NGHIEN C l h j
Van d^ moi timmg trong phat tri^n ben vimg a Viet Nam
Nguyfe Thi Ngpc ThOy NguySn'ftimgKien Truong Dai hoc Quy Nhon
Hi^n nay, phat tii^n b^n vung la mdt trong nhtmg ndi dung dang duge d^ cap den nhi^u nhat trong cae dien dan trong nude va qudc te khi ban den eac muc tieu phat trien. Day la mdt khai niem nham dinh nghia su phat tridn v^ moi mat trong xa hdi hi&n tai ma v ^ phai bao dam su ti^p tue phat Iri^n trong tuong lai xa. Phat trien bdn vCmg hien dang la muc tieu hudng tdi cua nhieu qudc gia tren thd gidi, mdi dat nude sd dua theo dae thii kinh td, xa hdi, chinh tri, van hda... rieng de hoach dinh chi^n luoc phat hien b^n viing phii hgp va hieu qua nhdt.
1. Mpt SO van de ve phat trien ben vung ir Viet Nam OVi^t Nam hien nay, neu tien hanh khao sat thuc td tr^n ba binh dien n^u tr^n, khdng khd 66 nhan ra dau la diem ndng tiem an nhieu nguy ca lam that bai muc ti&u phat trien b^n vung. Binh di6n thu nhat va thu 2 - kinh td va chinh tti xa hdi - tuy van cdn nhi^u bdt cap, nhung tdc dd phat tri^n va mdc dp dn dinh cho th^y nhieu tin hieu lac quan, rieng binh dien thu 3 - v^n d^ mdi trudng - dang cd nhiing dien bidn trai ebi^u vdi tdc dd tang trudng kinh te va su dn dinh, tbinh vugng cua xa hdi. Tinh trang suy thoai, 6 nhiSm mdi trudng va can kiet tai nguyen dang ngay cang tTcim trong, nbi^u sd lieu cho thdy tdc dd suy thoai mdi trudng cd lien quan true tidp va theo hudng ty le nghich vdi tdc dd tang trudng kinh te.
Xet 3 binh dien cua phat trien ben vung, thu nhat, ve mat kinh te, phat trien kinh td la mdt nhu cau tat ydu cua xa hdi tidn bd, khi xa hdi cang phat trien, cac nhu cau cOa con ngudi se cang cao, tuong ung vdi dieu dd la nhung ddi hdi ve su tang trudng cua nen kinh td de dap ung cac yeu cau ngay cang gia tang dd cua xa hdi loai ngudi. Tuy nhien, van de dat ra d day la su tang trudng nhanh chdng nhung mu quang cua ndn kinh td se cd nhung tuong tac trai chieu vdi mdt sd gia tri khac trong toan bd he gia hi cua cdng ddng, md mpt trong sd dd la nhiing tuong tac ti^u cue den mdi trudng. Trudc ap luc dat duoc cac muc tieu tang trudng kinh te, nhieu chu lh6 trong nen kinh td da bd qua nhung quan tam ddn mdi trudng, va di^u nay da d^ lai nhdng h& iuy khdng nhd, tac ddng Idn den tinh trang suy thoai mdi tnjdng qua khi thai cong nghiep, d nhiem tieng on, nhiem ddc ngudn nude, ngudn khdng khi, suy kiet tai nguyen... Chi khi phat trien mpt nen kinh td vdi phuong cham cdng nghiep hoa, hien dai boa mdt each ed y thuc, sang sudt, ed su kiem soat chat che ciia Nha nude, eua toan the xa hdi thi viSe
2 0 X'NH T± CHAU A - T H A , B I N H DL/fTNB (THANG 7 / 2D I E,,
bao ve mdi trudng s6 duge dam bdo va chi khi dd mdi dat den gia trj ben viing.
