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TAP CHI PHAT TRIEN NHAN LL/C, S6 2(12)-2009DU LICH CONG DONG VA PHAT TRIEN
BAO THI MINH H(/dNG< >
1. Ly thuyet phat trien du lich va cac vSfn de
Du lich trd thanh chu de dffdc Nhan hpc quan tam tff cud'i thap ky 1970 khi cac td ehffc chinh phu bat dau coi hoat ddng du lich nhff cdng cu cua phat trien. Dac tinh cua nganh nay dffdc nha nffdc quan lam nhff mdt trong cac giai phap giai quyet that nghiep, dac biet la dd'i vdi cac ddi tffdng van hoa thap va khdng cd ky nang ky thuat va phat trien tai cac vffng bien. " Phat trien du ljch la phffdng lien quan trpng nha nffdc sff dung de hinh thanh va thdc day ban sac qud'c gia, khuyen khich iff hao qud'c gia va truyen dan tinh yeu daft nffdc cho cac cdng dan cua minh"'".
Tang trffdng trong du hch nhff hien
tffdng van hoa xa hdi va kinh te keo theo sff gia tang cac nghien cilu ve du lich. Mdt it trong sd dd la nhffng nghien cffu ve quan ly va ke hoach du hch. Cac quan tam khac la ve vai trd eua nd trong phat trien khu vffc, ve kha nang tim ra cac giai phap cho hang loat cac van de ma du hch gay ra. Nhffng ddng gdp khac eua cac nghien cffu phat trien du hch da chi ra vai trd quan trpng cua giao due du ljch, cung cap thdng tin thdng qua cac mieu ta ngin ve cac tap tuc van hoa va
Khach nude ngoai du lich tai SaPa.
(*) TS., Vien Nghien cdu Con ngudi, Vien Khoa hpc xa hoi Viet Nam
(1) Adams Kathleen M., 1997, "Touting touristic
"Phomadonas": Tourist, Ethnicity, and International Intergration in Sulawwesi, Indonesia", in Michel Pocard and Robert E. Wood (eds), Touhst Ethnicity and the State in Asia Pacific Societies, Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press. Pp155-180,.
cac hinh thai xa hdi cua nffdc chu nha va nhffng tff lieu hffdng dan, tap huan cho nhffng ngffdi lam trong nganh cdng nghiep khdng khdi nay.
Day la nhiem vu khdng ddn gian dd'i vdi cac nha nghien cilu vi hp phai tim hieu va khdi phuc lai tinh xac thffc cua cac yen to van boa trong du ljch.
Du ljch la tim kiem, tham hiem , thu nap tri thffc, nghl ngdi.. d nhffng ndi khac ndi d thffdng xuyen cua minh. Tren the gidi, nhfeu nha nghien cffu da phan tich va khai quat mdt sd loai hinh du hch dac trffng:
- Du lich ddn tdc, la hinh thffc du hch hen quan den ban sic van hoa va cac phong tiic tap quan cua ngffdi dan ban dja . 6 the loai du hch nay khach thffdng hffdng quan tam tdi " thffc hanh van hoa va xac djnh tinh dan tdc dich thffc ".Vi du lieu bieu cho the loai du ljch dan tdc kieu nay d Malaysia la tua nha dai cua nhffng ngffdi"
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san dau ngffdi " Iban tai Sarawak. Hay nhff nghi le chdn cat di kem vdi viee giet sue vat d quy md Idn de te than. Nghien cffu du hch tai cac bd lac d mien Bac Thai Lan cua Cohen Erik la vi du khac ve the loai du ljch xay dffng tren " ...tffdng tffdng ve each sdng cua cac bd lac, hoan loan ddi lap vdi van minh thanh thj phffdng lay hien dai".
- Du lich vdn hod, la loai du ljch thffdng tap trung vao mau s i c dja phffdng nhff: hinh anh, trang phuc, kien tnic, dieu nhay, le hdi, am nhac...
The loai nay cd hen quan den du hch dan tdc, nhffng thffdng la hffdng tdi cac dan tpc da sd. Du hch dan tdc cd the thay ddi tffng bffdc thanh du hch van hda khi ma cac vung xa xdi va cac bd lac md cffa nhfeu hdn cho cac ma du lich thffdng mai cd id ehffc. Tai Malaysia, van boa cua ba nhdm dan tdc Idn nhff Malaysia, Trung qudc va An Dp dffdc tim hieu sau sic hdn van hoa cua cac nhdm dan tdc khac. Wood Robert nhan xet ring, hinh thffc du lich chu yeu d eae nffdc Ddng Nam A la du hch van hda, ham y rang ddng cd cua nhffng ngffdi du ljch chu yeu la trai nghiem van hoa dja phffdng.
