' Gido due - Bdo tgo
QUAN NIEM VE SlT MENH, MUC TIEU GIAO DUC THOfI KI MINH TRI DUY TAN VA Y NGHIA CUA NO
DOI V d l VIEC D 6 I MOfI TU^ DUY GIAO DUC 6 VIET NAM HIEN NAY
TS. NGO THI H U Y E N "
Tdm tat Bdi mai cdn bdn vd todn dien gido due, ddo tgo Id chu truang lan cua Bdng, la bu&c ngodi quan trgng trong suphdt trien nen gido due nuac nhd. Trong cudc cdch mgng ndy, viec tim hiiu nhimg tu tudng gido due tiin bp tren thi giai nhdm ke thira nhimg yeu td hgp li, gop phdn thuc hiin thdng lgi su nghiip ddi mai gido dy.c a Viet Nam hien nay Id dieu cdn thiet Nhin lgi lich su tu tuang gido due cua nhdn logi, cd the thdy, tu tuang ve canh tdn gido due thai kiMinh Tri (1868 - 1912) a Nhdt Bdn da di lgi nhiiu ddu dn sdu dam, cd ddng gdp quan trong cho suphdt triin kinh te - xd hpi Nhdt Bdn theo huang hiin dgi hda vd chdng lgi dugc su xdm luge cua phucmg Tdy. Trong do, su thay ddi guan niem ve su minh vd muc tiiu gido due Id yeu td quan trgng nhdt, tgo ra bu&c dot phd cua phong trao canh tdn gido due not trin.
Tir khoa: gido due; Minh Tri duy tdn; tu duy gido due; Viet Nam
M
Uraku Minh Tri duy tan (bay cdn ggi eai each Mmh Tri) la chudi eae sy kien cai each, duy tan din den nhirng thay ddi to ldn trong cau true xa bdi va chinb tri ciia Nhat Ban, bat dau hi nam 1868 ddn nam 1912, frr dd md dudng cho viec bien nudc Nhat Ban pbong kien thanh mgt nudc tu ban ehii nghTa himg cudng. Trong eae cai each Minh Tri, cdng cudc eai each giao due -*''Daihoc Lac Hong
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
vdi vai trd ciia nha giao due ndi tieng Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) va su gop cdng frong viee giao bda dan gian ciia Niijima Jou (1843-1890), Nakamura Kein (1832-1891), Okuma Sbigenobu (1838-1922) - la mdt frong nhiing eai each nen tang gdp pban quan frgng eho viec hmh thanh mot ddt nudc Nhat Ban hien dai.
1. Nhirng ydu to anh huong den su hinh thanh tu duy giao due thoi ki Minh TVi duy tan Mgi hgc thuyet, frao luu tu' tudng chan chinh bao gid cung dugc sinh ra va chiu su quy dinh bdi nbiing didu kien lich sir - xa hgi cita thdi dai minh.
134 • Gido due - Bdo tgo Tu duy giao due thdi ki Minh Tri duy tan ciing
khdng nam ngoai quy luat dd, nd la san pham ciia mot thdi ki lich sir day bien ddng cua Nhat Ban, ciing vdi cac hge thuyet, tu tudng khac lam nen dien mao tinh than thdi kl Minh Tri. Ddng thdi, nd ciing tac dgng frd lai den linh vuc ddi sdng vat chat va tinh thdn khac frong xa hdi, gdp phan tao nen thanh cdng ctia Minh Tri duy tan.
