NGHIEN CUU . IRAO fl^l
P H A T TRifiN LOAI HINH TRUdNG CAO D A N G CONG DONG
HIEN THIJC HOA P H A N TANG GlAO DUC DAI HOC
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au ! 2 ndm, kc tif ndm 2000 BO Gido due - Ddo tao (GD-DT) quyC't djnb Ihanh Idp 6 trUdng Cao ddng c(mg dong (CBCB) thi diem d§'n nay cd nUdc da cd 15 trUdng, dU^c xem Id mfi hinh mdi m^ d nUdc ta. Mdc dii c6n qud non trd, song k€'t qu^ bUdc djiu phdn dnh loai hinh trUdng nay khong nhUng phD hdp vdi xu the'phdt tridn cua gido due dai hoc (GDDH) ma con cd y nghla nhdn vdn sdu s^c - Id loai hinh ddo tao cua cdng dong, do cpng ddng, vl cpng ddng va hudng din cdng ddng; vd mdi day Luat GDDH viTa dUdc Qudc hOi Kbda XIII thdng qua tai ky hpp thU 3 thdng 6 nam 2012, GDDH nUdc ta se dUdc phan tang. NhU vay, can cii' vao ban cha't, sU mang cua loai hinh trUdng CDCD d nUdc ta hi$n nay, chiing tdi nghl r^ng vi$c phat trien loai hinh trUdng CDCD tai nhieu dia phUdng nhUng ndm s^p tdi, se la gidi phdp tich cifc gdp phin hi^n thUc hda phan tang cd sd GDDH Viet Nam.1. Xu hifdng phat tri^n giao dye d^i hpc tr&n thg'gidi
Thanh tUu khoa hpc va cdng nghe da tdc ddng sau sac den cdc ITnh vUc ddi song xa hOi, nd dat ra nhifng thdch thUc vd yeu cau mdi ddi vdi sU nghiep gido due cdc nUdc, nhU nhSn thUc ve triet 1^ vd sU mang, cdi ti6'n phUdng thlJc, quy trinh ddo tao va npi dung, phUdng phdp, phUdng tien, thi^t bi... TU do, nhieu ngUdi nhat tri xu hudng phdt trien GDDH tren the gidi dang dien ra nhu sau:
• Xu hie&ng di tU dao t^o tinh hoa sang dao
PHAM H Q U N G A I To bQ mon Ly lu$n chinh tri
tgo dg.i chung
Gido due dai hpc th^ gidi hdn 30 ndm qua, da xdy ra mOt hi^n tUdng "bDng nd sT so", tai nhilu nUdc phdt trien, cd* 100 thanh nien d do tudi 18 - 22 thi cd 50 ngUdi dang "ngdi trSn ghe"
IrUdng DH, dan tdi tCfng bUdc hinh thanh mot he thong GDDH vdi nhieu loai tnTdngDHddang phan Idp:
- Phdn Idp thii nhd'l, theo kieu ddo tao tinh hoa d cdc trUdng DH truyen thong, dinh hUdng nghien cihi, thudng chi chi^m 10-12% tdng so sinh vien;
- Phdn Idp thii hai. tSp trung dao tao nghe nghiep, chUdng trinh phd bi^n Id 4 nam, chi^m khodng 30-35% tdng so' sinh vien;
- Phan Idp thiiba, cdc trUdng DH cdn lai, dao tao nghl nghi?p theo nhu cau dia phUdng vS chUdng trinh chu y€'u Id 2 ndm.
Su phan Idp tren day wiii phdt tiJf nhu clu cua ngUdi hpc, nh&m ddp iJng da dang ve ngdnh nghe vd phdn ting v l trinh dO- Nhilu nUdc dang cdi cdch GDDH theo xu hUdng ndy, khdi mhm
"dai chung hda GDDH" ra ddi tif dd.