- Du lich lich sd, la loai du ljch thffdng danh cho nhffng ngffdi vdi ddng cd bpc tap, nghien cffu, hp thffdng den cac ndi luff giff lich sff nhff bio tang, di tich ky mem, di tich khao cd hpc, nhffng dja diem thffdng la d cac khu vffc thanh thj. Nhffng ngffdi du lich loai nay mud'n nhin thay vat the hdn la con ngffdi, nghe va tffdng tffdng ve qua khff. Malaysia ehu trpng vao Melaka va mdt sd mat cua Kuala Lumbua va Kuclffng ndi ve nhffng yeu id nhff lai nguyen du ljch.
- Du lich mdi trUdng, la the loai du lich thffdng le thudc vao du ljch dan tdc, cung vdi nliffng "
ngay nghi xanh" va ngay cang trd nen phd bien.
Malaysia phat trien sffc hap dan cua thien nhien trong nhffng nam trffdc day- nliff cdng vien qud'c gia hay rffng nlffet ddi cua Tainan Negara, hay nhff Indonesia phan ranh gidi va phat trien cac cdng vien cua hp.
- Du lich tdi sdng tao, la loai du lich thffdng gin vdi bai bien, mat trdi, mua sim. 0 Malaysia cac nha nghi lai bai bien nhff Langkawi va Penang cung dffdc quang cao nhieu nhff san gdn tai cac nha nghi tren doi vdi quan lain dac biet den giai tri va tai sang tao. Tai Singapore, Hongkong viee di mua sim va an udng dffdc khuyen khich...
Phan loai du lich nhff tren la dac biet hilu ich
trong viee phan loai muc dich, ddng cd, mdi quan tam ca nhan, xuat xff xa hdi cua khach du hch, tff dd cung cap cho cac hffdng dan vien du lich cdng cu xac djnh md thffc hanh vi than thien va Iffdng tac hieu qua vdi khach du hch.
Tat nhien, cac loai du ljch neu tren deu cd the phat trien d tat ca cac nffdc va mdi loai dffdc khuyen khich tai tffng nffdc cii the. Du vay, trong thi trffdng canh tranh ngay cang tang, can cd diem nhan trong thanh phln dac biet cua du lich nham muc dich phat trien nhffng dac thu cd ldi tren thi trffdng, hoac la phu thudc vao xu hffdng, diem nhan cd the dffdc thay ddi theo thdi gian. Cung can phai ghi nhd ring du hch khdng phai la hien tffdng cd tinh ddng nha't, mdt so nhffng cdng ddng va dja phffdng xac djnh thffdng dffdc nhffng ngffdi du lich chpn Iffa nhieu hdn nhffng ndi khac.
Trong sudt 20 nam qua, fdn tai cudc tranli cai gay git trong gidi nghien cilu ve viee phat trien du ljch cd xdi mdn, lam hff bdng, ddi bai, pha buy ban sac va van hoa ban dia hay khdng? "Cd phai du lich la clu ndi chinh cho viee trao ddi van hoa hay khdng"? Phai thay rang, nhffng tac ddng ve van hoa xa hdi cua cdng nghe du lich khd danh gia hdn nhieu so vdi cac tac ddng cua kinh te. Cd mpt nghich ly la trong khi du ljch phat trien tlffnh viTdng nhd vao sffc hut dac sic chffa bj huy hoai cua nd thi chinh sff phat trien nganh cdng nghiep du ljch hffdng den buy hoai nhffng hap dan dd. Vi du, cd thdi gian nhffng ngdi nha san bing gd d Ban Lac, Mai Chau - mpt dja clu du lich dan tdc cua Viet Nam da bj bien mat va dan dffdc thay bing nhffng ngdi nha hien dai. Chinh dieu nay da lam mat di ve dac thu cua phong canh du hch, ban sic van hoa.
Mdt sd nha nghien cffu cho rang, anh hffdng cua van hoa bien dai phffdng Tay den cac nen van boa Iruyen Ihd'ng la thdng qua vice md rdng du lich qud'c te. Bang each dd ngffdi dan ban dja tiep nhan gia tri hien dai.