Tu duy giao due thdi ki Minh Tri duy tan dugc hinh thanh bdi su tac ddng cua nhieu yeu td, dac biet la kai yeu to quan trgng sau day:
Thu nhdt, nhung biin ddng cua lich su - xa hdi Nhdt Bdn giira thi ki XIX
Nhat Ban la quoc gia dao d chau A, nam frong vdng cung niii lira va ludn xay ra chan ddng. Giiia the ki XIX, frong khi cac nudc phuong Tay phat tnen manh va the hien su banh frudng bang each xam luge eae qude gia phuong Ddng tbi Nhat Ban van la mdt dat nudc phong kien lac hau, quyen cai tri dat nudc tap trung vao chinh quyen Mac Phu ddng tai Edo (Tokyo ngay nay) do cac tudng quan ciia ddng bg Tokugav/a ndi tiep nhau lanh dao, Thien hoang (ddng dd d Kyoto) khdng cd thye quyen, chi cd vai frd brgng frimg. Tuy nhien, ehinh quyen Mae Phu, sau hang thd ki thong fri, da rai vao tmh trang be tdc, khiing hoang nghiem frgng ve mgi mat, khdng dap ting dugc su phat trien cua dat nude va chdng Iai sy xam lang ciia cac de qude Au - My. Nhiing mau thuan vd kinh te, chinb tri va ngoai giao Iam cho mau thuin xa hdi Nhat Ban thdi ki nay cang them gay gdt, Iuc lugng ddi lap chdng lai Mac Phii ciing hinh thanh va dua ra khau hieu: "Chdng ngoai, iing bg Thien Hoang"*".
Nhan thtic dugc nguy ca ddt nudc cd thd bi chi phdi, kiem soat va Ie thudc vao thuc dan phuong Tay, su gay gat ciia eac mau thuin xa hdi ciing nhu cac cudc dau tranh ciia lyc Iugng ddi lap da khien chinb quyen Mac Phu phai frao fra quydn lyc cho Thien hoang, dat quyen Igi dan tdc len fren lgi ich ddng hg. Thien hoang Minh Tri Idn ndm quyen va thanh lap Chinli phu mdi, md dau cho cdng cudc duy tan fren tat ca cae lmh vyc cua ddi sdng kinh te - xa bgi Nhat Ban. Trong do, cd cudc each mang ve gjao due nham tao ra ngudn nhan
luc diyc hien cdng cudc cdng nghiep bda, hien dai hda, dua Nhat Ban thoat kbdi tinh frang lac hau, phat trien giau manh.
Thu hai, su tdc dpng cua cdc trdo luu tu lu&ng, vdn hda phuong Tdy; su nhay ben, chii ddng cua bpphdn chisTanh hiing vd chinh quyin Minh Tri
Danh gia vd qua binh tidp xiic vdi cac trao luu nr tudng, van hda phuang Tay va viec van hda phuong Tay anh hudng tdi ddi sdng tinh than ciia xa hgi Nhat Ban ndi chung, tdi bi duy giao diic thai ki Minh Tri ndi rieng, do la su ket hgp eua hai yeu td: yeu td ben ngoai va yeu td ben frong.
Vd yeu td ben ngoai, phong trao Ha Lan hgc cd nhirng tac dgng Idn ddn su thay ddi tu duy giao due cua Nhat Ban thai ki nay. Lich sir hinh thanh ciia pbong frao Ha Lan hgc bat ngudn tu vai trd cua nhirng phien dieh nguoi Ha Lan d Nhat frong thdi ki trudc do va ciia nhdm ngudi Nhat Ban Iam tnmg gian gitia ngudi Ha Lan vdi chinh quyen Mac Phti. Cac bd Tu dien Nhat - Ha va nhieu cdng trinh khac da gdp phan quan frgng vao viec tmyen ba nhiing kien thirc khoa hgc den vdi dan chting. Van hda va khoa bgc Id thuat ciia Ha Lan nhd do ma timg bude an sau ben re vao van hda Nhat BarP^K Ngay ca kbi chinb quydn Mae Phu bd quan tda cang vdi ben ngoai, thi ngudi Nhat van duy tri mdi quan he giao thuong vdi cac thucmg nhan Ha Lan, tau budn Ha Lan van dugc phep budn ban d bien Nagasaki. Trong qua trinh smh sdng tai Nagasaki, nhiing ngudi Ha Lan da fruydn ba van hda phuong Tay eho ngudi Nhat thdng qua each smh boat: kidn friie nha d, frang phiac, khoa bgc - kT thuat, dra thuc va dac biet la tu duy mdi vd giao due. Ngoai pbong trao Ha Lan hgc, tu tudng cdng lgi cua ngudi Anh va ngudi My eiing CO anh hudng rat ldn tdi su limb thanh quan niem ve siimenh va muc tieu giao due thdi ki Minh Tri.