• Xu hUotng di tUdao t^o han tdm sang dao t(tophyc v^ nhu cau xd hgi
CDng khodng thdi gian nhU tr6n, nhdn loai chiJng kien sU hinh thdnh n i n kinh td' mdi - nin
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NGHIEN COl • IRAO fiOl
kinh te tri thiJc, va dien ra hien tifdng toan cau hda. Tif dd ddi hdi GDDH the gidi:
ThUnhd't: GDDH bdm sdt nhu clu ddo tao nhan lUc phuc vu phdt trien cOng dong, cua dia phUdng; va nhu clu dao tao dpi ngu chuyen gia dap iJng thi trUdng lao ddng hdi nbSip kinh t6' th6' gidi.
Tha hai: GDDH chii trpng hdn nffa dao tao lUc lUdng lao ddng theo hudng Ung dung - ngh^
nghiep phuc vu hiJu hieu yeu cau cua ddi song tai cdng ddng.
Thii ba: GDDH cd phUdng thtfc ddo tao bet siJc mem deo, linh boat nh^m ddp iJug nhu cau ngUdi hpc.
Tif ba npi dung nay, nen GDDH phdi chuyen tCt ddo tao hdn lam sang ddo lao phuc vu nhu cdu xd hdi.
• Xu hudng dm cd sd GDDH ve dia phiAfng, ddt tai cong dong
Ky nguyen biing nd thdng tin, tri thUc nhan loai tang theo ham sd' mii, de ddp iJug nhu cau tiep can ciaa mpi ngudi, cdc nha lanh dao giao due tren the gidi k^u gpi sU can thiet cdi cdch he thdng giao due, nhanh chdng thUc thi ddi mdi phUdng thiJc dao tao sao cho thiet thUc hdn; tao ra moi trUdng hpc tap thuan Idi, md rdng cd hpi cho mpi ngudi; cbiTdng trinh ddo tao vdi nhieu cap, tnnh dd di hpc tap, dao tao sud't ddi. Theo dd he thd^ng GDDH can dUdc md rdng mang lUdi, quy md dao tao, nhieu cd sd ddo tao khong nha't thiet dat tai thanh phd' trung t§m chinh tri, kinh te, van hod md cdn Ian tod v l cdc dia phUdng, den tan cdng dong. Hudng iftig Idi kSu gpi, nhieu qudc gia da cho ra ddi loai hinh trUdng DH 2 nam gan vdi dia phUdng, nd da ddng gdp lich cue cho chiS'n lUdc phat tri^n kinh te - xa hdi va la thanh tUu GDDH the gidi trong th^' ky XX.
• Xu hudng xdy diJtng xd hgi hgc t^p, xd hpi ngfie nghifp gan vdi vifc hpc tap suoit ddi
Quan diem xdy dUng mot xa hpi hpc tdp, xa hpi nghl nghiep da trd thdnh trilt ly gido due the ky XXI. Muc dich xdy difng xa hOi hpc tap khdng chi hudng vdo "phdt trien ngUdi", "phdt tri^n ngudn nhdn lUc", ma cdn "hinh thdnh nhffng ndng life cd hdn mh thdi dai ddi hdi", nhU:
ndng lUc thick ling vdi nhdng thay doi, ndng lUc sang tao, ndng luc thUc hien vd gidi quyi't vd'n de, ndng li^c ti^hpc thudng xuyin, sud't ddi vd ndng lUc tuddnh gid, ndng luc tutgo ra vi^c lam.
Nhd trUdng bdm nay trd thdnh bd phan gdn bd ciia cdng ddng, sU mang nhd trUdng ph^i nham muc tieu phat trien cpng dong ben vffng, mpi boat dpng phdi ddm bdo nguy6n t^c cua cpng dong, do cpng dong vd vi cpng dong; cho nen dfi'i vdi GDDH, phUdng thUc ddo tao da dang;
trinh dp dao tao da cd'p, da nganh n g h l ; mdi trUdng dao tao gan vdi cdng ding xa hpi; to chUc qudn 1^ - boat dpng gan vdi thiet che cdng dong;
nha trUdng nhu vdy se Id dpng lUc cho mdt "xd hpi hpc tg.p, xd hpi ngh^e nghiep gan vdi viec hpc tap sud't d^ cho mpi ngU&i".
