무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ Ⅴ. 관리방안
141
￭ 시설지 조명 관리 사례 대상지
￭ 사방으로 확산되는 공원 내 도로 조명 (증심사지구)
￭ 사방으로 확산되는 상업지 내 조명 (증심사지구)
Ⅴ 관리방안
142
◾국립공원관리공단 본부 소리경관 및 빛공해 담당자의 주요 업무는 “국립공원 소리경관 및 빛공해 관리계획 수립”, “국립공원별 소리지도 및 빛공해 지도 제작”, “소음 및 빛공해 가 생태계 미치는 영향 및 관리방안 연구”, “공원 상공 운행 비행기 실태 파악 및 조정 협의”등이 될 수 있으며 그 결과에 의해 개별 공원의 관리방안 적용해야 함
◾두 번째, 공원계획 및 보전관리계획 등 국립공원 법정 관리계획 수립 시 소리경관 및 빛공 해에 관한 내용 제시가 필요함. 법정 관리계획에서 이와 같은 내용을 제시하고 연차별 예산 을 책정하여 실질적으로 관리해 나갈 수 있도록 해야함
◾세 번째, 국립공원연구원에서 진행하고 있는 국립공원별 자연자원조사 항목에 소리경관과 빛공해 항목을 추가할 필요가 있음. 국립공원별 자연자원조사의 목적은 공원별 자연자원을 발굴해 목록화하고 이를 공원관리 및 공원이용에 정보를 제공하는 역할을 하는 것임. 국립 공원에서 자연의 소리와 어두운 밤하늘은 야생생물에게 안정적인 서식처 제공과 함께 탐방 객의 자연체험을 위해 반드시 관리가 필요한 자연자원임. 따라서 자연자원조사에 소리경관 및 빛공해 항목을 추가하여 공원별 소음실태 및 야간조명 실태를 파악한 후 국립공원다운 조성하기 위한 기초자료로 활용해야 함
◾네 번째, 공원사무소별 소리경관 및 빛공해 관리를 위한 관리방안을 수립해야 함. 소리경관 관리를 위해서는 공원시설별 소음 저감 방안을 마련하고, 소음을 유발하는 공원장비를 저소 음 장비로 교체해 나가야 함. 공원별 보전가치가 있는 소리자원은 수집하고 대국민 홍보를 해야함. 빛공해 관리를 위해서는 공원별 야간조명 전수조사를 실시하고 저양형 조명으로 교 체해야 함. 또한 밤하늘 보전지역을 지정하여 모니터링 하고, 별빛관찰과 같은 탐방프로그램 의 적용도 필요함
무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ Ⅴ. 관리방안
143
공단본부 내 업무 신설 및 사업 시행
￭ 공단 본부 내 소리경관 및 빛공해 업무 신설 - 국립공원 소리경관 및 빛공해 관리계획 수립 - 국립공원별 소리지도 및 빛공해 지도 제작
- 소음 및 빛공해가 생태계 미치는 영향 및 관리방안 연구 - 공원 상공 운행 비행기 실태 파악 및 조정 협의
공원계획 및 보전관리계획 반영
￭ 공원계획 및 공원별 보전관리계획 수립 시(10년 단위)
￭ 소리경관 및 빛공해 계획 수립 및 연차별 예산 책정
자연자원조사 항목
추가(국립공원연구원) ￭ 공원별 자연자원조사 시 소리경관, 빛공해 항목 추가 조사
공원사무소별 관리방안 수립
및 예산 집행
￭ 소리경관 관리
- 공원시설 소음 저감 방안 마련, 공원장비 저소음으로 교체 - 생물 소리자원 및 역사문화 소리자원 수집, 홍보
￭ 빛공해 관리
- 공원별 야간조명 전수조사 및 저영향 조명 교체 - 밤하늘 보전지역 지정 및 모니터링, 홍보 실시 그림 34. 한국 국립공원 소음 및 빛공해 관리를 위한 정책제안
무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ 참고문헌
145
참고문헌
◾Allard, H.A.(1930) The first morning song of some birds of Washington, D.C.; its relation to light.
American Naturalist, 64:436–469
◾Allen, F.H.(1913) More notes on the morning awakening. Auk, 30:229–235
◾Barber, J.R., K.R. Crooks, K.M. Fristrup(2009) The costs of chronic noise exposure for terrestrial organisms. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25:180–189
◾Bee, M.A. and E.M. Swanson(2007) Auditory masking of anuran advertisement calls by road traffic noise. Animal Behaviour, 74:1765-1776
◾Berg, K.S., R. Brumfield, V. Apanius(2006) Phylogenetic and ecological determinants of the neotropical dawn chorus. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci, 273:999–1005
◾Berry, R.(1976) Light pollution in southern Ontario. Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, 70:97–115
◾Berthold, P.(1980) Die endogene Steuerung der Jahresperiodik: eine kurze Übersicht. In Proc. Int.