Ve yeu td ben frong, do la su chii ddng cua ngudi Nhat frong tidp nhan van minh cua phuang Tay va bien ddi nd thanh van hda mang dac trung rieng ctia Nhat Ban. Khong gidng vdi nhilu quoc gia chau A kliac - tim each nhugng bd, thuong lugng vdi cae nudc phuong Tay nhdm ddi idy hoa bbh fru'de nguy co bi xam luge - chinb quydn Minh Tri, dac biet Thidn hoang Minh Tri va bg phan Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
' Gido due - Bdo tgo
quan lai, tri thiie cap tien da y thirc duge rang each thiic giir gin ddc lap hiiu hieu nhat la tiep thu van minh phuang Tay, lam cho phii quoc cudng binh va ngang bang vdi hg. Chinb quyen Minh Tri da tien hanh nhieu bien phap de nhanh chdng tiep fliu van hda phuang Tay nhu; cir cac phai doan thi sat nen van minh phuang Tay; thud chuydn gia Iam cd vdn va giang day d Nhat, giri hgc smh sang phuang Tay luu hgc. Khi tiep nhan cac frao luu tu tudng hi ben ngoai, chmh quyen Minh Tri khong chti truang tiep nhan tat ca nhirng nen van minh cao han minh, ma chii truong tiep nhan eai van minh nhdt ciia hg, bang con dudng true tiep.
"Bat cii lmh vyc nao, ngudi Nhat ciing pban ticb Id luong, tim ra nhiing cai nhat ciia timg nudc de hpc tap"'^'.
2. Quan ni^m ve sir m^nh va mtiC ti§u giao due th(ri ki Minh IVi duy tan
Dudi thdi Minh Tri, giao due cd vai frd dac biet quan trgng, eai each giao due la viec lam can thiet. Bdi vi, cdng cudc duy tan mudn thanh cdng thi trudc het phai nang cao trinh do hieu biet cita ngudi dan de hg hieu va tham gia tieh eye vao sy phat frien cua dat nudc, dap img dugc nhung ddi hdi cua tinh hinh mdi. Trong cac eai each giao due thai ki Mirih Tri, cd the ndi, su thay doi quan niem ve sir menh va muc tieu giao due la sy thay ddi mang gia tri md dudng.
Ve sie minh cua gido due, thdi ki Minh Tri, cai each giao due d Nhat Ban nham xay dyng mdt nen giao due thue dimg (thyc hgc). Sti menh ciia nen giao due nay la gdp phan hidn thyc hda khau hipu "phit qude cudng binh"'''', dua nude Nhat duoi kip phuang Tdy, vugt phuang Td/^'. Mdt nen giao diie "thyc bgc" pbai bao dam duge hai yeu td ca ban: tinh thyc td va mang Iai bieu qua trong thirc tiln cudc sdng. Dd la mdt nen giao due thuan ti?n cho sinh kd hang ngay va thuang n ^ . Do dd, frong chuang trinh giao due, "trudc het phai hgc nhirng mdn hgc thuc dung can thidt cho cugc sdng hdng ngay"'^'. Vi du: hgc each ghi chep tmang muc ke toan; sir dimg thanh thao ban tinh; nhd each can dong, do, dem; tiep ddn la cac mon hgc nhu dja li, vat h, licb sir, hgc kinh te, dao diic...<^». Nen giao due thye hgc phai tao ra hieu
qua eao frong ddi sdng, phat hien dugc nguyen li van ddng, phat frien ciia ty nhien va con ngudi, img dung dugc mdt each uydn chuydn, linh ddng vao ddi sdng ctia con ngudi.