2. Thanh lap lo^i hinh trUdng dap itng kip thdi nhu c4u dao tao nhSn lUc cho phat tri^n kinh t^*- xa hpi cua dia phiAAig
Muc tieu cd ban va Idu ddi cua sU nghiep GD-DT d nude ta "Nang cao dan tri, ddo tao nhan Itfc va bdi dudng nhdn tdi", trong do ddo tao, phdt tridn ngudn nhan life d l phuc vu yeu cau phat tri^n kinh te - xa hdi va day manh cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda ttog bUdc xay dUng nen kinh td' tri thiJc Id muc tieu GDDH, nhi$m vu cifc ky quan trpng, nd'u vi mdt ly do ndo do ket qud va hi$u qua khdng dat thi se khong ddp iJng dupe nhu cau ve so lUdng, v l cd cd'u lao ddng (ve trinh dp, nganh nghl, vGng mien), va nhffng nhu c i u khac cua tUng dia phUdng, cd nUdc; tat nhien se dnh hUdng rat Idn tdi kha ndng va tdc dd phdt trien dat nUdc. Do vdy, van d l dat ra: vdi loai hinh dao t?o ndo ddp i?ng kip thdi
Tlionj tin HHOAHKfi core NCHE C
NGHIEN C U U * TRAO eOl nhu cau ddo tao nhSn lUc, md irudc hS't phuc vu cdng nghiep hda, hipn dai hda ndng nghipp, phdt tri^n ndng thdn.
NhiJng ndm gdn ddy mang lUdi cdc trUdng CD, DH phdt triln nhanh chdng - nam 2011 cd 446 trUdng CD vd DH. h^u hd't tdp trung thdnh pho' trUc thuOc trung Udng, cdn cac dia phUdng phd bicn cd 1 trUdng DH vd 2-3 irUdng CD.
Day Id thdnh tUu to Idn the hien sU nd lUc cua cd h$ thdng chinh tri trong dieu kicn ddft nUdc cdn nhilu khd khdn, GDDH ddp d"ng dUdc nhu cdu ddo tao nhdn li/c cho phdt tri^n kinh td' - xa hdi. khoa hpc cdng ngh0, cung cd' qudc phdng vd an ninh; song dc ddng nhdn ra ban che', cd the khdi qudl: H§ thd'ng GDDH thidn v l kinh dien, ndng ly thuyet, trong khi dd nhu cau tai nhieu dia phUdng rat cdn life lUdng lao dpng tbifen v l thUc hdnh hdn.
Nhdn thd-c xu hUdng phdt trien GDDH the gidi nhu neu tren vd sU bd't cdp cua he thd'ng GDDH nUdc ta, rd't nhilu nhd khoa hpc va qudn 1^ gido due tam huyet da khuyen cdo su c i n thiet xdy difng vd phdt trien mdi loai hinh gido due mdi - loai hinh trUdng vifa phu hdp xu hUdng phdt trien tren the gidi, vijfa ddp ijng kip thdi nhu cau ddo tao nhan life phuc vu cho phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi tai dia phUdng. Ket qud Bp GD- DT quyet dinh thdnh lap loai hinh trUdng CDCD tai mdt so dja phUdng.