Ornithol. Congr, 17:473-478
◾Bird, B.L., L.C. Branch, D.L. Miller(2004) Effects of Coastal Lighting on Foraging Behavior of Beach Mice. Conserv Biol, 18:1435–1439
◾Blickley, J.L., D. Blackwood, G.L. Patricelli(2012) Experimental evidence for the effects of chronic anthropogenic noise on abundance of greater sage-grouse at leks. Conservation Biology, 26:461– 471
◾Bower, J.(2000) The dark side of light. Audubon, 102:92–97
◾Brown, R.G.(1962) The behaviour of the Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) in continuous daylight.
Ibis, 105:63–75
◾Brown, F.A. Jr. and M. Rollo(1940) Light and molt in weaver finches. Auk, 57:458-498
◾Brumm, H. and H. Slabbekoorn(2005) Acoustic communication in noise. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 35:151–209
◾Brunni, A., D.J. Mennill, J.R. Foot(2014) Dawn chorus start time variation in a temperate bird community: relationships with seasonality, weather, and ambient light. Journal of Ornithology, 1-14
◾Chalkias, C., M. Petrakis, B. Psiloglou, M. Lianou(2006), Modelling of light pollution in suburban areas using remotely sensed imagery and GIS, J. Environ. Manage. 79:57-63
◾Chan, A.A., Giraldo-Perez, P. Smith, D.T. Blumstein(2010). Anthropogenic noise affects risk assessment and attention: The distracted prey hypothesis. Biol. Lett, 6:458–461
참고문헌
146
◾Cho, S.R. and J.H. Kang(2002). Structure analysis and Meaning of Acoustic Communication in Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrius. Kor. J. Orni. 9(1):1-11
◾Crelin, B.(2002) How I beat light pollution in my hometown. Sky and Telescope, 104:40–43
◾Davies T.W, J. Bennie, K.J. Gaston(2012) Street lighting changes the composition of invertebrate communities. Biol. Lett, 8:764–767
◾Davis, J(1958) Singing behavior and the gonad cycle of the Rufous-sided Towhee. Condor, 60:308–
336
◾Dawson, A, V.M. King, G.E. Bentley, G.F. Ball(2001) Photoperiodic control of seasonality in birds. J Biol Rhythms, 16: 365–380
◾Devictor. V., R. Julliard, D. Couvet, A. Lee, F. Jiguet(2007). Functional homogenization effect of urbanization on bird communities. Conserv. Biol., 21:741–751
◾Dominoni D, M. Quetting, J. Partecke(2013) Artificial light at night advances avian reproductive physiology. Proc. Biol. Sci., 280(1756):20123017
◾Dowling, J.L., D.A. Luther, P.P. Marra(2012) Comparative effects of urban development and anthropogenic noise on bird songs. Behavioral Ecology, 23:201–209
◾Elliot, M. A., and H. M. Edwards(1991) Studies on the effect of dihydroxycholecalciferol, cholecalciferol, and fluorescent lights on growth and skeletal development in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 70:S39
◾Elvidge et al.(2013) Why VIIRS data are superior to DMSP for mapping nighttime lights. Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Advanced Network, 35:62-69
◾Emlen Jr, J.T.(1937) Morning awakening time of a mockingbird. Bird-Banding, 8:81–82
◾Farner, D.S.(1959) The photoperiodic control of annual gonadal cycles in birds. Pages 717-750 in R.
B. withrow (ed.), Photoperiodism and related pbenomena in plants and animals. Publication No.55of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C
◾Farner, D.S.(1964) The photoperiodic control of reproductive cycles in birds. American Scientist, 52:137:-156
◾Farner, D.S.(1966) Über die photoperiodische Steuerung der Jahreszyklen bei Zugvögeln [On the photoperiodic control of yearly cycles in migratory birds]. Biologische Rundschau, 4:228-241
◾Fischer, J. and D.B. Lindenmayer(2007) Landscape modification and habitat fragmentation: A synthesis. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 16:265–280.
◾Fisler, G.F.(1962) Variation in the morning awakening time of some birds in south-central Michigan.
Condor, 64:184–198
무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ 참고문헌
147
◾Foley, J.A., R. Defries, G.P. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan, S.R. Carpenter, F.S. Chapin, M.T Coe, G.C.