Xay dimg mdt nen giao due thyc hgc phai gdn vdi viee manh dan pha bd cac khudn mlu, nhimg ban che cua nen giao due "tam chucmg frich cti"
fruyen thdng theo mo tip cua giao due Trung Hoa vdn da tdn tai lau ddi d Nhat Ban. Ngoai ra, chinb quyen Minh Tri edn cir cac hgc sinh di du bgc d nudc ngoai de khi frd ve se tham gia va frd thanh lyc Iugng quan frgng ddng gdp vao su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai bda d Nhat Ban. Den nam 1873, Nhat Ban cd 373 sinh vien di hgc d nudc ngoai*^'. Dgi ngii giao vien cung dugc quan tam dac biet, dugc hudng thu nhieu chinh sach va sy uu ai ciia chinb quyen duong thai. Chinli quyen Minh Tn danh mgt phan ngan saeh ldn (vi du: dau thdi Minh Tri, ngan sach cbi eho vide thue giao vien nudc ngoai chiem khoang 14% ngan saeh nha nude*^' de mdi cac chuyen gia va giao vien nudc ngoai den giang day tai cac trudng cung nhu chi dao frong xay dung cac cdng trinh. Ngoai sd giao vien nudc ngoai dugc thud thi Nhat Ban ciing tang cudng cdng tac dao tao de nang cao chat lugng va sd lugng giao vien ban dia.
Muc tiiu gido due thai ki Mmh Tri la hudng ddn mgt nen giao due toan dan, xay dyng mdt xa hdi hgc tap nham hmh thanh nhiing ca nhan cd nhan each ddc lap, tao nen tang quan frgng cho qua binh dua Nhat Ban frd tiianh "phii qude cudng binh": "Tir nay frd di, chimg thir nhan dan, khdng ke hoa tdc sT tgc cimg la cac bang cay mdng, lam nghd, di budn, cho din dan ba con gai ciing vay, tdt sao frong lang dimg cdn mgt nha nao khdng bgc, frong nlia dimg cdn mdt ngu'di nao khdng hgc"""'. Dd tiiyc hien dugc mue tieu nay, chinh quydn Minh Tri da thanh lap Bd Giao due (1871) va ban hanh Hgc chi. frong do quy dinh nghia vu gido due doi vdi mgi tang Idp frong xa bgi. Chinh quydn Minh Tri dac biet quan tam giao due so cdp ddi vdi fre em frr 6 den 14 tudi "khdng ban la frai gai, tat pbai cho chiing tiieo hgc tidu hgc bet thay, neu khdng tiie thi frach ldi d nhung ke phu huynh"""; ddng tiidi, cd nhung quy djnh ve frach , Khoa hpc chi'nh trj - So 9+10/2019
136 • Gido due • Bdo tgo nhiem ciia Nha nude ddi vdi nhdm ddi tugng nay.
Nam 1889, sac lenh giao due dugc ban banh, de ra muc dich va phucmg hudng ctia nen giao due mdi la dem Iai nhiing gia tri tmh than tien bg, khuyen khieh nhan dan giii gin nhung gia tri ciia nen giao due tmyen thdng - de cao tmh than thugng vd, ddng thai ket hgp vdi hgc tap van hda, khoa hgc phuang Tay. Hoat dgng giao due dugc md rdng ebo mgi tang ldp nhan dan, ke ea phu nu. Chuang trinh giao due klia toan dien, vira giao due li Iuan va tmyen thdng van hda dan tde viia quan tam den giao due kT thuat thyc nghiem, vua giao due dan sy vira giao due quan su...
De "giiip siic vdi nha nudc ma giao hda nhan dan cho mau himg cudng tanhda"*'-' va khac phuc nhiing khiem khuyet ciia be thdng cac trudng cdng lap, ehinh quyen Minh Tri cho phep xay dyng cac trudng tu thuc. Vi vay, frong he thdng giao due qude dan cita Nhat Ban thdi ki Minh Tri, ben canh cac ca sd giao due cdng lap, he thdng cae trudng tu thuc cua cac frr nhan ciing dugc binh thanh, vdi cac chuong trinli giang day phong phu va khong nhat thiet phai tbeo chuong binh giao due ciia ehinh quyen: "Tu hgc lap ra d ddi Minh Tri chinh la de bd vao chd bat tuc ciia chinh phii va td ra sy cau hgc tu lap cita dan, cho nen ehinh phii ddi vdi tu hgc, cbi khuyen khich thi cd, chd khdng he kiem ed ngan can, ma kiem dde ciing cd, nliung khdng bat bugc phai bgc tiieo chuong trinh nha nudc"'"*. Vdi nhiing chinb saeh dot pha vl giao due eiia chinh quyen Minh Tri, sy gdp sue cua cac bac ehi sT anh himg va nha giao due co \\x tudng tien bd (Fukuzawa Yukichi ), cbi sau thdi gian ngan, he thdng giao due vdi chuang trinli dao tao vira mang tinh tmyen tiidng, vira mang tinh hien dai de dap iing duoe nhung ddi bdi ciia sy phat trien frong giai doan chuyen bien da dugc tbiet lap d Nhat Ban. Chi frong mgt thdi gian ngan, ca nude Nhat cd 8 khu dai hgc, mdi khu dai hgc cd 32 khu trung hge, mdi khu tnmg hgc cd 210 khu tieu bgc"*'.
