KHOA H Q C - C O N G N G H E
VAI TRO CUA GIA CA TRONG VAN TAI HANG KHONG THOfI KY HOI NHAP VA UEN MINH QUOC TE
T d m t d t : Trudc bdi cinh cpnh tranh gay git glUa cie hing hing khdng trong vi ngoii ntfde thdi ky hpi nhip vi liin minh qude td, ddi hdi cic nhi v$n ehuyen phai ho^ch djnh chidn lupe vi ehlnh sich nhim khai thic hpp ly vi hipu qui, mpt trong nhUng chlnh sich gdp phin quan trpng vio stf thinh cdng vi phit triin bdn vUng eua hing hing khdng - dd li viie ho^eh dinh chinh sich gii cUde trong vpn tai hing khdng... Bdi, cpnh tranh vd gii cd liin quan trtfc tidp din stf tdn tpl vi phit triin CUB mdi mpt hang hing khdng vi ludn gin liin vdl Ipl leh, nhu ciu sd dpng sin phdm dfch vp eua khieh hing.
Han nUa, trong cic bien sd marketing mix chl cd bidn sdgii eudc li true tiep t^o ra doanh thu vi Ipl nhupn thtfc te. Do dd, npi dung chO ydu cua bil bio nhim phin tich "Vai trd cua gii ci trong vin tii hing khdng thdi ky hpi nhpp va liin minh qud'c td".
A b s t r a c t : Facing fierce competition between do- mestic and foreign airlines integration period and the International coalition, requires the transport policy measures and to explore appropriate and effective,one of the important policies contribute to the success and sustainabillty of the airline - it is the policy rates in air transport, ... By directly related to the existence and development of each airline and is always associated with benefits, de- mand for products and services of o ur customers.
Moreover, in the marketing mix variable rate variable is only directly create actual revenue and profit. Therefore the main contents of this paper to analyze "The role of prices in the air transportation integration period and the international coalition".
I. N Q I dung
1. Vai tro gia doi v d l sdn p h i m
Vdl t u cdch la mdt edng cy vd Id bd phdn trong chinh sach marketing mix c d a doanh nghifip, gid ed d d n g vai trd quan trpng trpng vific t r i l n khai cdc hpgt ddng va dat tdi nhQng mye tifiu nhdt djnh. Hon the nOa, trpng dieu kien thj trudng cd sdc mua ban hgn chfi' thi gia ed la cdng cy cgnh tranh quan trpng.
Gia ca c u n g la met trong nhOng y l u t l linh d p n g nhd't c u a he thdng marketing mix, trong dd gia cd cd t h i thay doi nhanh c h d n g , khdng gidng nhU cac tfnh chd't c d a sdn p h a m . VI vay, gid ca ed nhiJng vai trd chu y l u sau:
- Gii cd vai trd quan trpng trong vipc phin bd cic ngudn itfc: Cua nen kinh t l , cua doanh nghigp
T h S . DINH QUANG TOAN Trudng Dpi hpe Glao thdng vin tii
vd cCia ngudi tifiu d u n g ;
- Gii li biin sd didu tidt cua Nhi nude: Thi chg v l gid, cdng cy c h i n g Igm phdt; T h I c h l v l gia, cdng ey ty do cgnh tranh;
- Gii li bidn sd ea bin cua doanh nghiip: D6i vdi doanh nghidp, gid cd Id y l u t l q u y l t djnh v l mile dd iSn khd ndng bu d i p chl phf sdn xudt vd cd t h i ^ d i n mUc dd loi nhudn nhdt dinh. Gid cd Id cdn cil quan trpng d l giup eho cdc doanh nghidp ed phuong dn kinh doanh vd Id mdt tdi hidn quan trpng giup cho doanh nghidp nhdn b i l t vd ddnh gid cdc cd hdi kinh doanh
- Gii li biin sd ltfa chpn cua ngudi tieu dung:
Gid tdc ddng nhu mdt y l u t l quyet dinh vifie lya chpn ci!ia ngudi mua; Gid ed cdn la y l u t l ddnh gid sy hi^u b i l t eua ngUdi mua v l sdn p h i m ma hp mua; Gia hang hda Id chl s d ddnh gid phdn dUde ma chi phi ngudi mua phdi bd ra d l sd hOu va tieu dung hang hda. V d duoc t h i hidn: Phdn ehia chi tifiu hop ly; vai trd thdng tin.