Vay each tiep nhan hien dai dffdc danh gia la anh hffdng tich cffc hay lieu cffc cua du hch den van boa. Day cung la luan diem nhieu nha nhan hpc da va dang tranh cai. Neu nhin sau bdn cd the thay dffdi sff tan cdng cua van hoa hien dai phffdng Tay, van hoa dja phffdng dffdng iiliff mem deo da dang, tich cffc , dffdc Iffa chpn va cd kha nang thich nghi, va nhieu hdn the nffa la cd kha nang tang them sffc sdng trong sff tffdng tac vdi van hda ben ngoai. Dd chinh la mat manh
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DAO TH! MINH HUONG - DU L!CH C O N G D 6 N Gcua du hch dd'i vdi phat trien van hoa. Mat khac, mdt Iffdng tien dang ke thu dffdc tff ngffdi du lich dffdc sff dung de duy tri eae hoat ddng van hoa truyen thdng luff giff, tai tao va dau tff vao phat trien, td ehffc cac sff kien van hoa. Du hch cung cap cd hdi Idn cho viee bieu Id ky nang van hoa. Cac nghe si the hien idem kieu hanh va ban sac trong cac le hdi.
Mdt vi du khac ve phat trien du hch tai Toraja vdi nhffng quyet djnh eua chinh phu trong viee d i u tff cd sd vat chat, tniyen thdng cho vung nay nham khai thac cac net van hoa truyen thd'ng nhff cac le hdi va dac biet la nghi le tang nham thu hfft khach du hch Sff dau tff phat trien nay da lam tang mdt each dang ke Iffdng khach du hch.
Trffdc khi cd tac ddng cua du lich, van hoa cua vffng nay dffdng nhff bj bien mat dffdi ap Iffc cua dao thien chua, giao due hien dai va cac gia trj cua Indonesia. Hinh thffc du ljch cua vung nay da chuyen tff du ljch dan tdc sang du ljch van hoa.
Cach nhin nhan ve du hch nhff la cd ldi (nhff nghien eilu cua McKean Philip Prick) hay nhff cd ca mat tich cffc va tieu cffc (nhff trong nghien cffu cua David Crystal) hay cd tinh buy hoai (nhff cua MacCanell Dean) da cho chffng ta each danh gia toan dien ve anh hffdng cua di hch den phat trien.
Chung tdi cho ring, tien trinh hdi nhap van hoa va thffdng mai thdng qua du hch khdng lam mat di y thffc ve ban sic dia phffdng, khdng lam mai mdt ban sac va khdng lam thay ddi ban sac;
ngffdc lai, tien trinh nay la mdt yeu td quan trpng de tiep tuc tao dffng ban sac dja phffdng nhff thanh phd Hdi An, cd dd Hue cua Viet Nam la mdt minh chffng. Sff ra ddi cua ban sac dja phffdng gin hen vdi chudi cac tien trinh van boa, chinh trj chff nd khdng bj tach biet bdi nhffng qua trinh nay. O chau A, du hch da va dang nhanh chdng trd thanh bing chffng thuyet phuc cho chudi tien trinh nay, tao ra nhffng dfeu kien mdi de ngffdi ban dja cd the bieu dat ban sic va y thffc lang tdc. Ngay d nhffng vung bien gidi du lich chau A, ngffdi dan ban dja da nhanh chdng n i m bit dffdc ky vpng cua du khach de tiep tuc xay dffng ban sic dja phffdng.
Cdc kich bdn vi mdi quan he gida du lich vd phdt trien: Tff quan diem nhan hpc, cd the dffa ra it nha't ba kjch ban thay ddi mdi trffdng van hda-xa hdi cua con ngffdi trong tffdng tac vdi
hoat ddng phat trien du lich.
Kich bdn xdu nha't, la sff can kiet tai nguyen van hda, tinh thin. Tff chd chi la dd'i tffdng de khach tham quan chiem ngffdng, ngffdi dan dja phffdng cd the bj eae nguon ldi ve tfen bac kich thich "chuyen mdn hda" ddn vdo viee thda mdn nhiing thu tiiu khien dung tuc, tdm thudng, tham ehi dpc hai eho mpt sd ddi tuang du khdch nhat dinh. Ruau che, cd bac, mai ddm, ma tuy, tinh due tre em, ... kem theo bao lffe, mafia va eae loai tat benh la nhffng bieu hien phd bien eUa kjch ban nay. Ngffdi dan dja phffdng cd the tang thu nhap, nhffng cai gia phai tra la su huy hoai ve vdn eon ngUdi vd vd'n xd hdi. Hdn nffa, cung vdi he thd'ng gia trj bj dao Idn, ma toan bd moi trffdng quan he hen nhan each vd'n dffa ffen nen tang van hda lau ddi cung bien dang, d§n den bffng nd mau thuan va chia re cdng dong sau sic. Ngay cang nhfeu ngffdi Thai tff hdi hp thiTc sff dffdc gl sau mdt thdi gian dai de du lich "cong nghiep tinh due" vd cdc "sex-tours" thao tung nhff vay. Canh ffanh khdc het tren thi trffdng du lich cung cd the la yeu to kich ddng xu hffdng khai thac cac tai nguyen du lich theo kieu vd vet d at, tham lam vd dp, nhanh chdng lam suy kiet tiem nang. Theo kjch ban nay, du lich di ngffdc lai nhu c l u bao fdn cac gia trj van hda truyen thd'ng, la ngudn gay d nhiem va phan ra van hda nang ne.