Nhirng dot pha ve tu duy giao due, dac biet la sy thay ddi frong quan niem ve sti menh va muc tieu eua giao dye thdi Mmh Tri da dem Iai nhirng chuyen bien ro ret, frd thanh nen tang tinh than
quan frgng frong ddi sdng xa bdi, tao ra ngudn nhan lyc hien dai - Iuc Iugng vat chdt quan frgng bac nhdt cho sy phat tridn eiia xa hdi Nhat Ban khdng ehi tiidi ki Minh Tri duy tan ma cdn ca nhihig giai doan sau nay.
Cd till ndi, cai each giao due chinh la ydu td md dudng dua den su thanh cdng cua Minh Tri duy tan. Nhd su gdp siic ciia giao due ma Nhat Ban nhanh chdng phat tridn dudi kip eae nudc Au - My va cd nhirng anh hudng sau sac den tang Idp fri tbirc, sT phu yeu nude d cac nudc phuong Ddng khac, frong dd cd Viet Nam.
3. Y nghia cua quan niem ve sir menh va muc tieu giao due thoi ki Minh Tri duy tan ddi voi qua trinh ddi mdi Ux duy giao due if Viet Nam hien nay
Nhu da ndi d fren, cdng cugc Minh Tri duy tan d Nhat Ban da dua qude gia nay frd thanh mgt cudng qude, tam guong ve su ty Iuc, ty cudng, soi rgi vao cac dan tgc phuong Ddng cudi the ki XIX dau the ki XX. Trong bdi eanh do, mdt bg phan cac sT phu cap ben d Viet Nam nhu: Nguyen Trudng To, Phan Chau Trinh... da kip nhan thiic va nam bat dugc tmh than cua cudc eai each Minh Tri. Viet Nam diing tmdc "mdt van bdi mdi de canh tan dat nudc""^', giao due dugc xac dinh la yeu td tien phong cua cudc canh tan nay, cd sir menli lam rang danh dan tgc, giuong cao nggn ed yeu nuac, thuang noi, "lam cho rang ra dng cha"<'^', gdp phan vao tu cudng ciia dan tdc. De thuc hien sii menh ciiu nudc, cim dan, giao due pbai thyc hien muc tieu ehinh ciia minh la khai tri, hic la nang cao dan tri. Tuy nhien, do nhimg ban che ve mat hch sir, sy tti fre, bao thii ciia ngudi dimg dau bd may nha nudc Viet Nam Iiic bdy gid, cudc canh tan ndi chung va canh tan vl giao due noi rieng cua eac sT phu yeu nudc Viet Nam cudi thd ki XIX ddu the ki XX da khdng frgn ven.