2. Chinh sdch gia cUdc ddi vdt van tdi hang k h d n g Hopeh dinh ehinh sich gii cude hinh khach trong vpn tii hing khdng
Chfnh saeh gia eua Tong edng ty Hang khdng Vifit Nam (VNA) duOe xdy d y n g trfin cO sd cae y l u to thi trUdng va cgnh tranh, trfin co sd danh gid phdn tfch sdn p h d m , d y b d o thi trudng d d n g thdi ddm bSo tuong thfch vdi cdc dogn thj trudng mye tifiu fya chgn vd trfin CO sd cae k l hogch kinh doanh hdng nam, tryc t i l p nhdm dgt cdc chl tifiu d i l u hanh t i n g hcfpv^
thu sudt hdnh khdch RPK (Revenue Passenger Kilo- metter) da d l ra.
Hopeh djnh gii theo hinh thUc sd dpng gii - Gii cdng bd: La gid dU0e xay d y n g trfin cd sfl t i n g t h i tuong quan cdc y e u t d vT md nhu d i l u kifin dja ly, thu nhdp qud'e ddn eua qude gia vdi cdc nUdc trong v u n g . G i d edng b l t h u d n g dUdc VNA thong nhdt xdc djnh t h d n g qua edc cude hpp cua lATA, hodc s y thd'ng nhat vdi nhau ngodi khudn k h i cQa lATA, hodc don phUOng xdc djnh ra mpt gia. Sau khi duoe ehlnh phCi phfi duyfit gid edng be se ed hifiu lijc, duoe cdng bo rdng rai tren cae phUOng tifin truydn thdng vd hfi thdng ddt chd t y ddng. Gid edng bo bao gdm mUc gid v d cae d i l u kifin dp d y n g . Mac du khdng dupe s d d y n g nhU mdt he t h i n g gid efing b^
da dang, nhung no se Id eo sd cho viec xdy dung in6t hfi thdng gia dp d y n g da d g n g nhUng t h i n g nhdt,
- Gii ip dpng: La nhQng gid duoe dua ra bdn tr§n
T^p chl GTVT 1 1 / 2 0 1 2 1 ^
thi trudng, khfing cdng b l trfin cdc an p h i m vd hd thd'ng ddt ch5 t y ddng. Thudng gid nay thdp hon gid cdng b l nhdm m y e dfch thu hiit khdch trong d i l u kifin cgnh tranh. Gid dp dyng khfing bj cdc chfnh phCi kiem sodt md hodn todn t y do djnh gid d y a trfin tinh hlnh sdc mua cCia thj trudng v d thi trudng cgnh tranh.
Ho^ch djnh gii theo ddi tupng ip dpng gii - Gia hpng Business (hpng C): Khdng hgn c h l v l dieu kien dp d y n g . D i i tU0ng Id khdch ndy thudng xuyfin eua hang, quan chUc nhd nudc, lanh dgo cdc cdp cija cdc cfing ty dl theo mye dfch cfing v y .
- Gii hpng Economic 01 nim (hpng Y): Khdng hgn c h l v l cdc d i l u kidn gidi hgn v l s i ngdy qugy v l t i l thieu hodc tdi da, khdng gidi hgn v l thdi hgn trd t i l n , mua v e . Ddi tUflng thudng Id khdch cCia cdc chuong trinh khdch hdng thudng xuyfin cCia hdng hodc khach Id ddi tUOng cOa cdc hop ddng ky glQa nha nude hodc cdng ty vdi hang.
- Gii economy excursion: Ddi tUdng dp d y n g Id khach cdng vy cd khd ndng chdp nhdn cdc d i l u kidn cfia gid gidm; Khdch dl du ljch nghT ngoi t y do; Khdch tham thdn nhdn. D i l u kifin dp dgng cho thdi gian lUu tru toi thieu hodc t i i da, hgn c h l v l doi ngay bay, hanh trinh, van d l hoan trd v e .
- Gii PEX: Ddi tUOng dp dyng Id khach di du Ijch, ngh! ngOl t y do, khaeh tham thdn nhdn. Dieu kifin dp dyng v l ddt giO chd vd trd t i l n trudc theo quy djnh cua gid. Thdi gian luu tru toi t h i l u hoac toi da, hgn che ve doi ngdy bay, hdnh trinh, hpdn trd ve.