Kich bdn thd hai cho tha'y boat dpng du hch chffa den mffc lam can kiet hay buy hoai moi trffdng van hda, nhung gay tdc ddng bdo mdn bdn sdc tdc ngudi hay epng dong do ehi tap trung khai thdc mdt sd it sdn vat dia phUctng de dap dng nhu cdu phien dien, han hep. Dieu nay thffdng dan den viee san xua't rap khudn, sao chep mdt each thd sd, vung ve, nhffng vdi sd Iffdng Idn nhffng san pham hien cd nhu clu. Hoat ddng du hch g i n nhff khdng cd tac dung gl ddi vdi viee bao fdn va tdn tao cac gia tri van hoa truyen tiid'ng cd't ldi cua dia phffdng, ma chi "dao qua" mdt cdeh hdi hat be ngoai. Viee thffdng mai hda long men khach nay eho tha'y da cd nhffng thay ddi quan trpng trong mdi quan he xa hdi giffa nhffng ngffdi du hch va dan dia phffdng theo hffdng tieu cffc.
Kich bdn thd ba, the hien quan he thuc day lan nhau giffa boat ddng du hch va van hda ban dja. C l n tha'y rang, vdi til each nhff memory hay bd nhd xa hdi, van hda la mdt ed che dac biet
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Iffa chpn tff nhffng gia trj va chuan mffc da cd ffong qua khff va hien tai nhffng gi cd the dffng tiep ffong tffdng lai cho hanh vi cila cac ca nhan trong mdt td ehffc xa hdi. Vi the van hda khdng bat bien ma ludn thay ddi, chi cd dfeu vdi tdc dp cham hdn rat nhieu so vdi cac bien ddi kinh te- xa hdi. O day sff tien bd thdng qua viee khuech trffdng du hch dien ra cung chieu vdi nhffng gia tri truyen thd'ng, khdng nhffng giup ngffdi dan hieu dffdc nhffng gia trj truyen thd'ng cua hp, ma edn tao ddng lffe va dieu kien cho hp giff gin, cdng cd va phat trien ban sic van hda cua minh.
Cac ldi ich kinh te mang lai cho ngffdi dan dja phffdng du sffc kich thich hp di sau tim tdi, thu thap, tai tao lai cac truyen thd'ng cu, ddng thdi sang tao ra cac gia tri van hda mdi chffa dffng ban sac dia phffdng. Sdn xudt vd kinh doanh hdng thu cdng my nghe la iTnh vice dem lai nhiiu lai nhuan nhat, khdng chi ban tai chd ma nhieu mat hang cdn tim dffdc thj trffdng ngoai nffdc. Ching han, kim ngach xua't khau hang thu cdng my nghe cua Viet Nam da dat tren 450 trieu ddla ffong nam 2004. Cac nffdc phat trien la thi trffdng tieu thu chu yeu ludn ddi hdi phai cd san pham kieu dang mdi nhffng chffa dffng ban sic Viet Nam. Day vffa la thach thffc, vffa la cd hdi cho viee tim tdi, tai tao, kham pha, sang tao cac gia trj van hda truyen thdng. Ngoai cac gia trj kinh te cho ngffdi san xua't va gia trj sff dung cho ngffdi tieu ddng thi nd cdn la phffdng tien truyen tai ban sac dan tdc, khuech trffdng van hda Viet Nam ra the gidi ddng thdi tiep thu yeu td hien dai (Vi du lang gdm Bat Trang da san xua't cac san pham bing da^t nung theo bi quyet truyin thdng nhUng mang kieu ddng Chdu Au). Viee xua't khau cac mat hang thu cdng my nghe nay la bffdc tiep theo cua viee cac hang thu cdng my nghe dffdc gidi thieu cho khach du lich dffdi dang cac mat hang luff niem dia phffdng. Day chinh la kjch ban dffdc Td ehffc du lich the gidi tiien khai trong chien Iffdc phat trien du hch ben vilng, trong dd nhan manh van de tham gia cua epng ddng nham ddng thdi thffc hien muc lieu xda ddi giam ngheo. Chi trong trffdng hdp nay du ljch mdi cd kha nang phat trien ben vffng.