Tieu chi cua phat trien b^n vung chi yeu cdu cac nude dang phat trien trong dieu kien hien nay can tang tmong GDP vao khoang 5%/nam thi theo kdt qua cdng bd trong budi hop bao ve tinh hinh kinh td - xa hpi quy II trong 6 thang ddu nam 2019 vao ngay 28/6 vira qua thi GDP 6 thang dau nam 2019 tang 6,76%, tuy thap hon muc tang cua 6 thang ddu nam 2018 nhung cao hem muc tang cua 6 thang cac nam tu 2011-2017, trong bdi canh 70% cac nen kinh te tren thd gidi, trong do hau het cac nen kinh te phat trien, deu roi vao tinh trang tang trudng eham lai.
Con dudng de Viet Nam hiit pha la cung luc vua phat tri^n kinh te', viia ddi mdi c6ng nghe, day cung la mdt trong nhung muc tieu ca ban va loi ich lau dai cua hpi nhap kinh te qudc td, d6 la tign hanh cdng nghiep boa, hien dai hda tren co sd xay dung mot n i n cdng nghiep dong bp v6i trinh do khoa hoc cong nghe cao Du van cdn nhi^u kho khan, nhung trong nam '2OI8 nhieu bdng Chung cho thay kinh t^ Viet Nam vdn dang thuc su khdi sac. Theo Tdng Cue Thong ke chi so toan nganh cong nghiep thang 1/2018 uoc tinh tang tdi 20,9% so voi cung ky 2017. Kim ngach xuat khau thana 1/2018 udc dat 19 ty USD, tang 33,1% so voi cdnq kv Nhu vay, lien tidp cac ky thdng ke nam 2018 kim ngach xudt khdu cua Viet Nam tinh theo thang Iu6n dat con sd 19 ty USD, dat miic phat trien ky juc tinh den thdi diem hien tai. Dac biet, vdn ddu tu true r^
nude ngoai gidi ngan dat hon 1 ty USD, tang hon 10 50^
so vdi cung ky eOng la mdt tin hieu tich cue. ' 6 binh dien thu 2, ve mat xa hpi, hien nay v- dung mpt nen tang moi trudng xa hpi - chinh tri "^
djnh, phat trien thmh vupng va b^n vung dang la m tieu chien luac cua cac qudc gia ndi rieng va c6n ddng qudc te ndi chung. 6 day dac biet luu y, su 5
dinh chinh tri cd vai bd rdt Idn ddi vdi su phat tri^n eiia dat nude, ridng didu nay Vidt Nam duge cdng ddng qudc td ddnh gid cao, trao ddi tai Di^n dan Phat tridn chau A, Chu Uch Ngan hang Phat tri^n chau A (ADB) Takehiko Nakao da rdt tam ddc va khdng djnh thanh ti/u to Idn cua Viet Nam trong viec dn dinh chinh tri va dn djnh v^ kinh te vi md d Vi^t Nam. 6ng cho rdng dd la di^u kien, la co sd vung chde 66 Vidt Nam dat duge tdc dd tang trudng kinh td cao va tang trudng ddng ddu hudng ddn phat trien bdn viing. Cung theo dng Takehiko Nakao, chinh su dn dinh chinh tri gdp phdn Idn giup Vi^t Nam cd \.h6 kidn tri chinh sach phat tri^n kinh td tao nen tang d^ dat nhung thanh qud cao trong tang trudng kinh td. N^n chinh tri dn djnh la di^u ki^n tidn quyet tao cho Vidt Nam cd duge mdt n^n hda binh vd tbinh vugng. Thuc td, nhiing thanh cdng cua sy nghiep ddi mdi d Viet Nam ciing dua tren su 6n dinh chinh tri.