- Gii IT:D6'\ tUOng dp d y n g Id khaeh dodn di du l|ch, ngh? ngoi theo chuong trinh du ljch trpn gdi. D i l u kifin ap dyng chO y l u phdi kem theo chuong trinh du ljch tron gdi. Thdi gian lUu tru t i i thieu hoac tdi da, han c h l ve doi ngdy bay, hdnh trinh, hoan trd ve.
- G / a G ^ / T : Ddi tuong dp dung Id khdch dodn d i d u ljch, nghf ngOi theo chUOng trinh du Ijch tron gdi. D i l u kifin dp dung chii y l u phdi kfim theo chuong trinh du Ijch trpn gdi. Thdi gian luu tru toi t h i l u hodc t i i da, hgn che v l d i i ngdy bay, hanh trinh, hoan trd vi, tach dodn. Yeu eau v l sd' ngudi tdi thieu trong dodn, dat chd theo quy trinh rifing.
- Gii GA: D o i tuong dp d y n g Id khdch dodn di theo edc hop d p n g thod t h u d n , khaeh di theo cdc chuong trinh l l hdi vdn hda the thao. Dieu kign dp dgng chij yeu Id thdi gian luu tru toi thieu hoge toi da, hgn c h l ve tra t i l n , d i i ngay bay, hdnh trinh, hodn trd vfi, tdch doan. Hgn c h l v l d i i tuong dp d y n g , s d ngudi toi t h i l u trong d o d n . Dat chd theo quy trinh rifing, logi gid ndy mang tfnh thod thudn cao.
Ho^ch dmh gii theo hinh trinh
-Gii npi dja: G\a dp dyng eho cdc hdnh trinh npi dja, do hang chfl dfing xdy dyng dua trfin gid tran vd gia san cua cdc co quan chUe ndng chuyfin mdn trong Chfnh phfl phfi c h u i n .
- Gii thUdng quyin 3/4: Ld gid cfla hdnh trinh qude t l dp dgng cho khdch thuong quyen 3 va 4. Tuy
nhifin, tuy theo ddc d i l m cCia logi hdnh trinh vd ddi tUdng khdch ma gid thuong q u y l n 3 vd 4 Igi chia ra:
+ Gid q u i c t l dudng ngdn dp dyng cho khaeh tQ chinh thj trudng cua hai nudc thudng eao hOn gia eiia cCing hdnh trinh nhUng nhdm vdo dd'i tUdng khac (Khich ndi chuydn).
+ Gid qude t l dUdng bay ngdn dp dgng cho khdch t u thj trudng khde n l i c h u y i n , thudng thdp hon.
+ Gid q u i c t l dudng bay ddi: Do c h u y i n bay khdng phdi dUng Igi dpc dudng ndn gid cao hon.
- Gii thUdng quyen 5/6: Ld gid q u i c t l dp dgng cho khdch vdn c h u y i n theo thuong q u y l n 6, do khdch phdi dQng doc dudng nfin gid cd phdn rd hdn, d i n g thdi trfin c h u y i n bay thudng cd djch vy b l xung d l hdp ddn khdch (Chd chdi thd thao, dich vp giii trt...). Tuy nhifin, nd vfin ddm bdo khdng phd gid d thj trudng x u i t phdt eCia hdnh trinh.
Hopch dfnh gii theo ddi tupng vi phpm vi ip dpng gii
- Theo tinh kha thi cua gii:
+ Gid duoc phfi duyfit: Logi gid ndy dUOc ddm bdo tfnh hop phap khi dp dyng d nUdc ta, mpi gid npi dja d i u bi Chfnh phfl k i l m sodt chfit che vl vgy gia phai duoc Chinh phu phe duyet mdi cd hifiu lyc.
+ Gia khdng dUOe phe duyfit: Khde vdi gia dUOc phfi duyfit, gid nay khdng duoc s y thda nhan chfnh thUc vd tuy theo hodn ednh vd mdl trudng ludt phap cfla tUng qude gia md nhd ehUe trdeh qudn ly nhd nude Ifin t i l n g phdn ddi hay cdm dodn. Hifin nay, hau h i t edc gia khdng duoe phfi duyfit dang duoc sit dyng rpng rai trfin thi trudng hdng khdng ddn dyng.