Cd raft nhfeu tham so anh hffdng den viee mdt djch vu du lich cu the se tien trien chu yeu theo kjch ban nao. De tao lap mdt thj trffdng du ljch hffdng vao kich ban phat tiien ben vilng can phdi hdp nd lffe eda 4 ddi tac: cd quan quan ly nha
nffdc ma d day la Tong cue Du hch, cac td ehffc kinh doanh, cac cdng dong cff dan dja phffdng va cac nha tff van. Cho den nay dffdng nhff chffa dat dffdc nhan thffc nay, ma xu hffdng chung van tap trung vao cac dff an ddn le, thu ldi trffdc mit, khai thac cac tiem nang rieng biet.
2. Du Hch cong ddng va phat trien
Chung tdi quan niem du hch cdng dong la ki't hap gida du lich ddn tdc vd du lich vdn hda. Bat cff vung du lich tiem nang nao, de trd thanh mdt diem hap dan, phai dffa ra ke hoach ve hinh tffdng hap dan dac thu. Cac bd tdc vung sau, vung xa chffa dffdc tham gia trffc tiep trong ke hoach phat trien du lich; Vi the, hinh tffdng ve hp dffdc phat trien va dffdc lap ke hoach dffa tren gidi ham chudng du hch, do cdng nghe du Ijch.
Tam quan trpng hang dau dd'i vdi hinh tildng nay la van hoa truyen thd'ng cua bp tdc, tffdng phan sau sac dd'i vdi ffen van minh thanh thj.
Ngffdi ta cho ring cac dan tdc nffen nui la hien than cua tinh dac thu do. Nen van minh hien dai chffa den vdi hp, hp d ndi xa xdi va khdng bj tan pha trong khi dd mdt vai ngdi lang cua bp la diem hut du hch, vi dd la ndi bau nhff chffa dffdc biet tdi hay mdi dffdc phat hien. Do dd, di du hch den cac vung nui, tim hieu cudc sd'ng ngffdi dan mien ndi la mdt phat hien van hoa, ddi vdi nhffng du khach tim kiem sff da dang, cung nhff yeu thich phieu luff mao hiem. Khach du lich mudn khing djnh vdi ban than nunh rang cd mdt ld'i sd'ng khde manh nhff the van dang fdn tai.
Ngoai viee quan tam den tinh chan thffc va nguyen ban thi sff ky la, khac biet cua mdt vai bd tdc se la sff bap dan chinh mang lai sff thich thu cho ngffdi du ljch . Nhff chung ta da tha'y, viee xac dinh ddng cd du hch cd gia tri rat Idn ddi vdi cac loai hinh du ljch khac nhau ma cac cdng ty du hch td chffe.
Kinh nghiem td chffe du hch cua mdt so nffdc trong khu vffc,cung nhff d Viet Nam eho tha'y, cdc chuyin tham quan lang, bd tdc ehu yeu do cdng ty Idn cua bin ngoai hode tai dia phucfng quan ly. Cac cdng ty dja phffdng ddi khi boat ddng nhff cac dai ly cua cac cdng ty du ljch d thu dd hoac cac cdng ty du lich qudc te. Ngffdi dan lang khdng phai la ngffdi khdi xffdng td ehffc du hch mfen nui, chinh vl vay bp it cd hoac hau nhff khdng cd tieng ndi trong td ehffc. Td chffe du ljch lang dan cff mien nui ve cd ban chffa
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DAO THI MINH H U O N G - DU LICH CONG e6NG.dffdc quan ly mdt each khoa hpc nham thdc day sff phat trien kinh te, ma mdi chi chd trpng den yeu td ldi nhuan cho cac td ehffc lam du hch.