Thuc hidn tdt tidn trinh hdi nhdp Idnh td qudc td toan cdu, Vi$t Nam dd sdng sudt xa dinh viec xay dgng dudng Idl ddi ngoai ddc lap, ti/ chii, da phuang hoa, da dang hoa dd chu ddng, tich eye bdi nhdp kinh td qudc td nhung dam bao chu quydn, tu quydt va hda binh, thinh vucmg la dinh hudng ca bdn, lau dai dam bdo vua phat trien kinh td, tidp cdn trinh dp van minh tri thilc nhan lo?i d^ nang tam Viet Nam gdp phdn quan trpng vao muc tieu sdm dua nude ta ca ban trd thanh nude cdng nghiep theo hudng bien d^i, vua dam bdo vaji d^ dn dinh chinh tri - xa bdi, hudng tdi mue tieu phat trien b^n vGng. Quan di^m nay ludn duge Vi^t Nam khdng djnh rd vd kien quydt dat duge trudc cdng ddng qudc td, O quy 1, dau nam 2019, trong " Ddi thoai cdp cao ve bap tac d An Do Duong — Thai Binh Ducng: Hudng ddn mdt khu vuc hda binh, tbinh vugng va bao trum", vdi su tham du cua Bd trudng Ngoai giao, quan chuc cao cdp cua 10 nude ASEAN, 8 nude ddi tdc (Australia, Tmng Qudc, An Dd, Nhat Ban, Han Qudc, New Zealand, Nga va My) cung dai dien mdt sd nude Nam Thai Binh Duong, Thd trudng ngogi giao Td Anh Ddng da chia se quan di^m nay vdi cdng ddng qudc td v^ muc tieu chung, dng cho rdng: cac nude trong khu vuc cdn lay hda binh, dn dinh la thinh vugng lam muc tieu chung cung vdi su tOn trgng ddc lap, chii quydn vd quy^n tg quyet cOa cae nude.
Nhin chung, h-ong khudn khd phat tri^n b^n vQng, xem xet vl mat xa hdi, eac tieu chi vk phat tri^n xa hdi nhu chi sd HDI, he sd binh ddng thu nhap, cac chi tiSu ve giao due, trinh dd dan tri, y te, phuc Igi xa hdi, edng bdng xa hdi va phdt trifin con ngudi, mire dp chenh lech gidu ngheo, chenh lech vung mien ...v^ ca bdn cbiing ta d i u dang ed nhiing ket qud kha quan. Ngoai ra, sg dn dinh va chat lugng dan sd gdn day cdi thien nhilu, chidn luge xda nan mu chd vd chien luge giam ngheo ben viing kha thanh cdng...Cu the, theo sd lieu
thdng ke cua tai lieu bao cao "Cac chi sd Phat tri^n eon ngudi: Cdp nhat sd lieu thdng kd nam 2018 cda
\1^t Nam" do UNDP thyc hi^n va cdng bd ngay 17/10/2018 cho thdy: Chi sd phat triln con ngudi (HDI) eCia Vidt Nam tang lien tyc h-ong 27 nam qua, tuy nhidn dang cd chilu hudng chirng lai (nhu xu thd Chung ciia cac nude). Vk chi sd HDI, Vi$t Nam hien dang thudc nhdm trung binh cao, vdi chi sd 0,694 trong nam 2017, ddng thu 116 tren tdng sd 189 qudc gia (tuong tuvdi thd bac cda ndm 2016). Ngoai ra, mpt sd chi sd CM the nhu chi sd bat binh ddng didu chinh theo phat tri^n eon ngudi IHDl tuong ducmg vdi 17,3%
thdp hem nhdm cdc nude ed mdc tmng binh (25,1%), nhung cao hon ty le trung binh ciia cdc nude d khun vuc Ddng A vd Thai Binh Duong (15,6%).
Nhu vdy, cd thd thay d Viet Nam, cdng nhu cac nude b-ong khu vuc va ca trSn thd gidi, vk mat kinh te, chinh bl, xa hdi, du van cdn Dhiku khd khan, mdt sd npi dung phat tri^n cdn chua dat ddn gia hi b^n viing, tuy nhien v^ co ban la cd nhung tin hieu l^tc quan. Chi cdn mdi trudng la vdn d^ cdp bdch cdn dac bidt chii y trong Id trirth tien ddn phat tri^n bin viJng.