Do vdy, khi dua ra mdt mUe gid cgnh tranh ehi can nha chdc trach hang khdng phfi duyfit la cd hifiu luc md khdng can phai dfi trinh len Chinh phu.
- Theo khi nang hpp tic ve gii, bao gdm:
+ Gia don phUOng: La gid do mdt hang hang khdng dua ra ma khdng can sy dong y chinh thUc cua mdt hang khae,
+ Gid da phuong: La gid do n h i l u hang hang khdng cung cdng nhdn, cdn duoe gpi Id gid hop tdc.
+ Gid hop tdc ed the la gid song phUdng giQa hai hdng hang khdng, gid ba bfin, gid duoe lATA phe ehuin... Gid hop tdc cd t h i do n h i l u hang hang khdng tham gia van c h u y i n mdt phdn hodc todn bd hanh trinh.
- Theo phpm vi ip dpng gii, bao gdm:
+ Gid edng b d : La logi gia duOc cung cdp mdt cdch rdng rai eho cdng chiing thdng qua cdc ngudn phdn phoi gia chi'nh thUc cfla ngdnh hdng khdng t h i gidi vd cdc I n pham gid cude. Mpi khaeh hang d i u cd mdt mUc gid, d i l u kign gid nhu nhau. Trong bdn thdn gid cdng bd, tuy theo d i l u kifin gid ngudi ta lal chia thdnh gid logi thudng hay gid dac bifit.
+ Gia thi trudng: Vdi gid ndy, cdc hdng hdng khdng giao cho dai ly bdn khde nhau vdi mUc gia khde nhau, d i l u kien gid vd hoa hdng eung khae
KHOA H Q C - C 6 N G N G H E
nhau, Gid ndy phdn dnh quan hfi mde cd giOa hdng hdng khdng - dgi ly - hdnh khdch vd do vdy duoc gpi Id gid "ddm phdn". Ngodi ra, vdi d i l u kidn thi trudng cgnh tranh khde liet nfin gid ddm phdn cdn duoc goi Id gid cgnh tranh. Gia ndy khdng duoc p h i b i l n rdng rdi trong cdng chiing vt sfi phd vd quan hd lay ba:
hang hdng khdng - dgi ly - khdch hdng vd edn phdi ddm bdo tdi da hda doanh thu cua hdng.
- Theo phin thf hinh khich thdng qua mpe dich chuydn dl vi thdng qua kiiu hinh trinh:
+ Khdch di theo mye dich cdng v g : Vdi logi khdch ndy ludn ddi hdi ehdt luong dich vg d mUc cao.
thudng chpn cdc sdn p h i m ed uy tfn, bay t h i n g va thdi gian bay ngdn Hp cd khd ndng chdp nhdn d mde gid cao.
+ Kh^ch di theo mgc dich nghl ngoi: Ho khdng ddi hdi ehdt luong dich vy d mUe cao. C d khd nang chdp nhdn edc sdn p h i m dich vy vdi ehdt luong d mUc trung binh, hdnh trinh bay vdng vdi mUc gid thdp.
+ Khdch thSm thdn n h d n ; Khdch ndy quan tdm d i n dd an todn vd dd nhgy cdm vdi gid rdt eao,
+ Khdch lap d d n g , hpe tdp: Ddi v d i khdch ndy, vide mua vd dp don vi tdi tro q u y l t dinh, chfl y l u mua vfi mdt c h i l u . Dl theo dean vd thudng tdp trung vdp khodng thdi gian nhdt djnh theo hop d d n g .
+ Khdch Id: Ld cdc ca nhdn cd nhu edu di Igi bdng d u d n g hang khdng, dSt chd vd mua ve nfing Id, khdng du cdc d i l u kifin mua gid khdch doan.
+ Khach doan: Nhdm hdnh khdch chl dUOc mua gid khdch doan khi ed du d i l u kien theo qui dinh eua nhd vdn c h u y i n ,
+ Theo lUa tuoi gdm: Trd e m , trd nhd se trd gid thap hon gid theo nhdm cho ngudi Idn va khdng dUOe
tinh Id thdnh vifin cfla d o d n . Trong d d , qui d i n h ) ^ t u l l : TQ 0 - 2 t u l i dUOc gpi Id trd nhd (INF), tU 2 - 1 ; t u l i gpi Id trd em (CHD), trdn 12 t u l i dp dgng gia ve ngudi ldn (ADL).