Mac du vai trd ngffdi dan ban dia trong cac boat ddng du ljch cdng ddng cdn thu ddng va mang tinh tff phat, nhffng do cd sff thay ddi trong mdi quan he cua ngffdi dan vdi nhffng khach du lich. Cd raft nhieu thai dp khac nhau dffdc bpc Id phu thudc vao tan suaft cua cac chuyen vieng tham: bit dau la sff la lam, hieu ky til chdi mpi djch vu dffdc tra cdng. Thai dp nay thay ddi klff ngffdi dan ban xff nhan thay hp cd the nhan dffdc ngudn ldi tff cac khach du lich bing cac each khac nhau nhff ban hang luff niem, cliup anh cung, tham chi an xin. Cd mdt van de ma chdng ta nhan tha^y dd la sff tang len khdng ngffng cua cac khach du hch den tham vieng da thffdng mai hoa long men khach, chinh khia canh thffdng mai hoa nay da lam anh hffdng tieu cffc den khia canh xa hdi cua mdi quan he nay. Sff tra cdng b i n g tien la dpng cd chu yeu cua long men khach. Viee td chffe du ljch cd the phuc vu nhffng muc dich khac nhau, nhffng ddi vdi cac chu nha day la ngudn thu nhap dang ke, dd la ngudn tfen mat dffdc thu lai trffc tiep tff cac cdng viee djch vu khdng can ddi hdi dau tff lau dai nhff trong cac nganh san xuat. Vdi fan sua't vieng tham cua khach du ljch tang len, viee td chffe du ljch trong bd tdc trd thanh hien tffdng binh thffdng, cac ngdi lang bat dau danh hau bet thdi gian cho cac boat ddng kinh te hen quan den du hch, dac biet la viee ban cac hang thu cdng my nghe, td chffe djch vu ddn tiep, dan dffdng... Khi dd td ehffc du ljch trd thanh mpt nhanh quan trpng cua kinh te dja phffdng
Trong trffdng hdp khach du lich qua dem tai lang, da xua't hien sff gin gui than mat giffa ngffdi dan va khach. Dan lang da cung cap nhieu djch vu khac nhau cho khach. Mac du vay, giffa hp cd rat It cac quan he trffc tiep ma thffdng la giao tiep thdng qua ngffdi dan dffdng hoac mdt vai ngffdi dja phffdng cd biet mdt It ngoai ngff cua du khach. Trong trffdng hdp cd ngffdi dan dffdng, khach du hch tin tffdng hoan loan vao hp de cd cac hffdng dan va dffdng nhff cd rat it ddng cd de khach va chu nha tffdng tac trffc tiep. Khach du ljch khdng cd ngffdi dan dffdng dffdng nhff tffdng tac trffc tiep manh me hdn vdi ngffdi ban xff. Trong nhffng trffdng hdp khan ca^p hp dung ky hieu de giao tiep. Cd y kien cho rang dffdi
dieu kien thff hai nay khach du hch dffdng nhff hieu rd hdn ve van hoa ban dja.
Khi khach du hch va ngffdi ban xff it tffdng lac trffc tiep vdi nhau do bat dong ngdn ngff, ngay ca khi hp cd khoang thdi gian g i n gui tiian mat, cho tha^y fam quan trpng dac biet cua ngffdi dan dffdng. Hp dffdc xem la ngffdi trung gian khdng chi giffa khach du hch va chu nha, ma cdn giffa the gidi ben ngoai va ngffdi bd tdc. Thdng tiiffdng cac khach du hch thffdng dffdc cung ea^p mdt sd tai lieu hffdng dan ve dja ly cung nhff cac net van hoa dac trffng cua ndi minh den, nhffng khdng phai la tat ca va ngffdi dan dffdng chinh la ngffdi chi ra cac dfeu kieng kj ma khach du ljch khdng nen pham phai, nhffng dfeu dac sac khach nen quan tam. Anh ta cung chinh la ngffdi dffng ra giai quyet cac xung dot giffa khach du hch va ngffdi ban xff. Ndi nhff vay, de tha'y dffdc vai trd cua ngffdi dan dffdng trong loai hinh du ljch nay va mffc dp quan trpng cua viee ngffdi dan dffdng phai cd hieu biet ve van hda, con ngffdi cua vung dat ma minh se gidi thieu.
Dan lang cd the tim tha'y ngudn ldi kinh te tff mdt so' loai hinh chinh eua cac boat ddng hen quan den du ljch nhff: san xuat va ban hang thii cdng my nghe, md quan ban hang, ngffdi dan dffdng, cung cap Iffdng thffc, td chffe ndi d trp, bieu dien van nghe, cac loai hinh du hch khac nhau.
Sdn xudt vd bdn dd thu cdng. Trong cac loai hinh nay hang thu cdng my nghe la mang lai ldi ich kinh te nhfeu nha't, nhffng chi cd mdt so it ndi cd the khai thac dffdc diem manh cua minh. Co nhffng mat hang dffdc san xua't va kinh doanh tai chd cho khach du hch, nhffng cung cd nhffng mat hang san xua't va dffdc ban d cac ndi khac, ban hang thu cdng trd thanh mdt cdng viee kinh doanh that sff.
Neu so sanh vdi cac nguon thu nhap truyen thdng khac cua hd gia dinh, thi mffc thu til ban hang rong cua ngffdi ban dja thffdng cao hdn trong khi cdng viee lai it nang nhpc, vat va hdn.
Viee ban hang rong thffdng la d eae thj tran, phln Idn tre em ban hang rong bd hpc va lang thang tren phd, ve lau dai dieu nay anh hffdng den phat trien cua chffng tren ca hai phffdng dien sffc khoe va hpc van. Thu nhap cua nhffng ngffdi ban hang rong ban dia thffdng la rat nlid be so vdi nhffng chu cffa hang la ngffdi tff ndi khac den day md cffa hang de kffih doanh, do hp co
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ffu the ve da dang chung loai hang, kha nang giao tiep va each sip dat de lam tang gia trj mdn hang.