2. Van de tang trinhig va moi tnrang o Viet Nam 0 Y\et Nam, nhin chung, tang trudng kinh td va bdo vd mdi trudng trong phat tri^n b^n vung dang tdn tai nhung mau thudn can phdi duge xii !y hai hoa de tao nen trang thai can bdng. Mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan ddn ddn tinh trang tren la 66 lam kinh td va dat bdng dupe cac mgc tieu kinh td, cac mdi lien quan vk mdi trudng sinh thai da bi bd qua, dac bi§t sg khai thac kiet que tdi nguyen ma khdng chii trpng bao tdn va tai tao, viec tan pha ddn miic buy ho^i mdi trudng sinh thai tu nhiing boat ddng kinh td vd qud tnnh cdng nghiep hda thidu hgp ly ddn den he sinh thai bi mat can ddi nghiem trpng, d nhiem mdi trudng gia tang.
Dd chinh la hau qud Idn nhat de lai tii viec tang trudng kinh te ma khdng quan tam bao ve mdi trudng. He qua nay d^ lai nhiing anh hudng nghidm trpng vd cd tb^ se trd thanh yeu td gay trd ngai cho su phat tri^n cua cac the he tuong lai, nghia la khdng tuan thu nguyen tdc sdng cdn cua phat triln bin viing la phat trien hien tai nhung khdng gay trd ngai cho tuong lai nhu da neu ben phdn tren ciia bai viet nay. Ndu trudc day, thien nhien ky bi la mdi de dpa con ngudi thi hien nay, dia vi nay da thay ddi, con nguoi dang Idm chu thien nhien va dang de dpa thien nhien vdi nhieu each khac nhau nhu lam suy thoai mdi trudng, lam kiet que tai nguyen, lam ngheo nan sinh vdt.
0 Viet Nam hien nay, nan d nhiem moi trudng da lam cho nhieu ngudi trd thdnh nan nhan bdt ddc dl.
Diln hinh nhu "lang ung thu" d Thach Son, Phii Thp hang tram ngudi da chet vi can benh ung thu ma nguyen nhan chinh la do diing ngudn nude bj d nhidm
t Tt C H A U A - THAI
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NGHIEN CLTU nang thai ra tu Nha may Hda ehdt Lam Thao, Phu Tho.
Vi vdy, de duy tri chat lugng mdi trudng nhdm hudng tdi phat trien ben vung dang la yeu cdu dat ra ddi vdi toan the gidi cung nhu mdi mdt qudc gia. Dang va Nha nude Viet Nam ludn tuan tbil nhting quy dinh qudc t
cdc cOng ddng dan eu va moi ngudi dan. Cdn tao l^P dieu kien 66 moi ngudi va moi cdng ddng hong xa hdi cd CO hoi binh ddng d^ phat tri^n, duac tidp cdn nhiing ngudn luc chung va 6\JQC tham gia, ddng gdp va hudng Ipi, t^o ra nhCmg nen tang vat ehdt, tri thirc vk van dd mdi hudng va nhan thuc rdt ro tdm quan va van hda tdt dep cho nhOng thd he mai sau. Sii dung trpng cua vl^cBVMT trong su nghiep xay dung va phat tidt kiem, hieu qua tai nguyen, dac biet la loai tai triln ddt nude. Nhu vay, cae thach thuc vk mdi trudng nguyen khdng thi tai tao, gin giu va cai thien mdi la rdt Idn trln tdt ca cae linh vue, nhu bidn ddi khi hau trudng sdng; xay dgng xa hpi hoc tap; xay dung Idi toan cdu, suy giam tdng dzdn, suy thoai da dang sinh sdng than thien mdi trudng, san xudt va tieu dung b i n hoc, suy thoai tai nguyen dat, tai nguyen nude, d
nhiem cac ehdt ddc hai, suy thoai mdi trudng ndi chung va tai nguyln biln, cd the thay, 5 nbilm mdi trudng chua bao gid trd thanh dilm ndng nhu hien tai.
6 nude ta, cac ngudn tai nguyen bi xam pham nghiem trpng; khai thac, sir dung thidu hap ly, khPng hieu qua;
mdi trudng tidp tuc hi d nhilm va suy thoai nang. Rimg bi chat pha, khoang san bi khai thac bira bai, dat bi xdi mdn va thoai hda; da dang sinh hpc tren ddt lien va dudi bien d i u bi suy giam; ngudn nude mat va nude ngdm dcing ngay cang bi d nhilm nang va can kiet dan; viing biln nhilu dia phuang bdt ddu d nhilm hoac d nhilm nang hon; nhilu dd thi va KCN bi d nbilm do nude thai, khi thai, ehdt thai rdn...