Ngay nay, xu thd toan cdu bda, hgi nhap qude td dat ra nhilu co bgi va thach tbiic cho dat nudc, giao due va dao tao Viet Nam vln mang sir menh, muc tieu cao ca - ngoai myc beu nang cao dan tri cdn dao tao nhan lye va bdi dudng nhan tai. Tao ra ngudn nhan luc cd chdt lugng cao, dii sue canh franli vdi nhan luc cae nude frong khu vuc va fren
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
• Gido due - Bdo tgo
thd gidi. NghTa la giao dye van mang su menh cim nudc, nhung la cim nudc thoat khdi ngheo nan va tut h^u. Mdt frong nhiing phuong hudng, nhiem vy cita giao dtic, dao tao da dugc Dai hdi lan thii xn ciia Dang xae dmh. "Chuyen manh qua trinh giao due chii yeu tti frang bi kien thiic sang phat tridn toan dien nang lye va pham chat ngu'di hgc, hpc di ddi vdi hanh, li luan gan vdi thuc tien. Phat tridn giao due va dao tao pbai gan vdi nhu cau phat trien kinh te - xa hgi, xay dyng va bao ve Td quoc, vdi tien bg khoa hgc - cdng nghd, yeu cau phat trien ngudn nhan lyc va thi trudng Iao ddng"'"*.
Nhin lai ljch sir the gidi, cd the thay, quan niem ve sii menh va muc tieu giao due thdi ki Minh Tri duy tan each day ban 150 nam van mang y nghTa to ldn, la bai hgc tham khao quan frgng ddi vdi su nghiep ddi mdi can ban va toan dien giao dye, dao tao d Viet Nam hien nay, ma trudc bet la ddi mdi tu duy ve giao due.
Nh^n thuc lgi su menh vd muc tiiu gido due.
Cd the ndi, nhan thiic Iai sir menh va muc tieu giao due la khdi dau cua ddi mdi tu duy giao due.
Tmdc nhiing yeu cau cua su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, bdi nhap quoc te va nhiing tae dpng ciia cudc each mang cdng nghiep 4.0, giao due nudc ta da hoc Id nhieu ban che: chat Iugng giao diiC va dao tao chua dap img dugc yeu cau phat bien, chuang trinh, ngi dung cdn mang nang tinh li thuyet, phuang phap day va hge van lac hau, chira cd sy chuyen bien rd ret. Ben canh do,
"phien ban" ddi mdi duge ap dung eho hien nay con mang tinh chap va, thieu tam nhin tdng the.
Vi vay, mudn dat duge ket qua mong mudn, can phai thay ddi bang mdt "phien ban khac". Trudc thuc bang giao due va yeu cau nhan Iuc, Dang Cpng san Viet Nam chit truang ddi mdi can ban, toan dien nen giao due. Thyc chat cua ddi mdi can ban, toan dien la tien hanh mdt cugc cai each de chuyen giao due sang md hinh phat friln cd tinh iing dung cao.
Ngay nay, xu the toan cau hda, sy phat frien cita kinh te tri thtic, eiia each mang cdng nghiep 4.0 la nhiing thay ddi mang tinh thdi dai, tac dgng sau sac va manh me den mgi qude gia, ddng thdi lam cho vai trd cua giao due ngay cang quan frgng. Trong vil^pa hoc Chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
dieu kien dd, de ddt nude phat fridn bin viing, ddi hdi phai cd md huih phat tiidn mdi vl giao dye, Iam dgng lyc cho md hinh tang tmdng mdi vl kinh te. Ddi mdi tu duy vd giao due la budc kbdi dau, ddi hdi pbai nhan thirc lai vl sii menh va muc tieu giao due. Sir menh, muc tieu eiia giao dye la nang cao dan tri, dao tao nhan Iuc, boi duang nhan tai. Dieu nay cho thay frach nhiem eua he tiiong giao due ddi voi xa hdi, ddi vdi ea nhan ngirdi bgc, mac dii ca nhan ngudi hgc vira la doi tugng vira la chil the eiia qua trinh giao due. Mat khac, frong CO ehe thi trudng, khi giao due tdn tai vdi tu each la dich vy cdng, mgt thii hang bda dac biet tbi nen giao due phai dap iing yeu cau phat frien ea nhan, ngudi bgc la khach hang va xa hdi eiing chinh la khach hang cua giao due.
