chii, trao ddi, tim tdi gidi quyet
vande
Giai quylt vin d l : suy doan, thyc hien gidi pbap
(Kilm tra, xdc nbdn kit qua: xem xet sy pbu bop ciia li thuylt thyc nghiem
Pha thir ba:
Tranh lugn; the che bda; van dung tri thdc mdi
Trinb bay, thdng bao, thdo lugn, bao vS ket qua
Van dyng tri tbuc radi de gidi quyet nbiem vy dat ra tilp theo
4. Mot s6 v^n a l c^n lini y khi van dung day hpc neu vdn d l - Orixtie theo dinh hudng phat trien nang lure cho hpc sinh
D6 vjn dung t6t day hoc neu vjn de - Orixtie trong day hoc Vat li theo dmh hucmg phat triSn nang lire cho hpc sinh, ta ejn dac biet chii y nhttng diem sau day:
- Mgt Id, hilu ro khai niem v«n dS. Khai n i t a vta de dung (te chi mpt kho khan, mgt nhi$m vn nhSn thuc ma nguoi hgc khong thS giai quySt dugc chi bang thuc nghiem
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC VA C O N G NGHg - SO 18 -TRU'ONG DAI HQC PHAM VAN DUNG
sdn cd; theo mpt khudn mdu cd sdn, nghia Id khdng tbi diing tu duy tai hidn don thudn de gidi quylt ma pbai tim tdi sang tao dl gidi quylt vd khi giai quylt dugc thi ngudi hpc dd thu nhdn dugc kien thirc, kTnang mdi. Vdn dk chiia dyng cdu hdi, nhung do la cdu hdi vd mdt cdi chua bidt, cau bdi md cdu trd ldi Id mdt cdi radi phdi tim tdi, sang tgo mdi xay dung dugc, chii khdng phdi la cdu hdi chi don thudn ydu cdu nhd Iai nhung kien thiic da cd.
- Hai Id, hidu ro khai nidm tinh hudng cd van de va ban chdt ciia cac kieu tinh hudng cd van dd. Tinh hudng cd vdn dd la tinh budng ma khi hpc sinh tham gia thi gap mdt khd khan, hpc sinh y thiic dugc vdn de, mong mudn giai quyet vdn de dd vd cdm thdy vdi kha ndng cua rainh thi hi vgng cd the gidi quydt dugc do dd bat tay vdo viec gidi quylt vdn de dd. NghTa Id tinh hudng do kich thich boat ddng nhgn tbiic tich cue ctia hpc sinh: de xudt van deva giai quyet vande da de xudt [4].
Dudi day la 6 tinh thi cd vdn de thudng sir dung trong dgy hpc:
+ Tinh thi lua chpn: chu thd d trgng thai can nhac suy tinh, khi cdn lua chpn mot phuang dn thich hgp nhdt trong nhiing didu kidn xdc dinh dk giai quylt vdn dd (tiic la lya chpn md hinh van hdnh dugc).
+ Tinh Ihi bdt ng&: cbti the d trang thdi ngac nhidn, khi gap cdi mdi la, chua hieu vi sao, cdn biet can cii li le (tiic la can cd md binh mdi).
+ Hnh the be ldc: cbti the d trgng thai tting bi, khi chua bidt Iam thd nao gidi quyet dugc kbd khan gap phai, cin cd each gidi quylt (tire la cdn cd md hinh mdi).
+ Tinh the hhdng phii hgp: chu the d trang thdi ban khoan, nghi hoac, khi gap sy kien trdi ngugc vdi le thudng, vdi ket qud cd thd nit ra dugc tii can cii li le da cd, do dd can xet Igi dd cd can cii ii le thich hgp ban (tuc la cdn cd md hinh thich hgp han).
+ Tmh thi phdn xet: chu the d trgng thdi nghi vdn khi ggp cdc each gidi thich vdi cdc can cii li le khde nhau, cdn xem xet kidm tra cac can cir li le do (tiie la cdn kilm tra, hgp thiic hda cdc rad hmh da dugc de cap).
4- Tinh the doi lap: chii tbi d trgng thai bdt ddng quan dilm, khi gap mgt each giai thich cd ve Idgic, nhung Igi xudt phat tir mdt can cii li le sai trai vdi can cii li le da dugc chdp nhdn, cdn bdc bd can cii li le sai ldm do dl bdo ve can cu: Ii le da chdp nhdn (tire Id pbe phan, bac bd md hinh khdng hgp thiic, bao ve md binh hgp tbtic).