De nhdn biet v l loai hinh trUdng ndy, Bd GD- DT da neu khdi niem trUdng CDCD tai Dieu 1 trong Quy che tam t h d i ' " , tuy nhien khdi niem chua dien dat day dQ triet ly, sU mang vd ddc diem cua trUdng; vdi chiing tdi "TrUdng CDCD Viet Nam Id loai hinh trUdng dia phUdng, do dia phUdng de nghi thdnh lap, dau tu xdy dung, to
chUc diSu hdnh vd qudn ly, du^c i$p ra nhdm ddp Ung nhu cdu ihi^'l ih^c vi ddo tqto nghk cua c$ng dong tgi dia phUdng. Ddy Id lopi trudng da cdp, da ngdnh, ddo tgo theo nhiiu chUdng trinh khdc nhau, lUdpy nghi ngdn hgn din ddo tpo ddi hgn, ddo tgo chUdng cao dSng 2-3 ndm. TrUdng CDCD cdn ddo tgo cdc chUtJng trinh chuyen tiip, lien thdng vdo hpc tgi cdc trUdng hodc vi^n DH bdo trd- S^cdn Igi \i' dUdc ddo tgo thim kien thiic nghi nghiep dildy chdng chi nghi hodc vdn bdng CU nhdn cao ding" *^'. Ddc diem de ddng thS^y rd d^i vdi trUdng CDCD nhU tinh cOng ddng, tinh thiet thUc, tinh til^l ki^m, tinh Imb hoat,...
dUdc coi nhu Id nbffng UU th^ so vdi cdc phifdng thiJc ddo tao khdc.
3. Phdt tri^n lo^i hinh tn/dng Cao d ^ g c^ng d6ng - hi^n thi/c hod phdn t i n g giao dye d^ hpc d nifdc ta
TrUdc khi ly gidi viec phdt trien loai hinh trUdng CDCD, mdt gidi phdp gdp phan hien th^c hda phdn tang cd sd GDDH Vi^t Nam, chung tdi hieu phan tang cd sd GDDH nhU sau:
Nbifng qud'c gia cd nin GDDH lau ddi, thudt ngu" phan tang GDDH su" dung khd phd bien, khdi qudt phdn ting hieu Id sU phan chia he didng GDDH thanh nhieu loai trUdng, nhdm trUdng dinh hudng nghien cd'u khoa hpc, ddo tao hdn Idm hay nhdm trUdng dinh hUdng nghl nghi$p vdi sif da dang v l chUdng trinh, trinh d6, npi dung, thdi gian va khdng gian ddo tao.
Theo ^ ki^'n cdc chuyen gia gido due, ching han dd'i vdi nen GDDH Hoa K>' chia 3 nhdm:
nhdm DH cao nha't chuyen nghien cihi, nh6m trUdng DH toan bang vd nhdm cdc trUdng CDCD'^'; vdi nhieu qud'c gia khdc he thd'ng GDDH chia thdnh 3 tang: t^ng thtf nhat gdm cdc
<" QD sd 37/2000/QD-BGD&DT ngdy 29-8-2000 cua Bp Uifdng Bp GD-DT.
'" Pham Hffu Ngai, Ludn dn Tien sT Qudn ly gido due, Hd NOi - ndm 2008.
"' GS.TSKH Ldm Quang Thigp, nguyen Vu tnfdng Vu DH, BO GD-DT.
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NG}]|£NCUU*TRAOfiOI trudng dai hpc nghien ciJu hdng dau; tang thtf hai gdm cac tnfdng dai hoc cd diu vao it canh tranh hdn (theo hudng khoa hpc (Jug dung - cdng nghe) va cd the cd mot sd' chUdng trinh nghe;
tdng thu' ba gdm cdc trUdng dai hpc mdi thdnh lap gidng day la chinh, cdc cao dang nhU cao dang cdng dong, cao dang kinh te, ky thuat, hodc cao dang nghl nghiep"'".