Ddi mdi nlian thire ve sii menh giao due la su xae dinh rd frach nhiem cua giao due ddi vdi xa hdi va ddi vdi ca nhan ngudi bgc. Hoat dgng giao dye tac dgng eiing mdt luc den ca ba mat: dan tri, nhan luc, nhan tai
Tuy nhien, frong thuc tl, van cd tmh trang cbi xac dinh nhiem vu ciia giao due d chd dap ung yeu cau ve mgt mat nao dd frong ba mat ndi fren. Vi du, xac dinh nhiem vu frgng tam cua giai doan nay la nang cao dan tri, giai doan kia la dao tao nhan lyc, giai doan sau dd mdi bdi dudng nhan tai, cap hoc nay cd chuc nang nang eao dan tri, cap hgc kia cd chirc nang cham Io nhan tai... Vi vay, de tranh each bieu sieu hmli ba mat: dan fri, nhan lyc, nhan tai, ciing nhu tinh frang xem nhe frach nhiem ciia he thong giao dye ddi vdi yeu cau phat trien ca nhan, thye chat la xem nhe ban chat nhan van CLia giao dye, can nhan thiic diing ve sir menh giao due. Sii menh ciia giao due, suy den cimg la phat fridn nhan each d mdi ca nhan, phat frien vdn con ngudi vdi tu each la tdng hda cua dan tri, nhan Iuc, nhan tai cho ddt nude, luu giii va lam giau ban sac dan tdc, frong cae tiid be tidp noi. Nhiing hr tudng can ban ndi tren da dugc de ra va tiiuc hien thanh cdng frong pbong frao Minh Tri duy tan d Nhat Ban each day hon 150 nam.
Nhdn thiec dung ve vai trd cua gido due. Trong nin kinh td thi frudng, khdng it quan niem coi giao due chi la phiic Igi xa hdi. Nhan thiic nay dugc xet
138 ' Giao aijt - Ddo tgo tir phuong dien quyen va Igi ich ciia ngudi hgc.
Theo dd, mgi ngudi dan deu cd quyen dugc tiep can va hudng thu giao dye nhu nhau. Nha nudc cd nghTa vu bao dam quyen duge hgc va dap iing nhu cau hge tap cua mgi ngudi. Ben canh do, xa hgi ciing co frach nhiem cimg vdi Nha nudc bao dam quyen, nghTa vu va tao dieu kien thuan Igi cho ngudi bgc.
Phuc lgi giao due do Nha nude bao dam khdng loai frir bat ki ai, tdt ca mgi ngudi deu dugc hudng thy va mang Iai Igi ich khdng chl eho cac ca nhan ma toan xa hgi. Mae dii giao due d nudc ta vln dugc coi nhu la mgt phan ciia phuc lgi xa bgi, nhung frong ca chl tbi trudng, Nha nudc ludn cd frach nhiem Idn hon d nhiing bac hge thap va dan chuyen trach nhiem cho xa hdi d cac bac hgc eao, nhat la d nhirng nganh nghe ma xa hdi cd nhu cau cao, cd Igi the frong cdng viec va thu nhap cao. Vi vay, giao due nghe nghiep va dai hgc tuy phan nao do van dugc xem la phiic lgi xa hdi, nhung nghTa vu chia se ciia xa bdi va ciia gia dinh, ca nhan ddi vdi Nha nudc phai duge nang eao ban.
Ket luan
The ki XIX, diing trudc hga xam luge cua phuang Tay, ngudi Nhat nhan ra, neu khdng quyet tam duy tan, mau chdng tu cuong, binh dang nhu phuong Tay thi se phai chiu hga mat nudc gidng nhu nhirng qude gia phuong Ddng khac. Tire thai, tir trieu dinh den quan lai, sT phu hao kiet, nhan dan deu "tinh giac thii ciiu", ddc long thirc hien cdng cudc duy tan chi trong ven ven 30 nam.
Nhin lai birc franh qua khii, cdng cudc eai each giao due then ki Minh Tri duy tan vdi budc dot pha la su thay ddi ve sti menh va mue tieu giao due, cd the lay dd Iam bai hgc quan frgng de ddi mdi giao due Viet Nam, gdp phan quan frgng vao su nghiep cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, dua Viet Nam phat trien va hgi nhap thanh cdng frong bdi canh bdi nhap qude te va sy phat tridn rat nhanh cua khoa bgc cdng nghe bien nay. •
'" Vu Duong Nmh, Nguyin Van Hong, Lich su the gi&i can dai, Nha xudt ban Giao due (2000),^U.306.