- Ba Id, viec tao tinb hudng vdn dd vd dinh hudng hdnh dpng hgc giai quylt vdn dk hogch dinh rang:
+ Thii nhat, giao vidn cd dung y tim each cho hoc sinh tu gidi quylt mpt van dl, tuang ting vdi vide xdy dung mdt tri thiic khoa hgc cdn dgy. Do dd, gido vien cdn nhdn dinh vl cdu hdi dat ra, cac khd khdn trd luc hgc sinh phai vugt qua khi gidi dap cdu hdi (diln dgt chinh xac vdn dl cdn gidi quylt). Sy phan tich nay dya tren nhiing thdng tin da dugc lam ro trong cdc nghien ciiu dd cd vl tri tbiic khoa hgc cdn day, va vl cdc quan nidm cd thi cd ctia hpc sinh lien quan din vipc xdy dung tri tbtic nay.
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TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H £ - SO 18 -TRU'ONG DAI HQCPHAM VAN D O N G + Thir hai, giao vien phai xac dinb ro kit qua giai quyet mong mudn ddi vdi vdn dk dugc dat ra la hpc sinh chilm ITnh dugc tri thuc cu thi gi (dien dgt cy thi mot each cd due, cbinh xdc ndi dung do) bay hgc sinb the bidn ra dugc hanh vi gi?
+ Thii ba, giao vien sogn thao dugc mpt nhiem vu (cd tilm dn vdn dl) dl giao cho hpc smh, sao cho hpc sinh sdn sang dam nhdn nhiem vu do. Dilu nay ddi hdi giao vien phai chuan bi cho hpc sinh nh&ng dilu kien cdn thilt khiln cho hpc sinb tu minh thdy cd khd nang tham gia giai quylt nhiem vu dat ra va duac ldi cudn vdo hoat ddng ticb cue giai quyet nhiera vy do.
De soan thdo dugc mpt nhiera cu nhu vgy cdn cd hai ylu td ca bdn: Tiln dl hay tu lieu (thilt bi, sy kien, thdng tin) cdn cung cap cho hoc sinh hoac ggi ra cho hpc sinh;
Lenh hoac cdu bdi de ra cho hgc sinh.
+ Tbii tu, tren ca sd van dd cdn gidi quylt, ket qud mong dgi, nhirng quan niem, khd khan trd lyc ciia hpc sinh trong dilu kien cu the, giao vien dodn trudc nhimg ddp iing CO thd cd ctia hpc sinb va dy dinh tien trinh dinb budng, giiip do hoc sinh kbi can mpt each hpp Ii, phil hgp vdi tien trinh khoa hpc giai quyet vdn de.
- Bdn la, cdn xdy dung he thdng cac cdu hdi djnh hudng tu duy trong cac tinh hudng dgy hoc theo qua trinh xdy dung van dung kien thirc mdi mdt each hgp ly, chii trpng cac loai cau hdi nhu:
+ Cdu hdi kich thich hgc sinh cd nhu cdu kien thiic de gidi quyet van de.
+ Cau hdi djnh hudng npi dung kien thtie cdn xdc lap.
+ Cdu hdi yeu cdu xdc dinb giai phdp tim tdi xac lap kien thuc cdn xdy dyng, van dung.
+ Cdu hdi yeu cau didn dgt chinh xdc, cd dpng kidn tbiic xdc lap dugc van dung.
+ Cdu hdi yeu cdu van dyng kiem tra kien thiic da xdc lap.
5. Dl xuat tiln trinh t6 chuc day hpc neu vdn de - Orixtie cho mot bai hoc Vat li cu thd
Tren ca sd ly ludn v l dgy hpc neu vdn dl - Orixtie va cdc yeu cdu vl phat trien nang lyc giai quyet van dl, chiing tdi dl xudt tiln trinh td chiic day bpe hdm 4 budc dudi ddy:
Bu&c 1: Chudn bi cdc dilu kien td chirc day hoc theo hudng bdi dudng nang luc giai quylt vdn de
* Hogt ddng cua gido viin:
- Tim hieu ddi tugng hpc sinh, lya chpn hinh thuc td chiic va xdc dinh miic dp nang lyc gidi quylt vdn dl ma hpc sinh cdn dat, dinh hudng each ren luyen ky nang, phdt trien nang luc cho hpc sinh.
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TAP CHl KHOA HOC VA C O N G N G H E - S O 18 - TRU'ONG DAI HQC PHAM VAN D O N G
- Nghien ciiu npi dung bdi hpc bao gdra: xac dinb kien tbtic trpng tam, kien thirc ca ban; Xdc dinh muc tieu bai hoc, xdy dyng bdi todn nhgn thirc vd tao tinb budng cd vdn de cho timg ndi dung bdi hpc;
* Hogt dpng cua hpe sinh: nghien ciru cac tai lieu lidn quan den bai hpc, chudn bi phucmg tien, tinh thdn, thai dp hpc tap theo hudng ty lyc giai quydt cdc van de hoc tap.