Daily, H.K. Gibbs(2005) Global consequences of land use. Science, 309:570–574
◾Francis, C.D., C.P. Ortega, A. Cruz(2011) Noise pollution filters bird communities based on vocal frequency. PLoS One, 6:e27052
◾Francis, C.D., C.P. Ortega, A. Cruz(2009) Noise pollution changes avian communities and species interactions. Curr. Biol. 19:1415–1419
◾Freeman, H.J.(1981) Apine swifts feeding by artificial light at night. British Birds, 74:149
◾Fuller, R.A., P.H. Warren, K.J. Gaston(2007) Daytime noise predicts nocturnal singing in urban robins.
Biol. Lett. 3:368–370
◾Garson P.J., and M.L. Hunter(1979) Effects of temperature and time of year on the singing behaviour of Wrens Troglodytes troglodytes and Great Tits Parus major. Ibis, 121:481–487
◾Gil D. and M. Gahr(2002) The honesty of bird song: multiple constraints for multiple traits. Trends Ecol Evol, 17:133–141
◾Gochfeld, M.(1973) Confused nocturnal behavior of a flock of migrating yellow wagtails. Condor, 74:252-253
◾Grimm, N.B., S.H. Faeth, N.E. Golubiewski, C.L. Redman, J. Wu, X. Bai, J.M. Briggs, (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science, 319:756–760
◾Gwinner E, J. Wozniak(1982) Circannual rhythms in European starlings: Why do they stop under long photoperiods? J. Comp. Physiol. A., 146:419–421
◾Gwinner, E.(1986) Circannual rhythms: endogenous annual clocks in the organization of seasonal processe. Springer Verlag, Berlin, 156pp
◾Harder, B.(2002) Deprived of darkness. Science News, 161:248–249
◾Hasan, N.(2010) The effect of environmental conditions on start of dawn singing of blackbirds (Turdus merula) and Bulbuls (Pyconotidae). Jordan J Biol Sci, 3:13–16
◾Havlin, J.(1964) Zur Lösung der Amselfrage [The solution to the blackbird question]. Angewandte Ornithologie, 2:9-14
◾Hollom, P.A.D.(1966) Nocturnal singing and feeding by robins in winter[Notes]. British Birds, 59:501-502
◾Holmes W.G., S.J. Dirks(1978) Daily song patterns in Golden-crowned Sparrows at 62° N latitude.
Condor, 80:92–94
◾Hong G.P.(1996) The structural characteristics and geographic variation of song on Great tit, Parus major in Korea. Dept. of Biology Graduate School, Kyungnam University Masan, Korea
참고문헌
148
◾Honryo T., M. Kurata, T. Okada, Y. Ishibashi(2012) Effects of night-time light intensity on the survival rate and stress responses in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel).
Aquac Res: 1–8
◾Chung, H., E.J. Kim, Y.S. Kwon(2010). Vocal Signals for Nest Defense in Saunders' Gulls (Larus saundersi). Kor. J. Orni. Vol. 17, No. 4:349-357
◾Kang, J.H., and Hwang, H.K.(1999) Georaphic Variation of Song of the Parus major bounded by the T'aeback Mountains in Korea. Kor. J. Orni. Vol. 6, No. 2:101-110
◾Kang, J.H., and Cho, S.R.(2006) Comparison of External Morphology and Song Characteristics Among the Family Paridae in Korea. Kor. J. Orni. Vol. 13, No. 1:1-13
◾Kempenaers B, P. Borgström, P. Loës, E. Schlicht, M. Valcu(2010) Artificial Night Lighting Affects Dawn Song, Extra-Pair Siring Success, and Lay Date in Songbirds. Curr Biol 20:1735–1739
◾Kim, Y.H., W.B. Kim, H.S. Oh(2011) Voice Signal to Protect Nests of Terpsiphone atrocaudata. Kor. J.
Orni. Vol. 18, No. 3:191-201
◾King, B.(1966) Nocturnal singing and feeding by robins in winter[Notes]. British Birds, 59:501-502
◾Kraft, M.(1999) Nocturnal mass landing of migrating cranes in Hesse and Northrine-Westphalia, Germany, in November (1998). Vogelwelt, 120:349-351
◾Labberté, K. R.(1978) Nachtelijke zang van zangvogels [Nocyurnal song of songbirds]. Vogeljaar, 26:304
◾Lack, D.(1965) The life of the robin.Fourth edition. H. F. & G. Witherby, London
◾Le Corre, M., A. Ollivier, S. Ribes, P. Jouventin(2002) Light-induced mortality of petrels: a 4-year study from Réunion Island (Indian Ocean). Biological Conservation, 105:93–102
◾Leopold A., A.E. Eynon(1961) Avian daybreak and evening song in relation to time and light intensity.