3. Mot SO de xuat
DI phat triln b i n viing v l mdi trudng cdn khai thac va sir dung hgp ly tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve mPi trudng va cai thien chat luong mdi tnidng sdng. Phat triln ben viing vl mdi trudng ddi hoi cbiing ta duy tri su can bang giua bao ve mdi trudng tu nhien vdi su khai thac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien phuc vu Igi ich con ngudi nhdm muc dich duy hi mire do khai thac nhung nguon tai nguyen d mdt gidi han nhdt djnh, tap tmng sir dung ed hieu qud tai nguyen, phat triln khdng vugt qud nguong chiu tai ciia he sinh thai, bao ve da dang sinh hpc, bao ve tdng 6z6n, kilm soat va giam thieu phat thai khi nha kinh, bao ve va dam bao can bang he sinh thai, giam thilu xa thai, khdc phuc d nhilm, cai thien va khdi phuc moi tnidng nhung khu vuc d nhiem...
Trong phe duyet chidn luge phat trien ben viing ciia Viet Nam giai doan 2011 — 2020, Dang ta neu rd:
Con ngudi la tmng tam cua phat trien bin vung. Phat huy tdi da nhan td con ngudi vdi vai trd la chu thi, nguon Igc chu yeu va la muc tieu eiia phat biln ben vimg; ddng thdi phat trien ben vung la yeu edu xuyen sudt trong qud trinh phat biln ddt nude; kdt hop chat ehl, hgp ly va hai hda giua phat triln kinh te vdi phat triln xa hpi va bdo ve tai nguyen, mdi trudng, bao dam qudc phdng, an ninh va trat tu an toan xa hpi. Phat biln bin viing cdn la su nghilp cua toan Dang, toan dan, cac cdp chinh quyen, cac Bd, ngdnh va dia phuang, cdc co quan, doanh nghilp, dodn thi xa hdi,
2 2 KINH rt C H A U A - THAI BINH Ql/OME (THANG 7 / 2D 1 9
Nhu vdy, tang trudng b i n vOng, cd hidu qud, di ddi vdi tien do, edng bang xa hoi, bao ve tai nguyln va mdi trudng, gift vQng dn djnh chinh tri - xa hdi, bao ve viing chac ddc lap, chii quyin, thdng nhdt va toan ven lanh thd qudc gia.
Theo do, can nhan thuc bao ve mdi trudng Id su nghiep ciia toan Dang, toan dan va lau dai, ddi hoi phai cd su tham gia dong bd ciia nhilu nganh, nhilu cap, nhieu dia phuong, nhieu thd be ndi tidp nhau, d l cd su ddng bd dd thi chi cd Nha nude mdi ed kha nang td chuc, quan ly cdc boat ddng dd. Vdi ebiie nang eiia minh, Nha nude ban hanh phap ludt v l bao ve moi trudng, ddng thdi td chiic vide ap dung phap luat d l quan ly, bao ve mdi trudng. Phap luat mdi trudng do Nha nude ban hanh nen nd ed tinh bat bude chung, mpi thanh vien trong xa hdi dIu phdi tdn trpng va ehdp hanh phap luat. Tuy nhiln, phap ludt ay phu hgp vai thuc tiln ddn miic nao va di vao cudc sdng xa hpi din dau con phu thudc vao nang Ige xdy dung phap luat va nang luc td chiic, qudn ly cua Nha nude./.
Tai lieu tham kliao
Luat Bao ve Moi Injong (2014), NXB Chinh Tri Qudc Gia, Ha Npi
Tdng CMC Thdng ke (2018), Nien giam thono kP 2017- 2018, NXB Thdng ke. Ha Noi.
T6ng cue thdng ke (2019), Tdng quan tinh hinh xa h6i eua quj'II va 6 thang ddu nam 2019 kinh t l
Thdng cdo bao chi. Ha Npi,