Dich vu ddn dudng eho khdch du lich. Trong sd khach du hch d cac lang bd tdc rat nhfeu ngffdi cd nhu clu tham hiem rffng nlffet ddi. Vi du, khi den Sapa, Viet Nam, mdt so khach du lich, phln Idn la ngffdi nffdc ngoai cd nhu clu leo ndi, chinh phuc dinh Phanxipang. Ngffdi dan tdc thieu sd' nim chic dja ban, cd kinh nghiem leo ndi day dan da dap ffng nhu clu djch vu cho loai binh du hch nay eua khach. Ngoai viee dan dffdng cho khach tham hiem cac dinh nui, ngffdi dan tdc thieu sd cdn td chffe djch vu dffa khach di tham quan. Sff tham gia vao djch vu du ljch nay cua ngffdi dan tdc thieu so hien cdn rat ban che, chi gdm mdt sd' Iffdng rat it di thanh nien hay tre em, ehu yeu tff cac xa thffdng xuyen cd khach den tham. Tuy qui md khdng dang ke, song viee nay cung tao ra khoan thu nhap nha't djnh cho ngffdi ban dia.
Ky nang va kinh nghiem cua nhffng ngffdi dan dffdng trong cac ma du hch tham hiem rffng nhiet ddi cung la mdt van de. Thffdng nhffng ngffdi nay la nhffng ngffdi ban xff va hp thffdng khdng dffdc tham gia cac khoa dao tao ve cac ky nang can thiet cho nhffng loai cdng viee nay.
Hp thffdng dffdc tuyen dung theo vu viee va dffdc tra tien dffa theo kinh nghiem cua ban than.
Thffc te cho tha'y ky nang xff ly tinh hud'ng cua nhffng ngffdi dan dffdng nay la rat quan ffpng va quyet djnh phln Idn cho viee thanh cdng cua mpi chuyen du ljch va tao ra sff thoai mai cho nhffng ngffdi cung tham gia. Hp khdng chi can cd kien thffc ve dja ly ma hp can phai cd kien thffc ve van boa eua nhffng vung ma hp se dan du khach den. Ddi khi hp dam nhiem vai trd cua nhffng hffdng dan vien du ljch. Td chffe du ljch Thai Lan md "khoa hpc hffdng d i n du ljch chuyen nghiep" de cung cap cho cac ngffdi dan dffdng khdng dffdc dao tao nhffng kien thffc chuyen nghanh, dffa ra chut it sff dung trffc tiep ddi vdi nhffng hffdng dan di rffng.
Bdn hdng tai nhd. Ngffdi dan cd the thu ldi tff du ljch bing viee md quan ban hang phuc vu khach lai cac thdn ban tren cac tuyen du ljch.
Trong nhdm cff dan ban dja, boat ddng nay mdi phat trien, xua't phat tff nhu clu cua khach ddi vdi mdt so san pham tieu dung. Sd' Iffdng hd tham gia vao djch vu nay cdn it, mffc tiiu nhap tff
loai hinh nay khdng cao, vl mffc tieu thu cua khach khdng nhieu do khach thffdng dung cac thff dd minh mang theo.
Dich vu eho nghi trp. Ngffdi dan cd the thu ldi dffdc til du hch khi cd khach ghe tham gia dinh hp va cho qua. Khach nffdc ngoai ndi ring hp cd cho qua hoac lien eho hd gia dinh khi vao tham. Gia trj vat chat cua qua bieu thffdng la nhd nen it cd tac ddng cai thien kinh te hd. Mdt so gia dinh td ehffc chd d trp va phu vu an udng cho khach. Day la khoan thu nhap tffdng ddi td't vao mffa du hch va nhfeu ngffdi tham gia.
Cho khdch ehup anh cung. Ngffdi dan tdc la dd'i tffdng ma da so khach du ljch lang bd tdc mudn tim hieu. Hau bet la mpi khach deu mud'n cd nhffng hien vat ky niem ve ngffdi dan tdc bing each mua cac san pham dan tdc hay ehup anh chung vdi hp. Nim bit dffdc thj hieu cua khach, mdt sd ngffdi da ehu ddng mac trang phuc sac sd den thi tran de phuc vu cho viee ehup anh vdi khach nham thu tfen. Viee yeu can khach tra tfen djch vu ehup anh dang trd nen mdt tfen le dffdc chap nhan trong da so' ngffdi dan tdc thieu so'.