Condor, 63:269–293
◾Lewis, P. D., and G. C. Perry(1990a) Response of laying hens to asymmetrical interrupted lighting regimens: physiological aspects. British Poultry Science, 31:45-52
◾Lewis, P. D., and G. C. Perry(1990b) Response of laying hens to asymmetrical interrupted lighting regimens: reproductive performance, body weight and carcass composition. British Poultry Science, 31:33-43
◾Lofts, C., and D. Merton(1968) Photoperiodic and physiological adaptations regulationg avian breeding cycles and their ecological significance. Journal of the Zoological Society of London, 155:327-394
◾Longcore, T. and C. Rich(2004) Ecological light pollution. Front Ecol. Environ. 2(4): 191198-191210
◾Luther, D., and L. Baptista(2010) Urban noise and the cultural evolution of bird songs. Proc. R. Soc.
무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ 참고문헌
149
Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 277:469–473
◾Ma, T., C. Zhou, T. Pei, S. Haynie, J. Fan,(2012) Quantitative estimation of urbanization dynamics using time series of DMSP/OLS nighttime light data: A compariative case study from China’s cities, Remote Sens. Environ. 124:99-107
◾Mace R.H.(1987) Why do birds sing at dawn? Ardea, 75:123–132
◾Malakoff, D.(2001) Faulty towers. Audubon, 103(5):78-83
◾Marzluff, J.M., R. Bowman, R. Donnelly(2001) Avian Ecology and Conservation in an Urbanizing World (Norwell, MA: Kluwer)
◾May, J.D., B.D. Lott, J.W. Deaton(1990) The effect of light and environmental temperature on broiler digestive tract contents after feed withdrawal. Poultry Science, 69:1681-1684
◾McNeil R., A. McSween, P. Lachapelle(2005) Comparison of the retinal structure and function in four bird species as a function of the time they start singing. Brain Behav Evol, 62:202–214
◾Mendes, S., V.J. Colino-Rabanal, S.J. Peris(2011) Bird song variations along an urban gradient: the case of the European blackbird(Turdus merula). Landscape and Urban Planning, 99:51–57
◾Miller M.W.(2006) Apparent effects of light pollution on singing behavior of American Robins. Condor, 108:130–139
◾Miller, A.H.(1955) The expression of innate reproductive rhythm under conditions of winter lighting.
Auk, 72:260-264
◾Mitchell, K.D.G.(1967) Nocturnal activity of city blackbird. British Birds, 60:373-374
◾Mockford, E.J., and Marshall, R.C. (2009). Effects of urban noise on song and response behaviour in great tits. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.276:2979–2985
◾Molenaar, J.G.(2003) Lichtbelasting: overzicht van de effecten op mens en dier [Light pollution: survey of the effects on man and animal]. Alterra-rapport 778. Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands
◾Molenaar, J.G.de, D.A. Jonkers, R.J.H.G. Henkens(1997) wegverlichting en natuur. I. Een literatuurstudie naar de werking en effecten van licht en verlichting op de naruur [Road illumination and nature. I. A literature review on the function and effects of light and lighting on nature]. DWW Ontsnipperingsreeks deel 34, Delft
◾Navara, K.J., and R.J. Nelson(2007) The dark side of light at night: Physiological, pidemiological, and ecological consequences. J. Pineal Res. 43:215–224
◾Newcombe, M., A.L. Cartwright, J.M. Harter-Dennis(1991) The effect of lighting and feed restriction on growth and abdominal fat in male broilers raised to roaster weight. poultry Science, 70:S87
◾Nicholls T.J.(1988) Photorefractoriness in birds and comparison with mammals. Physiol Rev 68: 133–
참고문헌
150
176. PubMed: 3275941
◾Outen, A.R.(2002) The ecological effects of road lighting. Pages 133-155 in B. Sherwood, D. Cutler, and J. Burton (eds.), wildlife and roads: the ecological impact. Imperial College Press, London
◾Paek, W.K., K.H. Hahm(1994) A study on the song of the Great Tit, Parus major in Korea. Kor. J.
Orni. 1: 25~33
◾Rautenberg, W.(1957) Vergleichende Untersuchungen über den Energiehaushalt des Bergfinken (Frinfilla montifringilla L) und des Haussperlings (passer domesticus L) [Comparative investigations of the energy balance of the brambling (Fringilla montifringilla L) and the house sparrow (Passer domesticus L)]. Journal für Ornithologie, 98:36-64
◾Rawson, H. E.(1923) A bird's song in relation to light. Transactions of the Hertfordshore Natural History Society and Field Club, 17:363-365
◾Rees, E.C.(1982) The effect of photoperiod on the timing of spring migration in the Bewick's swan.
