1
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺳ
ﻲﺳﻮﻃ ﻦﻳﺪﻟﺍﺮﻴﺼﻧ ﻪﺟﻮﺧ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ، ﻚﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ، ﻲﻳﺍﺮﻀﺧ ﺩﻼﻴﻣ
ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ.ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍﺭﺩ.ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺑﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻘﺒﻃ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺪﻳﺍﻮﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ .ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻢﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﺤﺑ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻞﻛ
ﻱﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺏﺁ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﻴﺳ ﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻢﻴﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻔﺳﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﻡﺎﻧ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ 1360000 ﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ
ﺐﻌﻜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ. ﺖﺳﺍ 2/
97 ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺭﻮﺷ ﻭ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ 7/
2 ﺪﺻﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻤﻴﻗﺎﺑ ﺏﺁ
ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺷ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ.
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻥﺁ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺭﺪﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻧﺯﺍﺩﺮﭙﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺷﻭﺭ ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻲﻌﺳ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧﺍﺩ .
ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺪﺳ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺮﻣﺍ )
ﻦﻳﺮﻴﺷ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺎﻬﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ (
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﺭﺩ ﻕﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻌﺒﻨﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺰﻴﻤﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻩﺪﻧﻮﺷﺪﻳﺪﺠﺗ ، ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻝﻮﺻﻮﻟﺍ ﻞﻬﺳ ، ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺘﺧﺍ .
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1 ﻒﻳﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ -
•
Uﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ
U :
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﺭﺎﺑﺭﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻞﻠﻣ
ﺪﺤﺘﻣ ( FAO ) ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ :
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
،ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺯﺍ
ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻭ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻲﺳﺎﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻥﺩﺍﺩ ﻦﻓ ﻱﺭﻭﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻨﺳ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻘﻳﺮﻃ ﻪﻛ
ﻥﺎﻨﻴﻤﻃﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻪﻛ
ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
،ﻪﺸﻴﻤﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﺴﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ. ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ
ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻛﺍ (Ecologically sustainable)
ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻳﺍ ﻝﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﺏﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ :
ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺍ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻲﻠﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ
،ﻩﺪﻴﺸﺨﺑ ﻱﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻛﺍ
ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ
ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺮﺑ. ﻦﻳﺍ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻱﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻦﻳﻭﺪﺗ
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ . ﺭﺍﺪﻳﺎﭘ
ًﻼﻤﻋ
ﻂﻘﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﮔ ﻪﺳ
،ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻛﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻖﻘﺤﺗ ﺩﺮﻳﺬﭘ . 1] [
.ﻢﻳﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻲﭘ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ
Uﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ )ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ Environmental lmpact ASSessment : (
Uﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
( EIA)
ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﻲﻤﺳﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﻚﻳ
ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﺮﺑ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
، ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺎﻓﺭ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺪﻨﻳﺍﺮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ.
ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻚﻴﺗﺎﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ
ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﺎﻫ
،
ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ
،ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ، ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ،ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ
، ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ،ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻞﻣﺎﺷ ﺕﺭﺎﻈﻧ
، .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺯﺎﻏﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ 2]
[
2
2 ﻉﺍﻮﻧﺍ - ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﻲﻠﻛﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺪﺳ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻭ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﻧﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﻴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻳﺍ . ﺩﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ
ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ :
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻞﺑﺎﻘﺘﻣ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﺶﺨﺑ
2 - 1 ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ - ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻭ
ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ
ﺪﺳ
ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ﻭ
ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺳ ﻚﻳ : ﺩﺮﻛ ﻪﺻﻼﺧ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﺛﺍ - ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺪﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﺑ ﻲﻌﻧﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻭ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﻨﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﺴﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ ﻥﺎﺘﺧﺭﺩ
، ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻌﻄﻗ ﺦﻳ
، ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ
،
ﻲﺘﺸﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻭ . ﺎﻫ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺖﻴﻤﻫﺍ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ
ﺍﺭ ﻝﺎﺒﻗﺭﺩ ﺖﻌﻧﺎﻤﻣ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﻡﺎﺴﺟﺍ ﺭﻭﺎﻨﺷ
ﻱﺎﺟﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ 2] [
ﻉﻮﻗﻭ - ﻱﺎﻬﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ
ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺎﻫﺭ ﺏﺁ
ﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺎﻫ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ﻭ
ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ .ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ 2]
[
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺍﻮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭﺮﺳﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺵﻭﺍﺮﺗ - ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺎﮔ ﻱﺎﻬﺑﺎﺒﺣ ﻦﻳﺍ.
ﻲﻤﻬﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ،ﺯﺎﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻫﺎﻣ گﺮﻣ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺬﺟ ﻲﻫﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻓﺎﺑ ( ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﻥﻭﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ) ﺪﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺰﻳﺭ ﺮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺂﻃﻮﻘﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺘﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩﺎﻬﻧﺁ .ﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻴﺒﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻳﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻉﺎﺒﺷﺍ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ، ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﻔﺴﻤﺗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺯﺎﮔ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ .
4] [
ﺮﺛﺍ - ﺝﻭﺮﺧ ﺏﺁ ﻞﮔ ﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺑﻮﺳﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻱﻭﺭ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ 2]
[
ﺮﺛﺍ - ﻚﻳ ﺪﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺏﺁ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ .ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺰﺟ
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻕﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ
ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ .ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ
2] [
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ - ﻱﺎﻫ گﺭﺰﺑ ﺪﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ ﻪﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺩﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ﻢﻧ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺏﺁ ﻭ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺩﺮﺧ
ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﻠﻗﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﺏﺁ ﻭ ﺍﻮﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻠﻋ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﺎﻬﻏﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺎﻫﻼﻳﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻬﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ
ﺖﺧﺎﺳ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﻘﺑ .ﺖﺳﺍ 1] [
2 - 1 - 1 ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﺳﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ -
ﺮﺛﺍ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺪﺳ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﺒﺴﻧ ﺎﻳ ﻲﻠﻛ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺪﻣﺎﺟ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﺳﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ .
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻞﻴﺴﻧﺎﺘﭘ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮔ
ﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻢﻬﺑ ﻩﺩﺯ ﻭ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ
ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ.ﺩﺩﺮﮕﻴﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻟﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻱﺎﺟﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮕﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﺭﺮﻜﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺪﺳ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣﺭﺩ
ﻲﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻴﻣ . ﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ : ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ
ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ
ﻲﻣ ﻱﻭﺎﺣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺮﻳﺩﺎﻘﻣ
ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﻻ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺖﻠﻴﺳ ﻪﻛ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﻻ ﻭ ﺖﻠﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺮﻳﺯﺮﺳ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺪﻗﺎﻓ ﻱﻻ ﻭ ﺖﻠﻴﺳ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻭ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﺪﻨﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﻳﺪﺸﺗ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
.ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﺢﻄﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻪﻄﻘﻧ ﻱﺍ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺎﺗ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﻮﺳﺮﻓ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺮﻫ. ﻱﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺎﺗ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﺩﻮﺧ
ﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ. ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺪﺳ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﻣ
،ﺩﻮﺷ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﺪﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ
ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ. ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ
،ﺪﺳ ﺐﻴﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺐﺒﺳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺭﺪﻗ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻞﻤﺣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﺭﺩ. ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺬﮕﺑﻮﺳﺭ
،ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯﺎﺳ ﻭ
ﻻﺎﺑ ﻥﺩﺮﺑ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ. ﺪﻨﻳﺁﺮﻓ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺎﺠﻧﺁ ﺍﺪﻴﭘ
ﻲﻣ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺐﻴﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻤﺣ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺩﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺩﻮﺷ
3
ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺗ ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻒﻛ ﺩﺪﺠﻣ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﺚﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻮﺸﻴﻣ ﻲﺘﻗﻭ. ﺪﺑﺎﻴﻴﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
ﻪﺑ ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ
ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻢﻴﻈﻨﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺭ
ﻲﻃ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻱﻮﺤﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺜﻨﺧ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ
،ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ
ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ . ﻦﻳﺍ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣ
،ﻥﺪﺷ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺮﺑ ﺵﻭﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻲﻣ .ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ 1] [
2 - 1 - 2 - ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻴﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻩﺯﺮﻟ
ﻱﺰﻴﺧ
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺏﺁ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺏﻮﻃﺮﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺭﺎﻨﻛﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ
، ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺰﻐﻟ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ
ﺩﺩﺮﮕﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﻢﺠﺣ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺝﺍﻮﻣﺍ
ﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻳﺮﺒﻟ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣﺭﺎﻜﺷﺁ ﻥﻮﭼ.
ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻕﺮﺑﻭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻲﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻴﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺰﻐﻟ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺩﻮﺑﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻪﻜﻴﻟﺎﺣﺭﺩ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺏﻼﻴﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﺑﺁ ﺭﺮﻜﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻚﺸﺧ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﺏﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻳﺩ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻩﺰﻐﻟ .ﺖﺷﺍﺩ
2] [
ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻱﻭﺭﺮﺑ ﻒﻛ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﻪﻟﺰﻟﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻕﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﻢﺠﺣ
ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ
، ﺏﺁ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻟﺰﻟﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻳﺎﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ.ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ
ﻩﺯﺮﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻥﺯﻭ ﻦﻴﮕﻨﺳ
ﺏﺁ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻫ
ﻥﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺎﺸﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻘﺒﻃ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﺥﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺭﺩ
ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻪﺧﺮﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﻛ
ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻩﺯﺮﻟ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓﻼﺑ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﺑﺁ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﺪﺳ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺷﺬﮔ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﻪﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺏﺁ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺵﺯﺮﻟ
ﺎﻫ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﺪﺣﺭﺩ ﻪﮕﻧ ﻲﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻱﺪﺣﺎﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﻴﻣ ﻩﺯﺮﻟ ﻱﺰﻴﺧ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻟﻭﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ.ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻴﻟﺩ
ﻪﻟﺰﻟﺯ ﻢﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ
ﺍﺭ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻪﻟﺰﻟﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺏﺁ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺩ
ﺖﺸﭘ ﺪﺳ ﺖﻓﺮﻴﺟ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫﺪﻌﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ
ﻞﻴﻟﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ .ﺪﺷ 2] ﻭ 1 [
2 - 2 - ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ - ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﺖﻈﻠﻏ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺪﺳ ﻭ
ﻲﺑﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﺑ
ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﻮﻴﺣ ﻥﺁ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ.ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﺖﻈﻠﻏ
ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﺬﻏ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺮﻫﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﻧﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺪﺳ ﺚﺤﺑ
ﻕﺮﺑ) ﻲﺑﺁ
، ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ
،
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺏﻼﻴﺳ ﻭ (ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ
ﻚﻳ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻴﻣ . 2] [
ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺚﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫﻭ.ﺩﺩﺮﮕﻴﻣ ﻲﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻱﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳ ﺭﺩ - . ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻨﻳﺰﮕﻳﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ 2]
[
ﺭﺩ - - ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻢﻛ ﻖﻤﻋ
، ﺪﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﺑﺁ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ ﻭ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻲﺒﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﺨﺗ
ﺕﺍﺮﺸﺣ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ
.ﺪﻨﻜﻴﻣ 2] [
ﻪﻳﻻ - ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻲﺗﺭﺍﺮﺣ : ﺏﺁ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻳﻻ ﺪﻨﭼ ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻛ ﻥﺎﺘﺴﺑﺎﺗﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻥﻮﭼ
ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ،ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﻮﻫ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻥﻮﭼ .ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗﺩﺮﺳ ﺏﺁ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺘﻣﺮﮔ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻛ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺩﺮﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺎﺠﻧﺁﺯﺍ .ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ، ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﺎﺠﻧﺁﺭﺩ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﻩﺎﮔﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ، ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻻ ﺏﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ .
ﺪﺳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺖﻧﻮﻜﺳ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮﻴﻏ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻳﻻ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﺩﻮﺒﻧ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ.ﺩﻮﺷ
4
ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺰﻠﻓ ﻦﻳﺍﻭﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﺣ ﺏﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺗ ﺖﺣﺍﺭ ، ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﮕﻨﺳﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺕﺍﺰﻠﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻦﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻭ 4].
[
ﺮﺛﺍ - ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ
ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﺶﺣﻭ ﻭ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻴﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻭ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﺮﺸﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ
ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﻭ ﺪﺳ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺵﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻊﻴﺳﻭ ﺕﺎﻏﺎﺑ
، ﺎﻫﻼﻳﻭ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻬﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻦﻜﻴﻟ .ﺪﺷﺎﺒﻴﻣ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﺼﻣ
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻲﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﺖﻠﻌﺑ ﺮﺘﻜﭼﻮﻛ
ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻲﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ
ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻱﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺏﺁ ﺩﻭﺮﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺮﺛﺍ
ﻱﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﺏﺁﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺍﻮﻫ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺬﮕﻴﻣ .
2 ] [
2 - 2 - 1 ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ - ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺮﺑ ﺐﺴﺣ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻬﺑﺁ ﻱﺭﺎﺟ ﺪﻨﺗ ﺎﻳ ﻡﺍﺭﺁ ﺩ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﮔﮋﻳﻭ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺯ
ﻲﺗﻭﺎﻔﺘﻣ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ
ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ
،ﺪﺳ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺏﺁ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﺭﺎﭼﺩ ﻲﻧﻮﮔﺮﮔﺩ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺗ ﺎﻫﺮﺘﻣﻮﻠﻴﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻭ ﻻﺎﺑ
ﺖﺳﺩ ﺪﺳ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﺎﻬﻜﺒﻠﺟ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ . ﺯﺍ
ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﺑﺁ ﻥﺍﻭﺭ ﻪﺑ ﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻳﺁ ﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ. ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺸﺨﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺏﺁ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻬﻜﺒﻠﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻩﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ
ﻭ ﺮﺑ ﺲﻜﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺏﺁ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ
،ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻱﺎﻬﻜﺒﻠﺟ ﻲﻧﻮﺘﻜﻧﻼﭘﻮﺘﻴﻓ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﺗﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ
ﺭﺩ. ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ
،ﺪﺳ ﻪﻛ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ
ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺏﺁ ﺎﺗ ﺪﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻢﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﻱﻻ ﻭ ﺖﻠﻴﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ
ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻚﺒﻠﺟ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﺒﺴﭼ ءﻮﺳ
ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻭ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻚﻳ ﻪﻘﻠﺣ ﺯﺍ
،ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻱﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ
ﻪﻘﻠﺣ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺮﻴﺠﻧﺯ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﺍﺭ
ﻞﻴﻜﺸﺗ
،ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻊﻳﺮﺴﺗ
.ﺪﺸﺨﺑ 1] [
ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻢﺨﺗ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻑﻼﺧ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﺏﺁ ﺎﻨﺷ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﺳﺮﺑ ﺪﻌﺑ. ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻚﻳ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﻊﻄﻗ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺎﻳﺎﻧ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺎﻬﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻭ
ﺕﺎﻴﺣ ﻱﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
ﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺎﻣﺍ . ﻩﺍﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﻠﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺕﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﺎﻬﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻫ
،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺮﺳ ﻱﺎﻫﺮﺑﻻﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﺣ
)ﻲﻫﺎﻣ ﻲﻫﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﻜﻠﭘ ﺎﻳ
fish way (
ﺖﺳﺎﻬﻠﺣ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍﺯﺍ گﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻫﺩﺍﻮﻫ،
ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ .
ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺗ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻲﺑﺩ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺕﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﻭ ﻢﺨﺗ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﺑﺩ ﻝﺩﺎﻌﻣ 0,9 ﺎﺗ ﺐﻌﻜﻣﺮﺘﻣ0,6 ﻪﻴﻧﺎﺛﺭﺩ
ﺩﺭﻭﺁﺮﺑ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ .ﺖﺳﺍ 2] [
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻞﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻱﺪﺣ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻕﻮﻓ
ﻞﺣ ﺍﺭ .ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻲﺑﻮﺧ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣﺭﺎﻛ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ .ﺩﺮﻛ ﻞﺣ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺎﻧﺁ گﺮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻐﻴﺗﺎﺑ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻩﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﺶﺧﺮﭼ ﻭﺎﻀﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺣﺍﺮﻃﺯﺍ ﻲﻀﻌﺑ .ﺪﻨﻛ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﻟﺎﺑﺮﻏ ﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﻪﻠﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ، ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ 4 ].
[
2 - 3 - ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ
ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻳﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻉﻮﻴﺷ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻧﺎﻴﻣﺭﻭﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻱﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻱﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺍ ، ﻲﻳﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺎﺒﻳﺮﻘﺗ - .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺘﻴﻣ ﻊﺒﻨﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻳﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻪﻛ)ﺮﻴﮔﺍﻭ
ﻦﻴﻠﻗﺎﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻛﺍﺭ ﻱﺎﻬﺑﺁ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﻲﻣ ﺮﻴﻈﻧ (ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﻳﺭﻻﺎﻣ
، ﺩﺭﺯ ﺐﺗ
، ، ﺖﻴﺗﺎﭙﻫ
ﻱﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺭ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻳﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻭ
ﻲﻧﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻲﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺖﻣﻼﺳ ﻭ
ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ . ﺮﻣﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﻱﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺌﺸﻛ ﺯﺍ
ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﻨﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓﺍ
ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻪﺘﺸﮔ
ﺖﺳﺍ . 2] [
5
ﺭﺩ - ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﺖﻠﻌﺑ
ﺭﻮﻀﺣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﺑﺯ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺪﺋﺍﺯ ﻭ
،ﺏﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﻉﻮﻴﺷ ﺎﻬﻳﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻭ ﻢﺨﺗ
ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﺕﺍﺮﺸﺣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻫﺎﺷ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺪﻛﺍﺭ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺏﺁ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﻴﺷ ﻱﺎﻬﻳﺮﺘﻛﺎﺑ
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺍﻮﺧ .ﺩﺮﻛ 2] [
2 - 3 - 1 ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﺳ -
.ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺭﺯ ﺐﺗﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﻻﺎﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺎﻘﻳﺮﻓﺁ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﻔﺳﺎﺘﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ
98 ـ 1997 ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ
ﻥﺍﻮﺳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﺮﺼﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻴﻧ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﺎﻬﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺱﻭﺮﻳﻭ ، (Rift valley fever)
گﺮﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ
ﺮﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﮕﭽﻴﻫ ﻼﺒﻗ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ . ﺪﻧﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻞﺣﺍﻮﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﻲﻣﺩﺮﻣ ﻭ ﻡﺍﺩ ﺱﺍﺭ ﻥﺭﺍﺰﻫ ﺮﻴﻣﻭ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﮔ . ﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ ﺭﺎﺸﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻨﺒﻣ ﻲﺗﺎﺷﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻥﺍﺩﻮﺳ ﻝﺎﻤﺷ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺱﻭﺮﻳﻭ ﻪﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗﺮﻴﺧﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﺳ ﻲﻃ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣﺍﺩ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ .
ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻉﻮﻴﺷﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺪﻴﭘ
ﺮﻴﻣﻭ گﺮﻣ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺳﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺭﻭﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﺣﺍﻮﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻳﺭﻻﺎﻣ 000
/ 70 ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﺳﺭﺩ ﺮﻔﻧ .
3 ] [
2 - 3 - 2 ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ - ﺩﻮﺧﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ
ﻲﻜﻳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻠﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺳ ﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲﻣ
،ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﺑﺯ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﻭ
ﻱﺎﻬﺑﻼﺿﺎﻓ
ﻲﮕﻧﺎﺧ ﻭ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻭ ﺯﺮﻫ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻲﻣ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻥﻮﭼ. ﺭﺩ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻱﺩﺎﻋ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺖﻴﺻﺎﺧ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﭘ
ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ
ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻃ ﺖﻛﺮﺣ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﺪﻨﻛ ﻢﻛ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ .
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻋﺮﺳ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻜﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺪﺳﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ ﻪﻛ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲﻳﻻﺎﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻭ
ﻪﺑ ﺭﻭﺮﻣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻩﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺟ ﻦﻛﺎﺳ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ
ﻱﺎﻬﻛﺎﺧ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻭ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﻮﭼ ﺯﺍ ﺏﺁ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻥﻮﮔﺎﻧﻮﮔ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ
ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻬﻴﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﻲﺗﺍﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ
ﺭﺩ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ
ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﮔﺪﻧﺯ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺩﺩﺮﮔ 1] [
2 - 4 - ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ
ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ - ﻭ ﻲﻌﻣﺍﻮﺟ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻩﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻕﺮﻏ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻭ
ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ چﻮﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ . 2] [
ﺮﺛﺍ - ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺎﺴﻴﺳﺎﺗ ﻭ
ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻻﻭﺍ. ﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ
ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻩﺩﺎﺟ ﺎﻫ ﻭ ﻁﻮﻄﺧ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻭﺮﻴﻧ
ﺭﺩ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺧﺍﺩ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻦﻫﺁ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ،
ﻥﻭﺭﺎﻛ ﺪﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍﻮﻫﺍ_
3 ﻡﺪﻋ ﺎﻴﻧﺎﺛ.ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﻲﺳﺮﺘﺳﺩ
ﻪﺑ ﻲﻃﺎﻘﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ
ﺪﺳ ﺖﻠﻌﺑ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ
، ﻱﺎﻬﻟﺎﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﻤﻳﺪﻗ ﺏﺁﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﻨﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﺜﻟﺎﺛ.
ﻩﺮﻔﺳ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻥﺪﻣﺁ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺏﺁ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺐﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻤﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ
.
ﺖﺴﻜﺷ - ﻚﻳ ﺪﺳ ﻢﻴﻈﻋ ﻦﻴﻣﺯﺮﺳ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺖﻴﻌﻤﺟ ﻦﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍﻭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺪﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ﻡﺎﻬﻧﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ
ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﻞﻴﺳ . ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ . ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﮔ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﻭ ﺪﺳ
ﺪﺳ ﻚﻳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ - ﺁ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﻞﻜﻴﺳﻭ ﻲﻟﺁ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻓﺮﮕﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ
.ﺩﺭﻭ
ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﺘﻓﺍ ﻕﺎﻘﺗﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺭﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻴﺻ ﻥﺍﺰﻴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﻤﺸﭼ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ - ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻲﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﻭ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻲﺑﺩ ﻱﺎﻣﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ .
6
ﺮﻴﺨﺒﺗ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺗ - . ﺖﺳﺍ ﺱﻮﺴﺤﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ
ﺭﺩ - ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺖﻌﺳﻭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﺖﻠﻌﺑ
ﺏﺬﺟ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺖﻤﺳ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ
ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺪﺑ ﻪﻛ
ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ .ﺩﻮﺑﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ 2]
[
2 - 4 - 1 ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻀﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ - .ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺰﻴﺨﻠﺻﺎﺣ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﭘ ﻪﺑ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻥﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ - ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﺑ) ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺭﻮﺷ ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﺒﻧﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺁ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺏﺁ - ﺶﺨﺑ 2 - 4 - 3 - 1 - (.ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﺘﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ
.ﺪﻧﻭﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺏﺁ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺳ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻑﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺰﻴﺨﻠﺻﺎﺣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻍﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ - 2 - 4 - 2 ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ - ﺩﻮﺧ ﺮﺑ
ﻩﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﺳ
.ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﭽﻳﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺩﻭﺪﺴﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ - ﺪﺷﺭ - ﻊﻳﺮﺳ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﺏﺁ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﻱﻮﻠﺟ ﺎﻫ
ﺍﺭ ﺪﺳ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻜﻨﻳﺍ ﺪﺷﺭ ﻱﺎﻬﻜﺒﻠﺟ
،ﻲﺑﺁ ﺏﺁ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﻲﮕﻧﺎﺧ ﺎﻳ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻼﺑ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ .ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﺪﺳ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺪﻤﻋ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ -
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ.ﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺎﮔﺮﮔﻭ ﻞﻴﺠﻨﻣ ﺪﺳ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺷﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﺳ ﻢﺠﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻧ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻙﺪﻧﺍ ﻲﺗﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺑ 3]
[
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺪﺳ ﻚﻳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ ﺮﻤﻋ - 50
ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻞﻳﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻝﺎﺳ
. ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺍﺎﺳ ﺎﻳ ﻭ ﺪﺑﺎﻳ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺮﻤﻋ، ﺩﻮﺸﻧ 2 - 4 - 3 ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ - ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻭ
ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ
ﺭﺩ - ﻲﺣﺍﻮﻧ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ
ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺏﺁ ﺪﻧﻭﺮﻴﻣ . ﺩﻮﺑ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﺟ ﻪﺑﺎﺟ ﺮﻜﻓ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .
ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﺳ ﻞﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ ﺱﺎﻨﺷﺭﺎﻛ ﺭﻮﻀﺣ - ﻱﺭﻭﺮﺿ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻉﻭﺮﺷ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻳﺪﻴﻳﺎﺗ ﺖﻓﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻭ
. ﺖﺳﺍ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ - ﺕﺎﺒﺳﺎﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﻴﻌﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﻤﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﻔﮔ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ.ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ
ﻪﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻨﺑﺍ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﺟ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺳ .
5] [
ﺭﺩ - ﻦﻳﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺖﻌﺳﻭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﻮﺑﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ 2]
[
2 - 4 - 3 - 1 ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺪﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ - ﻝﺎﺳ ﻩﺎﻣ ﺮﻴﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻮﻜﺴﻧﻮﻳ ﻪﺴﻠﺟ ﻲﻃ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﺠﻨﭘ ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ - 1383
ﻪﺑ ،ﺪﺷ ﺭﺍﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﻦﻴﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ
ﺪﻴﺳﺭ ﺖﺒﺛ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻬﺟ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ ﺖﺳﺮﻬﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭﺁ ﺪﺻﺭﺩﺪﺻ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺺﺧﺎﺷ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻠﻋ .
ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻥﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺪﺳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ 129
ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻲﻳﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﻭ ﺮﺛﺍ .
ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺪﺳ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺏﺁ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ - ﺏﺁ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻩﺯﻮﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ
ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﻛﺫ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ.ﺪﻣﺁ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺪﺳﺭ ﻲﻣ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻪﺑ.ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻢﻴﺴﻘﺗ (ﻩﺪﺷ ﺩﺮﺧ ﺕﺎﻌﻄﻗ)ﻱﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ (ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻪﺳﺎﻛ ﻚﻳ ﻼﺜﻣ)ﻱﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ
"
ﻱﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ
"
ﺩﺭﻮﻣﺭﺩ ﻲﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻲﻟﻭ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺩﺭﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ ﻪﻃﻮﺤﻣ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺯﻮﻣ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺘﺴﻜﺷ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ
ﺉﺰﺟ ﻲﻟﻭ
7
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﺖﻳﻮﻫ .ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮕﻧ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ
ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ - ﺵﺭﻮﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﻣﺍﺭﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺵﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺪﺳ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ
"
ﺪﺳ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ 5/
1826 ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺘﻣ
، ﺩﻮﺷ ﺰﻳﺮﺳ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻢﻫ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ ﺏﻼﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻻﺎﺑ 40
ﺮﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ . ﻲﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻖﺒﻃ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﻦﻳﺮﺧﺁ
ﻡﻮﻗﺭ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﺑﺁ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﻼﺑ ﺯﺍﺮﺗ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺎﺗ ﻪﻳﺎﭘ ﻭ ﻲﭘ ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ ﺶﻴﺑ
ﺯﺍ 40 ﺮﺘﻣ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻲﭘ ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ 45 ﺮﺘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻻ
ﺮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻡﻮﻗﺭ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺪﺳ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺖﺳﺍ .
"
5] ﺪﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻂﺑﻮﻃﺭ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ [ ﺵﺭﻮﻛ ﻩﺎﮕﻣﺍﺭﺁ ﺮﺑ
ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﺽﺎﺨﺗﺍ ﻲﻤﻴﻤﺼﺗ
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﺏﺁ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﻥﺎﻴﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺶﻓﺍﺮﻃﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ - ﺏﺁ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻢﻛ
ﺰﻳﺭ ﻲﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎﮕﺘﺨﺑ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ . ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ
ﺰﻳﺭ ﻲﻧ ﻱﻮﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻢﻫ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ چﻮﻛ ﻭ ﺮﺟﺎﻬﻣ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻧﺮﭘ ،ﺰﻳﺭ ﻲﻧ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﺎﺑ
ﻥﺁ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺣ ﻱﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﻮﻛ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻢﻬﺑ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳﻮﻛﺍ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ،ﻩﺪﻣﺎﻴﻧ ﻭ ﺪﻳﺁ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻪﺑ
ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ 125
ﺭﺍﺰﻫ
ﺭﺎﺘﻜﻫ ) ﺭﻮﭘﺎﮕﻨﺳ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﺮﺑﺍﺮﺑ ﻭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ (
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﻳﻮﻛ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻚﺸﺧ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ ﻝﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ.ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﻭﺰﻓﺍ
گﺮﻣ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻮﮕﻨﻴﻣﻼﻓ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ
ﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﺸﺗﺁ ﻍﺮﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺎﻓ ﻥﺎﺑﺯ ﺭﺩ ) ﺎﻳ
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻍﺮﻣ (
. ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ - ﺦﻠﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﺲﭘ ﻭ ( ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ) ﺭﻮﺷ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ،ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻣﺍﺮﻴﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺎﭼ
ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺨﻧ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺩﻮﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻪﻛ ( ﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻩﺯ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ) ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﺭﻭﺭﺎﺑﺎﻧ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ .
ﺎﻫ ﻚﻤﻧ ،ﻲﻤﻴﺴﻧ ﺮﻫ ﺵﺯﻭ ﺎﺑ ﺯ ﻱ
ﻥﻮﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻒﻛ ﺭﺍﺯ ﻩﺭﻮﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣ
ﺪﺷ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻩﺪﻴﺸﻛ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻦﻴﻣﺯ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻱﺍ ﻩﺩﺮﭘ ﻚﻤﻧ - ﻱﺎﻫ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻴﺑ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﻭﺁ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻢﻫ ﻲﺸﺣﻭ ﻭ ﻲﻠﻫﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻦﻛﺎﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻲﺘﺳﺭﺪﻨﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎﺑ ﻱﺎﻫ
.ﺖﻓﺎﻳ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻲﻤﺸﭼ ﻭ ﻱﻮﻳﺭ ،ﻲﺘﺳﻮﭘ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺴﻳﺎﻘﻣ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺮﻈﻧﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺩﻮﺸﻴﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ ﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ ﺎﺑ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻥﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
، ﺪﺳ ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺏﻼﻴﺳ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻭ ﺪﺳ ﻲﻧﺰﺨﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺮﺛﺍ
ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺖﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﻪﺘﺒﻟﺍ. ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻪﭼﺮﻫ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺭﺩ .
ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻚﭼﻮﻛ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺪﺳ ﻪﻛ
ﺯﺍ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻢﻫﺎﺑ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﻓ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﻴﻣ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻌﻤﺠﺗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻭ
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻝﻮﻠﺤﻣ ﻥﮋﻴﺴﻛﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﺑ ﻭ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺩ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺍﺭ .ﺪﻨﻫﺩ
3 ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﺪﺳ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ -
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻞﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﺑﻮﺳﺭ ﻊﻤﺠﺗﻭ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﻩﺪﻳﺪﭘ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻪﻛ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻪﻳﺎﻣﺮﺳﻭ ﺎﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ.
ﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻱﺭﺎﻤﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﺗﻮﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﺪﻨﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺭﺩ . ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩ
ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ﻦﻳﺍ ، ﻲﺒﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻔﻟﻮﻣ ﻂﻠﻏ ﻲﺣﺍﺮﻃ ﻭ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ، ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ، ﺪﺳ ﻱﺰﻳﺭ ﺮﺳ
ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳﻭ . ﺪﻧﺍ
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﺏﺁ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺝﺮﻛ ﺪﺳ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﻫﺎﺸﻣ ﺖﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻬﺗﺮﻳﺎﻐﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﺳ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺎﻗﻭﺍ ﻲﻫﺎﮔ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺏﺁ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺖﻓﺍ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺭﺍﻮﮔﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ . ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﻱﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺝﺮﻛ ﺰﻳﺮﺑﺁ ﻪﺿﻮﺣ ﺏﺁ ، ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺹﺎﺼﺘﺧﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﭘ ﺖﺷﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺷ ﺏﺁ ﻡﻮﺠﻫ ﻭ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺏﺁ ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ، ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻥ
ﻭ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺶﻴﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻩ ﺮﻔﺳ ﻱﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﺮﻄﺧ ﺝﺮﻛ ﺖﺳﺩ
ﺪﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﻥﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺝﺮﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻳﺮﻬﺷ ﺰﺒﺳ ﺮﺳ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻧ .
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8
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﺷ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻲﻄﻳﺍﺮﺷ
ﺎﻜﻧﻼﻳﺮﺳ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ
ﺯﺍ ، ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻩﺍﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻲﺗﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ
، ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺒﺟﺍ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ﻥﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﻗﺮﻏ ، ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻲﺿﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ، ﺎﻬﻠﮕﻨﺟ ﻱﺩﻮﺑﺎﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﻧ ﺍﺭ ﺏﺁ ﻲﮔﺩﻮﻟﺁ ﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺖﺸﭘ ﺭﺩ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻊﻤﺠﺗ ، ﺎﻬﻴﺒﺷ ﺵﺰﻐﻟ .ﺩ
3 ] [
- ﺕ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ ﻢﻛ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﻞﻴﻟﺪﺑ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺏﻮﻨﺟ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺏ
، ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺯﺍ ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺎﺘﺒﺴﻧ ﺮﻴﺧ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ
ﺩﻭﺭﻭ
ﺏﻼﺿﺎﻓ ، ﻲﻟﺁ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻩ
ﺍ ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺩﻮﻛ ، ﻲﻳﺎﺘﺳﻭﺭ ﻱ ﻭ
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻩ ﺍ ﻲﻜﻳﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﺖﻳﺍﺪﻫ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺤﻄﺳ ﻱ (EC)
ﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻻﺎﺑ ﻚﻤﻧ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ
، ﻲﻣ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ . ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ ﺖﻴﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺪﺳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺪﻨﺑ ﻪﻳﻻ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ
ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺏﺎﻨﻴﻣ ﺪﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ
ﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺏﺁ ﻲﮔ ﺪﻳﺪﻨﮔ ﺯﺍ ﺯﺭﺎﺑ .
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4 ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ - ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
: ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ 4 - 1 - ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ
ﻚﻴﭘﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻟﻮﻣ
ﻕﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗ ﺱﺮﺘﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻚﻴﭘﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ .
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻄﻗ ﻭ ﻞﺻﻭ ﺏﻭﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻕﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻳ ﻮﺳ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﺶﻳﺎﺳﺮﻓ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺩﻮﺸﻴﻣ ﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻱﻮﺳ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻢﻈﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺗﺭﺍﺮﺣ ﺲﻧﺎﻛﺮﻓ ﻱﻻﺎﺑ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﻚﻴﭘﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﺎﻫ
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻙﺎﻧﺮﻄﺧ ﻭ
ﻪﻌﺟﺎﻓ ﻱﺭﺎﺑ ﺮﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ ﺩﺭﺍﺬﮕﻴﻣ ﻪﭽﻧﺎﻨﭼ.
ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻲﻤﻛ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ
ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻣ ﺐﻴﺳﺁ ﻲﻧﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻩﺪﺸﻧ ﻭ
ﺪﻳﺎﺷ ﻥﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻬﺑ ﺖﻟﺎﺣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺍﺬﻟ . ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺯﺎﺑ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﻭ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻚﻴﭘﻭﺭﺪﻴﻫ ﻒﻴﻌﻀﺗ
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻟﻮﻣ ﻕﺮﺑ
ﻲﺑﺁ ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺪﻨﺳﺮﻴﻣ ﻲﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺖﻬﺟﺭﺩ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻳﺯ ﺩﻮﺑﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺎﺑ .
ﺐﻴﻛﺮﺗ ﻱﺎﻬﻜﻴﻨﻜﺗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ
ﻭ
ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺪﻗﺍ ﻲﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﻥﺯﺎﺨﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺎﻳ
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺎﻛ ﺮﻳﺬﭙﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﺩﻮﺑﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ
2] [
ﻙ ﻱﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻩ
ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ،ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺝﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﻣﺯ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻕﺮﺑ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺮﺗﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻂﻳﺍﺮﺷ
ﻦﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ .
ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺏﺁ ﺢﻄﺳ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﺳﻮﻧ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ .ﺩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ ﻥﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻬﻨﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﺎﻌﻳﺮﺳ ، ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺝﻭﺍ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺎﺗ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﺏﺁ ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺭﺍﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻲﻧﻮﻨﻛ ﺖﻴﺳﺎﺴﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗﺎﺑ .ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﭘﺭﺩ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺏﻮﻠﻄﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ، ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻴﻧ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻣﺍﺩﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺯﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ، ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﻭﺮﻴﻧﺯﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ، ﻑﺮﺼﻣ ﺝﻭﺍ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻊﻓﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ.
ﺩﺮﻛ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﺮﺘﻤﻛ ﻑﺮﺼﻣﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻖﻳﻮﺸﺗ ﻭ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ ﺎﻳ ﻲﮕﻨﺳ ﻝﺎﻏﺯ ﻩﺎﮔﻭﺮﻴﻧ ، ﻱﺯﺎﮔ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ].
4 [
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻫ ﻪﻐﻴﺗ ﺖﻴﻌﺿﻭ ، ﻒﻗﻮﺗ ﻱﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﺢﻴﺟﺮﺗ ،ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﻧژ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺯﺎﻴﻧﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺎﻬﻫﺎﮔﻭﺮﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﺑﺭﺎﻛ .
ﻥﺎﺸﻧ ﺕﺎﻘﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ.ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ، ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ گﺮﻣﻭﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺵﺎﺸﺘﻏﺍ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻲﻟﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻪﻜﻠﺑ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻕﺮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ﻩﺩﺯﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻪﻧ ﺪﻨﻛ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻪﻨﻜﻤﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻢﻤﻳﺰﻛﺎﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻚﻳﺩﺰﻧ ﻲﻳﺍﺭﺎﻛ ﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻫﺩ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻩﺩﺯ ﺎﻴﺒﻤﻠﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﻱﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﻼﺜﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺯﻭﺮﻣﺍ.ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﺭﻮﺒﻋ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺮﺘﺸﻴﺑ ﻢﻟﺎﺳ ﻥﺎﻴﻫﺎﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺷ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺯﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱﺩﺍﺪﻌﺗ ،ﺯﺎﻴﻧ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺕﺭﻮﺻﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻱﺮﺒﻫﺍﺭ ﺵﻭﺭ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻂﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺗﺍﺮﻧژ ﻭ ﻦﻴﺑﺭﻮﺗ10
ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻒﻗﻮﺘﻣ ﻪﻴﻘﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ ].
4 [
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻴﻠﺨﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱﺎﻫ ﻲﻧﺎﺘﺤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺒﻌﻣ ﻭ ﺮﻴﺴﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻧﺎﻳﺮﺟ ﻲﻠﺻﺍ
ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﺪﻧﺮﻴﮕﻴﻣﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ
ﺩﻮﻤﻧ .
ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺏﻮﺳﺭ ﻱﺩﻭﺭﻭ ﻪﺑ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺰﻴﺨﺑﺁ
، ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻠﮕﻨﺟ
؛ ﻱﺭﺍﺪﻌﺗﺮﻣ ﻭ
ﺖﺴﻳﺯ . ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﻮﻣ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ
9
4 - 2 - ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻊﺑﺎﻨﻣ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻭ
ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﺿﺭ ﺮﻃﺎﺧ ﻦﻴﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺏﺎﻗﺮﻏ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻪﻜﻴﻧﺎﺴﻛ
ﻱﺎﻬﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ
ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺎﻬﭙﻤﻛ
، ﺎﻫﺭﺎﺒﻧﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺮﻴﻏ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﻜﻧﺎﻤﻴﭘ
،ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱﺯﺎﺳﺪﺳ ﺐﻠﺟ
ﺩﺮﻛ . 2] [
ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﻱﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺲﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺪﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺰﺨﻣ ﻥﺁ ﺵﺯﺭﺍ ﻚﻠﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻻﺎﺑ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﻱﺎﻬﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻚﻠﻤﺗ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺪﻨﺳ
ﺖﻴﻜﻟﺎﻣ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﺎﺗ ﻱﺎﻬﺸﻨﺗ ﻱﻮﻠﺟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺩﻮﺷ . 2] [
4 - 3 - ﻪﺋﺍﺭﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺎﻜﻫﺍﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻊﻓﺭ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﻲﻔﻨﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﻳﻻﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺡﺮﻃ
ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﻠﻛ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻭ
ﻲﻫﺎﻓﺭ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺖﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ . ﻊﻤﺟ ﻱﺭﻭﺁ ﺏﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﺎﻬﭙﻤﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻚﻴﺘﭙﺳ ﻱﺎﻬﻜﻧﺎﺗ ﺹﻮﺼﺨﻣ
ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﻪﻜﺒﺷ ﺏﻼﺿﺎﻓ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺵﻭﺭ . ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ﺭﺩ
ﻩﺯﺭﺎﺒﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺕﺎﻓﺁ ﻲﻋﺍﺭﺯ ﻱﺎﺠﺑ .ﺩﻮﺷ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺞﻳﻭﺮﺗ ﻡﻮﻤﺳ
ﻭ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻲﺘﺣﻭ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻲﻜﻳﮋﻟﻮﻛﺍ، ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻢﻴﻠﻗﺍ، ﻲﻓﺍﺮﮔﻮﭘﻮﺗ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩﺯﺍ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺩﺎﻬﻨﺸﻴﭘ ﺱﺎﻴﺳ ﺕ ﻡ ﻭ ﺩﺮﻴﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﻴﻠﺤﺗﻭ ﻪﻳﺰﺠﺗ ﺩﺭ .
5 ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ -
-
U: ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ
Uﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻨﺑ ) ﻩ ( ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ( 2 ) ﻪﺴﻠﺠﺗﺭﻮﺻ ﺥﺭﻮﻣ
2 / 10 / 76 ﻱﺍﺭﻮﺷ ﻲﻟﺎﻋ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ
،ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
ﻭ ﻩﺯﺎﺳ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻪﺑ ﻞﻳﻻﺩ ﻕﻮﻓ ﺮﻛﺬﻟﺍ ﻝﻮﻤﺸﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﺎﻣﺮﻓ ﺎﻬﻧﺁ ﻒﻇﻮﻣ ﻩﺪﻳﺩﺮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺍﺮﻤﻫ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ
ﻲﺠﻨﺳ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻴﻬﺗ ﺵﺭﺍﺰﮔ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺪﻨﻳﺎﻤﻧ ﻡﺍﺪﻗﺍ :
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻉﺎﻔﺗﺭﺍ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ 15 ﺮﺘﻣ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﺎﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﻲﺒﻧﺎﺟ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻬﭼ ﺭﺎﺘﻜﻫ ﻭ ﺎﻳ ﺖﺣﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ
ﺶﻴﺑ ﺯﺍ ﺭﺎﻬﭼ ﺪﺻ ﺭﺎﺘﻜﻫ .
ﻩﺮﺼﺒﺗ 1 ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ - ﻪﻠﻃﺎﺑ ) ﺖﺷﺍﺪﻬﮕﻧ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ
ﺩﻮﻛﺍ ( ﺭﺩ ﺮﻫ ﻩﺯﺍﺪﻧﺍ 2 ].
[
6 ﻲﺧﺮﺑ - ﻱﺎﻳﺍﺰﻣ
ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ ﺪﺳ ﺎﻫ
ﻪﺑ ﻡﻭﺮﻘﻣ ﺎﻫ ﻥﺁ ﺙﺍﺪﺣﺍ (ﺕﺎﻜﻧ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺖﻳﺎﻋﺭ ﺎﺑ) ﺩﺭﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﺜﻛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻱﺪﻳﺍﻮﻓ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺭﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺕﺍﺮﻀﻣ ﺮﻛﺫ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺎﺑ : ﻢﻴﻨﻛ ﻲﻣ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﺪﻳﺍﻮﻓ ﻦﻳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﺭﺩ. ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﻣ ﻪﻓﺮﺻ
ﻆﻔﺣ - ﺏﺁ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ ﺯﺍ ﺏﻭﺫ ﻑﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺏﺁ ﻥﺍﺭﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻊﻗﺍﻮﻣﺭﺩ ﻞﻗﺍﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺯﺎﻴﻧﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﺪﻧﺎﺳﺭ
ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺗ ﺏﺁ
ﻦﻴﻣﺎﺗ - ﺏﺁ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻑﺭﺎﺼﻣ ﺏﺮﺷ
، ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ ﻭ
ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ - ﺎﻬﺑﻼﻴﺳ ﻭ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻖﻃﺎﻨﻣ ﻦﻴﻳﺎﭘ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ
ﻪﺑ ﺕﻻﻮﺼﺤﻣ ﻱﺯﺭﻭﺎﺸﻛ
ﻪﻳﺬﻐﺗ - ﻩﺮﻔﺳ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺏﺁ ﻲﻨﻴﻣﺯﺮﻳﺯ
ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻞﻘﻧﻭ ﻞﻤﺣﻭ ﻲﻧﺍﺮﻴﺘﺸﻛ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ - ﺪﺳ
ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﻭ ﻻﺎﻛ ﻝﺎﻘﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻪﺑ
ﻲﻜﻳﺮﺘﻜﻟﺍ ﻱژﺮﻧﺍ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﺫ ﻭﺪﻴﻟﻮﺗ - ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ - ﺯﺍ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺖﻬﺟ ﺪﺻﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﺷﺯﺭﻭ
، ﻲﺤﻳﺮﻔﺗ ﻭ ﺖﻬﺟﺭﺩ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ.ﻲﺘﺴﻳﺭﻮﺗ ﺵﺭﻭﺮﭘ
ﻲﻫﺎﻣ ﻱﺮﻴﮕﻴﻫﺎﻣ
ﺶﻘﻧ ﻭ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ ﻩﺎﮕﺘﺴﻴﺳ ﻪﺑ ﺪﺳ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ - ﻥﺁ
ﺭﺩ ﻆﻔﺣ ﻭ ﺖﻳﺎﻤﺣ ﻥﺎﻫﺎﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺭﻮﻧﺎﺟ ﻱﺰﺑﺁ ﻭ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﻱﺰﺑﺁ ﻪﻘﻄﻨﻣ
ﻩﻭ ﺏﺁ ﺩﻮﺒﻬﺑ - ﻭ
ﻲﻠﺤﻣ ﺱﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍ ﺰﺒﺳ ﻭ
ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﺑﺎﻴﺑ
ﻝﺮﺘﻨﻛ - ﻭ ﺶﻳﺍﺰﻓﺍ ﻱﺎﻬﻴﺑﺩ ﻢﻛ ﻪﻧﺎﺧﺩﻭﺭ ﺎﻫ
10
7 : ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ -
ﺭﻮﻄﻧﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﺚﺤﺑ
،ﺪﺷ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺏﺮﺨﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ
ﻱﺩﺎﻳﺯ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ . ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻭ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﺭﺩ
ﺪﻳﺪﭘ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻲﺼﻗﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻛﺍ ﺪﻳﺪﺷ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﺘﻳﺎﻬﻧ ﻭ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ، ﻲﻜﻳژﻮﻟﻮﻴﺑ ، ﻲﻳﺎﻴﻤﻴﺷ ، ﻲﻜﻳﺰﻴﻓ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻩﺩﺭﻭﺁ ﻱﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ . .ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ ﻒﻌﺿ ﻭ ﺕﻮﻗ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﻱﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺪﻨﭼ
ﺭﺩ ﻞﻛ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺶﺷﻮﻛ ﻪﻛ ﺩﺮﻛ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﺮﻀﻣ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻦﻴﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ
ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﺎﺗ ﻦﻳﺍ ﻪﻨﻳﺰﻫ ﺎﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ
ﻲﺸﺨﺑ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ
ﻚﻳ ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ
،ﺪﺳ ﻅﻮﺤﻠﻣ ﺪﻧﺩﺮﮔ ﻩژﻭﺮﭘ ﻚﻳ ﻲﻳﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻞﺣﺍﺮﻣ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ.
.ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﻇﺎﻔﺣ ﻥﺎﻣﺯﺎﺳ ﻪﻔﻴﻇﻭ ﻦﻳﺮﺘﻤﻬﻣ ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘﺳﺍ ﺯﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﺮﻳﺎﺳ ﺪﻨﻤﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻞﻠﻣ
ﻪﻛ ﻪﺑ ﻱﺎﻬﺑ ﻲﻓﺍﺰﮔ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻩﺪﺷ
،ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻱﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺭﺩ
ﻝﺎﺣ ﻪﻌﺳﻮﺗ
ﻩﺪﻧﺯﻮﻣﺁ ﻭ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻊﻗﺍﻭ ﻭ
ﺯﺍ ﺭﺍﺮﻜﺗ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﺕﺎﻫﺎﺒﺘﺷﺍ ﺭﺩ
ﺮﮕﻳﺩ ﻁﺎﻘﻧ
،ﻥﺎﻬﺟ ﻱﺮﻴﮔﻮﻠﺟ .ﺪﻳﺎﻤﻧ
ﻪﺳ ﻪﻟﺎﺴﻣ ﻢﻬﻣ ﺐﻠﻏﺍ ﻭ ﻞﺤﻨﻳﻻ ﺪﻨﺗﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﺎﻫ ﺪﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺍ
:
ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﻥﺩﺮﻛ ﺩﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻣﻮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲﺑ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻭ ﺮﻴﻏ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﺪﻨﺘﺴﻫ .
ﺏ ( ﻲﻳﺍﺯﺭﻮﺷ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺍﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻥﺪﺷ ﻉﺭﺍﺰﻣ ﻱﺭﺎﻴﺑﺁ
ﺝ ( ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﻲﺘﺷﺍﺪﻬﺑ ﻲﺷﺎﻧ
ﺯﺍ ﺽﺍﺮﻣﺍ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺏﺁ .
ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻧ ﻱﺎﻫﺪﻣﺎﻴﭘ ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳﺎﻧ
ﻱﺎﻫﺪﺳ گﺭﺰﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ
،ﻱﺮﻴﮕﺑﻮﺳﺭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻩﺯ
ﻥﺪﺷ ﻭ ﻱﺭﻮﺷ
،ﻲﺿﺍﺭﺍ ﻡﺪﻋ ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ
ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﺮﺑ
،ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ﺕﺎﻔﻠﺗ
،ﺏﺁ ﻲﻳﺎﺠﺑﺎﺟ ﻡﺩﺮﻣ ﻭ ﺕﻼﻜﺸﻣ ﻪﭼﺎﻳﺭﺩ ﺏﺁ
ﺪﺳ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻦﻴﻣﺎﺗ ﺏﺁ ﺏﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ
ﺖﻴﻔﻴﻛ ﻥﺁ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ .
ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻣ 1]
،ﺯﺍﺮﻓﺍ ﻲﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ، ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣ ﻭﺮﺴﺧ ،ﻥﺎﻳﺪﻴﻬﺷ ﻱﺪﻫ [
"
ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻲﺑﺎﻳﺯﺭﺍ
"
ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ،
ﻥﺎﻨﻤﺳ
2]
، ﻱﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﺎﺿﺭ ﺪﻤﺤﻣ ،ﻱﺭﺩﺎﻧ ﻲﺒﺘﺠﻣ [
"
ﺎﻫﺪﺳ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻲﺳﺭﺮﺑ
"
، ﻥﺍﺮﻤﻋ ﻥﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﺲﻧﺍﺮﻔﻨﻛ ﻦﻴﻤﻫﺩﺯﺎﻳ
ﺱ ،ﺭﻮﺸﻛﺮﺳﺍﺭ 2004
3]
،ﻡﺪﻗﺍ ﻱﺪﻴﺳ ﻲﻀﺗﺮﻣ [
"
ﻥﺎﺴﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻂﻴﺤﻣ ﻱﻭﺭﺮﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲﺒﻳﺮﺨﺗ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍﻭ ﺎﻫﺪﺳ
"
4]
، ﺖﻧﺎﺗﻮﻛ ، ﻚﻳﺎﻣ [
"
ﻥﺁ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﺕﺍﺮﺛﺍ ﻭ ﻲﺑﺁ ﻩﺎﮔﻭﺮﻴﻧ
"
، ﺎﻜﻳﺮﻣﺁ ﻲﻠﻣ ﻱﺎﻬﻫﺎﮕﺸﻳﺎﻣﺯﺁ ﻲﻄﻴﺤﻣ ﺖﺴﻳﺯ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ ﺶﺨﺑ
ORNL) (
5] ﻱﺭﺍﺰﮔﺮﺒﺧ،ﺩﺎﮔﺭﺎﺳﺎﭘ ﻲﺨﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺪﻧﻮﻴﺳ ﺪﺳ ﺖﺧﺎﺳ ﺕﺍﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ [ ﻲﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺙﺍﺮﻴﻣ
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