II. K i t ludn
Vdi vide tdc gid trinh bdy mOt cdch khoa hpe vd h$
t h i n g hda cdc v i n d l v l vai trd cfla gid vd chlnli sdch gid, e h i l m m^t phdn quan trong trong b i l n stf eua phdi thdc marketing mix.
Tdc gid dl sdu phdn tfeh thgc trgng v l vai trd cda gid vd chfnh sdch gid trong vdn tdi hdng khdng ttidi ky hdi nhdp vd lifin minh q u i c t l ,
T r d n so sd d d , tdc gid d l xudt vide hogch dinh chinh sdch gid vd hdnh khdch cho VNA nhdm mang Igi hidu q u d cao vd phdt t r i l n b i n vQng, trong btfi cdnh cgnh tranh gay gdt trfin thj trudng hifin nay v4 djch vy vdn ldi hdng khdng thdi ky hdi nhdp vd Ildn minh q u i c t l •
Tai lifiu tham khdo
[1]. GS, Nghifim v a n D T n h ; ' W n f t r ^ v / m d " TrUdng Dpi hpe GTVT - (2004) {2}. B d Giao thdng vdn t i l ;
"Chidn lapc phit tridn Giao thdng vin tii ddn nim 2010. dinh hadng ddn 2020' - (2007) [3]. Chfnh phfi:
"Phi duyit Quy hopeh phit triin Giao thing v$n ^1 hing khdng Viit Nam giai dopn ddn nim 2020 vi djnti hadng ddn nim 2030", Quydt dinh sd: 21/QD-TTQ • (2009) [4]. N g u y i n VSn D u n g ; "Chidn tape vi chiin thuit thidt kd vi Dinh gii sin phdm vi dich vy c^nti tranh", NXB Tdi chlnh - (2009; {5}. Tong edng ty hdng khdng Vidt N a m ; "ChUdng Irlnh vi kd hopch ning cao chit lapng phpc vp hinh khieh' • (2010)
LITA CHON CHUNG LOAI...
{Ttip theo trang 43) Tuyin TP. Hi Chl Mmh - Cii Mep, Thi Vii (Vung Tiu): D6i hlnh T B - S L P D g6m tau day 500hp iai 4 sa lan 32 teus theo hinh thufc ghep doi (TD 500 + 2 + 2) la CO l(?i nhat (NPV =2.851,14; IRR = 17,60%, ty so N P V A / 6 n d S u W 1 1 , 6 6 % ) .
Tuyin TP. Ho Chi Minh - Can Tha - My Thdi (An Giang): D6i hlnh doan TD-SLPD gom tau d^y 200hp lai 2 sa lan 24 teus theo hlnh thifc ghep ddn (TD 200 + 1 + 1) la CO loi nhat (NPV = 3.513,92; IRR = 21,88%; ty so NPVA/6n Sin tU 25,01 % ) .
4. Ket Iu3n - Kien nghj
Vi#c d ^ xuat cac chung loai t r e n tuyen t r g n la nhOng djnh hudng quan trpng cho cac doanh nghiep va cac thanh phan l<inh td' dau t u doi tau van chuyen, d6ng thdi co the lam tai iieu tham khcio cho cac nha q u ^ n ly, nghien cufu hoach dinh hudng phat trien cac nhan to Cciu thanh h# thong van t i l thuy (xay di,(ng c4ng, nao vet lufing lach, cdng nghiep dong tau, dao tao thuySn viSn, v.v) mfit each hop ly 6i hoat dfing
cua doi ii\i mang lai hieu qud kmh tfi' cao nhc(t c6 th^
Tai il^u tham kh&o
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[2]. Vu Ngpc Bich, "Xiy dtfng mi hlnh toin tfc ll/a chgn Chung loai tiu diy • si lan phin doan", Tsp chl GTVT. sfi thang 9/2012, trang 24-25.
[3]. Ly BSch ChS'n, P h a m C f i n g Hi (1984), Cic phudng phip toin ing dung trong Giao thing vin tii, NXB GTVT, H4 Nfii.
[4]. Trfin CSng Nghj, (2008), Si tay thiSt ki tin thQy, NXB x a y d i ; n g , Ha Nfii.
[5). Dang Huu Phu. Semenov.l, (1982), •Postme- nie I Realizasia Mathematicheckoi Modeii Zadachi Op- timizasi Fiota SudoV, Shipbuilding publishel, Leningrat.
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