NUdc ta hdn 10 nam ve hUdc, mac dii thu§t ngiy "phdn tang GDDH" chUa suf dung rdng rai, nhUng quan nidm v l phan nhdm cac trUdng DH dd d l cdp kha nhieu trong cdc vdn bdn ci5a Chinh phu, B6 GD-DT, cu the tai Quye't dinh v l Quy hogch mang lUdi cdc trudng DH, CD Vi$t Nam giai dogn 2001-2010 da vie't: "He thd'ng trUdng DH, CD bao gdm: cdc DH qud'c gia, cdc DH khu vUc, cac trUdng DH trpng diem, cdc hpc vien, cdc tnfdng DH, cac trUdng CD, cac trUdng DH md vd cdc trUdng CDCD" '='.
Vdi cdch nhin khdch quan, phdn ting cd sd GDDH di6n ra nhU mot xu the ta't yd'u nham hinh thdnh nhdm cd sd dao tao gan bd mdt thiet vdi phdt trien kinh te' - xa hpi cua mdi dia phUdng, md rdng cd hdi de mpi ngUdi c6 the hpc tap dao lao sudt ddi; mat khdc viec luat hda phdn tang nay dUdc phan ddng gidi cbiJc giao due ddng tinh, bay to sU can thie't td chu'c trien khai tren pham vi ca nUdc; ket qua phan tang cd sd GDDH d i n de^n da dang hda loai hinh tnfdng dai hpc, cao dang nb^m khac phuc bat cap trong dinh hudng dao tao, chinh sach dau tU; phdt buy tinh tu chu, tu chiu trdch nhiem trUdc xd hdi cua cd sd dao tao va giiip cdng tdc kiem dinh chat lUdng thudn Idi hdn.
Nhu vay, neu minh hpa he thdng GDDH nUdc ta nhu hinh thdp - Thdp GDDH, md dinh gdm cdc Cd sd GDDH dinh hUdng nghien cUu - DH vilng, DH qud'c gia, Vien nghien cUu khoa hpc chilm ly trpng khiem Idn; phan thdn cua thdp chiem ty trpng hdn dinh thdp, gdm cdc ca sd GDDH djnb hUdng Ung dung - cdc TrUdng DH, hpc vien; phan nen trong hinh thdp bao gdm cdc cd sd GDDH thUc hanh - cdc DH dia phUdng, cdc trUdng CD, cdc trUdng CDCD chiem ty trpng hdn cd hai phan dinh vd thdn cua thdp GDDH.
ThUc te nhiyng ndm gan ddy, lanh dao Ddng, Chinh quyin cdc cd'p vd ngUdi dan ngdy cdng hieu biet day du hdn v l triet 1;^, sU mang, ddc diem va nhu clu cho sU ra ddi loai hinh trUdng CDCD, vi the khdng it dia phUdng dinh hUdng thanh lap loai hinh tnfdng ndy. Tdm lai, tren cd sd doi chie'u muc dich. y nghia cua viec phdn tang cd sd GDDH dUpc luat hda tai muc 4 Dilu 9 cua Luat GDDH nam 2012, chung tdi nhan thUc rang phdt trien loai hinh trUdng CDCD se Id giai phdp hien thUc hoa phan &ng cdscfGDDH thdnh cong./.
Tii lidu tham khao:
!. Quye't dinh ci3a Thu tifdng Chinh phd sd 47/
2001/QD-TTg ngdy 04 thang 4 nam 2001.
2. QD sd37/2000/QD-BGD&DT ngay 29-8-2000 cua Bp tnfdng BO GD-DT.
B.PhamHifuNgai, Lugndn Tien sT Qudn ly gido due, Hd N6i - nam 2008.
4. Giao due Vi&t Nam, Nang cao chd't lifdng GDDH:
Can giao quyen tif chu va phan tang dai hpc, 09/
02/2012.
*' TS. Hodng Ngoc Vinh, Vu tnfdng Vu Gido due chuySn nghiep, BO GD-DT.
5'Quyet dinh cua Thii Wdng Chinh phii sd47/2001/QD-TTg ngdy 04 Uidng 4 nam 2001.
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