Bu&c 2: Td chirc thyc hien bai hpc
* Hoat ddng cua gido vien:
- Tgo tinh budng cd van de.
- Hudng ddn hpc sinh each gidi quyet vdn de: quan sdt phdt hidn nhung sai sdt, dieu chinh va hd trg kip thdi cho hpc sinh trong qua trinh gidi quyet vdn de.
- Theo doi, nhdn xet vd nit ra kdt ludn.
- Dua ra cac van de, tinh hudng tuang ty.
- Cung cd, giao nhiem vu ve nha.
* Hoat ddng cua hpc sinb:
- Phdt hien vdn de, nhdn bidt vdn de, phdt bieu vdn de, nhdn ra mdu thudn, mong mudn dugc giai quyet.
- Gidi quyet van de: thu thap va phan ticb thdng tin, tim ra nguyen nhan cua van dd, de xudt phuang an, gia thuylt gidi quylt vdn de, xdc dinh cdc nhiem cu cdn thuc hidn, thyc hien ke hoach tbeo phuang an da de ra, dieu chinh ke hoach theo sy hudng dan cua giao vidn.
- Ddnh gid ket qua: danh gia viec thyc hien gidi phdp, dieu chinb giai phap tbeo hudng ddn ciia giao vien.
Bu&c 3: Tdng ket, ddnh gia muc do ndng luc giai quyet vdn d l ma hgc sinh dat dugc sau mdi bai hoc
* Hoat ddng ciia gido vien: dua ra cdc tieu cbi ddnh gia, ddnh gia, nban xet cy thi ndng Iuc gidi quyet vdn d l cita hpc sinh, riit kinh nghiem vd dat ra muc tieu mdi v l mtic dp nang lyc gidi quyet vdn de ma hpc sinb can dat trong nhiing bdi hpc tidp theo.
* Hoat ddng ciia hpc sinh: nit kinh nghiem, tilp tuc phan ddu trong nhirng gid hpc tidp tbeo.
Tren ca sd tien trinb da neu, chiing tdi da xdy dyng tiln trinh day hoc cho 3 bai hpc cu thi thudc chuang "Ddng lyc hpc chdt dilm" Vat Ii 10 trung hpc phd thdng va da tiln hanh day tbuc nghiem trong khudn khd dl tai Luan van thgc sT tgi trudng trung hpc pbd thdng Trdn Qudc Tudn, tinh Qudng Ngai. Kit qua thyc nghiera cho thdy viec sii dyng quy trinh neu tren vao td chiic dgy hpc da thyc su gdp phdn phat triln dupc nang luc giai quyet vdn d l ciia hpc sinh. Do khudn khd han hep vl dung lugng ciia mdt bai bao khoa hgc, chiing tdi khdng trinh bay npi dung cdc giao an ciia bai day hpc d day.
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TAP CHl KHOA HQC VA CpNG NGHE - S 6 18 - TRU'O'NG BAI HQC PHAM VAN B O N G
6. Kit luan
Giao due ph6 th5ng nuac ta dang thuc hien buoc chuyen tir chuong trinh giao due tiep can ngi dung sang tiep can nang lire cua nguoi hgc. Muc tieu quan trgng ciia qua trinh d^y hgc kh6ng chi dimg lai d viec truyen thu nhung kien thiic, ky nang c6 san cho hoc sinh ma quan trgng hon la phai boi duong, phat triln nang luc cho hgc sinh. Viec van dung day hgc giai quyet van de - Orixtie trong day hgc Vat li nhiim phat trien nang luc giai quyet v4n de cho hgc sinh cung la mgt trong nhttng giai phap tot, co the van dung dugc o cac mtong trang hgc pho thong hien nay, dap img yen ciu cua chucmg trinh giao due pho thong m6i.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2018), Chuang trinh gido due pho thong ting the, Ha Ngi.
2. Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2018), Chuang Irinh gido due phd thdng mon Vdt li. Ha Ngi.
3. Ph?m Him Tgng (2004), Dgy hgc Vat li a trudng phd thong theo dinh huangphdt triin hogt dgng hgc tich cue, tu chit, sdng tgo vd lu duy khoa hgc, Nha xuat ban Dgi hgc Su pham.
4. Nguyin Diic Tham, Nguyin Ngge Hung (2002), Td chirc hogt dgng nhan Ihiic cho hgc sinh trong day hgc Vdt li, Nha xuit ban Dai hgc Quoc gia Ha Npi.
•Tnrcmg THPT Trin Quoc Tuan, Tinh Quang Ngai
Hgc vien cao hgc K3 6 Truang Dai hgc Su pham - Dai hgc Da Nang
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