'^> Xem: Dinh Thanh Hoa, ^hdt Bdn trong moi quan hi v&i Bo Ddo Nha vd Hd Lan du&i thai Tokugawa - Mot vdi ddi sdnh. Tap chi Khoa hpc va cong oghp, Trucmg Dai hoc Khoa lipc Hud, tap 2, s6 2, 20J 4, tr.69 '5> Xem Nguyin Tidn Luc (2016), Ve cdch thuc tiep nhdn vdn mmh bin ngodi cua Nhat Bdn (Bai dang tren website Nghhiencuulichsu.com; Link tham khao:https-//nghiencuuIichsu.com/2016/05/27/ve- cach-thuc-tiep-nhan-van-mmh-ben-ngoai-cua-nhat- ban/ (tmy cap ngay 16.1.2019)
'•" Nguyen Tidn Luc, Minh Tri duy ldn vd Viet Nam.
Nhd xudt bdn Gido due, TP. H6 Chi Minh, 2010, h:.31
<*' Xem. Biii Hiing (2016), Giao due Nhat Ban, Co duac day them vd hpc them? Link tham khao: https://vov.
vn/xa-hoi/giao-duc/giao-duc-nhat-ban-co-duoc-day- them-va-hoc-them-550759.vov (tmy cap 16.1.2019) '*' Xem: Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyen hpc hay nhieng bdi hgc ve tinh thdn dpc lap tu cu&ng ctia ngirai Nhdi Bdn, Pham HOu Lai dich, Nha xudt ban Tri thurc, (2008) fr.26-27
"> Xem: Fukuzawa Yukichi, Khuyin hoc hay nhirng bdi hgc ve tinh thdn doc l^p tie cir&ng cda ngu&i Nhgt Ban, Pham Hiiu Lcri dich, Nha xuat ban Tn thiic.
(2008) tr26-27
'^' Xem, Ngo Thi Bich Lan, Phuang thirc tiip nhdn vdn minh phuang Tdy trong duy tdn Minh Tri Nhdt Bdn vd nhirng gidi phdp nhdm thay doi tinh trang vdn hoa - gido di^c a Viet Nam hien nay, T^p chi Khoa Hoc dai hgc Cdn Tho, 2016, s6 44, tr.23-29
*'' Theo: Nguyen Tien Luc, Minh Tn duy tan va Vi?t Nam, NXB Giao due, TP. H6 Chi iVli'nh, 2010 '"*' Xem: Dao Trinh Nhdt, Nhdt Bdn duy tdn 30 nam.
Sdi gon, 1936, fr. 79 (ban ebook)
' " ' Xem: Dao Trinh Nhdt, '^hdt Bdn duy tdn 30 ndm.
Sdi gon, 1936, tr 80 (ban ebook)
"^' Xem: Dao Tnnh Nhat, Nhdt Bdn duy tdn 30 ndm, Sdi gon, 1936, tr. 82 (ban ebook)
"^* Xem- Dao Trinh Nhdt, Nhdt Bdn duy tdn 30 nam, Saigon, 1936, tr. 82 (ban ebook)
*'*> Theo: Nguyin Tiln Luc, Minh Tri duy tdn vd Vi^t Nam, NXB Giao due, (2010) TP H6 Chi Minh ' " ' Ha MirJi H6ng, \e khong gian lich su cuoc canh tdn ddu thi kiXX, Bai dang trong Ki ydu hpi thao khoa hpc Dai hoc Khoa hpc xa hpi va nhan van Thanh phd H d C h i M i n h , (20I8)tt-.211
"*> Pham Hong Tung, Tim hieu them ve triit ligido due cita tru&ng Dong kinh nghta thuc. Tap chi Nghign c6u ljch sir, s6 29, (2007) fr. 27
<"> Dang cpng san Viet Nam, Vdn hen dai hgi dai biiu todn quoc lan thit XII, NXB. Van phong tmng uong Dang, Ha Npi. (2016) tr. 114 - 115
Khoa hpc chinh tn - So 9+10/2019