Wildfowl , 33:119-132
◾Rich C.T. Longcore(2006) Ecological consequences of artificial night lighting. Washington, DC: Island Press
◾Rich, C. and T. Longcore(2006) Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting (Washington, DC:
Island Press)
◾Rollo, M. and L.V. Domm(1943) Light requirements of the weaver finch. 1. Light period and intensity.
Auk, 60:357-367
◾Ronald, J.B., J.B. Falls(1975). Individual recognition by song in White-throated Sparrows. I.
Discrimination of sings of neighbors and strangers. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 879-888
◾Rowan, W.(1938) London Starlings and Seasonal Reproduction in Birds. Proc Zool Soc London A108:
51–78
◾Rowan, W.(1928) Reproductive rhythm in bird. Nature, 122:11-12
◾Rowan, W.(1929) Experiments in bird migration. I. Manipulation of the reproductive cycle: seasonal histological changes in the gonads. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 39:151-208
◾Rowan, W.(1937) Effects of traffic disturbance and night illumination on London starlings. Nature 139:668-669
◾Russell H.N.(1916) On the albedo of the planets and their satellites. P Natl Acad Sci USA, 2:74–77
◾Sallabanks, R., and F.C. James(1999) In A. Poole and F. Gill [eds.]. American Robin (Turdus migratorius). The birds of North America, No. 462 The Birds of North America, Inc, Philadelphia, PA
◾Santos C.D., A.C.Miranda, J.P.Granadeiro, P.M.Lourenço, S. Saraiva(2010) Effects of artificial illumination
무등산국립공원 고지대 대규모 시설물 입지에 의한 생태계 영향 Ⅰ 참고문헌
151
on the nocturnal foraging of waders. Acta Oecologica 36: 166–172
◾Scheideler, S.E.(1990) Research note: effect of various light sources on brolier performance and efficiency of production under commercial conditions. poultry Science, 69:1030-1033
◾Silverin, B.(1994) Photoperiodism in male great tits (parus major). Ethology Ecology & Ecolution, 6:131-157
◾Siopes, T.D., and R. Pyrzak(1990) Effect of intermittent lighting on the reproductive performance of first-year and recycled turkey hens. Poultry Science, 69:142-149
◾Slabbekoorn, H., and A. den Boer-Visser(2006) Cities change the songs of birds. Curr. Biol. 16:2326 –2331
◾Slabbekoorn, H., and M. Peet(2003) Ecology: Birds sing at a higher pitch in urban noise. Nature 424, 267
◾Slagsvold T.(1977) Bird song activity in relation to breeding cycle, spring weather, and environmental phenology. Ornis Scand, 8:197–222
◾Staicer C.A., D.A. Spector, A.G. Horn(1996) The dawn chorus and other diel patterns in acoustic signaling. In: Kroodsma DE, Miller EH (eds) Ecology and evolution of acoustic communication in birds.
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp 426–453
◾Stone E.L., G. Jones, S. Harris(2009) Street lighting disturbs commuting bats. Curr Biol 19:1123–1127
◾Thomas R.J.(1999) Two tests of the stochastic dynamic programming model of daily singing behaviour in birds. Anim Behav, 57:277–284
◾Thomas R.J., T. Széskely, I.C. Cuthill, D.G. Harper, S.E. Newson, T.D. Frayling, P.Wallis (2002) Eye size in birds and the timing of song at dawn. P Roy Soc B-Biol Sci, 269:831–837
◾Titulaer M., K. Spoelstra, C.Y.M.J.G. Lange, M.E.Visser(2012) Activity patterns during food provisioning are affected by artificial light in free living great tits (Parus major). PLOS ONE 7:e37377
◾Tomback D.F., D.B. Thompson, M.C. Baker(1983) Dialect discrimination by White-crowned Sparrow:
reaction to near and distant dialect. AUK 100: 452-460
◾Tyson, N. D.(2002) Let there be dark. Natural History, 111:34–37
◾Van Lynden, A.J.H. Baron(1978) Nachtelijke zang van zangvogels [Nocturnal song of songbirds].
Vogeljaar, 26:187
◾Wagner, H.O.(1956) Die Bedeutung von Umweltfaktoren und Geschlechtshormonen für den Jahresrhythmus der Zugvoügel [The influence of encironmental factors and sex hormones on the yearly rhythms of migratory birds]. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Physiologie, 38:355-369
◾Wallgren, H.(1954) Energy metabolism of two species of the genus Emberiza as correlated with