Bieu dien vdn nghe ddn toe. Nhu clu cua khach ve hieu biet van boa cua dan tpc thieu so' cdn gom ea y mudn biet ve loai binh sinh boat van nghe dan tdc. Chd tinh Sapa hay mua sap ban Lac, Mai Chau la nhffng loai hinh nghe thuat dac sic, bieu trffng cho van hoa ban dja ma khach du ljch mud'n dffdc trai nghiem.
Cung cap luang thuc thuc pham. Sd Iffdng khach du ljch tang khdng ngffng da lam tang nhu clu ve Iffdng thffc, thffc pham dd'i vdi dja phffdng. Ngffdi dan ban dja ma trffdc bet la cua vung lan can thj Iran chiu lac dpng va dang cd nhffng da'u hieu chuyen ddi cd cau sang san xua't de cung cap mat hang theo yeu clu du hch, ma trffdc bet la thffc pham cho khach dung tai chd va mang ve lam qua.
Nhan cdng lao ddng dia phuang. Viee phat trien xay dffng nha cffa va cac cd sd ha lang trffdc sff gia tang eua Iffdng khach du lich cung vdi viee tien hanh cac dff an diu tff cho du hch da lam tang nhu clu sff dung nhan cdng d dja phffdng, tao them va md rdng cd hdi viee lam cho ca nhffng ngffdi ban dja. Phan Idn bp la nhffng ngffdi khdng cd ky thuat trong nghe nay nhffng lai cd sffc khoe kha td't va deo dai. Bdi vay, hp thffdng dffdc thue lam cac cdng viee
88
DAO THI MINH HUONG - DU LICH CONG D6NG.ddn gian nang nhpc ma gia tri ngay cdng lao ddng thap.
Tinh trang dang bao ddng hien tffdng ed ten gpi "du hch sex", "mai dam ddng tinh" lai mdt sd vung d Thai Lan va Phihppine, tham chi mdt sd hien tffdng ddn le dd tha'y xua't hien tai Sapa, Viet Nam da cho tha'y do viee gia tang Iffdng khach nffdc ngoai den cac nffdc thudc khu vffc Ddng Nam A va do mdi quan he bat binh ding giffa cac du khach giau cd den tff cac nffdc phat trien va nhffng nhdm ngffdi dan dja phffdng ngheo khd, trinh dp van hoa thap. Mac du vay, nhff David Harrison da nhan xet, mai dam cd hen quan den du ljch, nhffng khdng phai la dac trffng cua du hch. De hieu dffdc tai sao va nhff the nao mai dam xua't hien tai Ddng Nam A can phai xem xet van de dd trong bdi canh van hoa, hch sff va dja phffdng'^'. Ndi each khac, mai dam khdng xuat hien cung vdi sff hien dien cua khach du hch nffdc ngoai. Cac nha chffa dja phffdng, nhffng nang hau, va viee nhffng ngffdi phu nff mdi chao cac djch vu tinh due va eae dich vu khac da fdn tai rat lau trffdc khi du lich xua't hien.
Hien tffdng nay thffc ra da phat trien trong sud't thdi ky thudc dia Chau Au va phat trien manh (dat den dinh diem) trong thdi gian chiem ddng quan sff va dd'i khang, vi du nhff khoang thdi gian chiem ddng cua Nhat trong chie'n tranh Ddng Dffdng va sff cd mat cua quan dpi My trong khu vffc.
Ban than hien tffdng mai dam tff dfeu chlnh nd va sd'ng nhd vao viee tang nhanh Iffdng khach du ljch nffdc ngoai hien nay; va du ljch la mdt yeu td quan trpng trong viee tang nhanh cua te nan mai dam d mdt sd thanh phd nhff BangKok va Mardla. NhiTng can phai than trpng khi phan tich nd nhff mdt thiet che de phan biet giffa cac hinh thffc khac nhau cua djch vu tinh due.
Michael HaU tiich dan nghien cffu cua D. Jones, chi ra r i n g " khach hang cua cac nha chffa tai Baline h a u bet la ngffdi Baline va ngffdi Indonesia". Mai dam cd lien quan den du hch thffdng nim ngoai cac nha chffa va thffdng la d trong hay gin cac bai bien cd khach du lich hay la dffa vao Iffdng gai gpi. Va phln Idn cac cd gai khdng phai la ngffdi Baline. Trong nghien cffu chi tiet ve va^n de mai dam Thai Lan ffong mdt
(2)David Harrison (ed), 1992, "Aphenomenology of Tounst Types", Sociology, 13; 179-2001.
sd vffng cu die tai Bangkok, Erik Cohen da ehi ra rang, p h l n Idn nhffng cd gai mai dam lam viee trong cac nha chffa thffdng phuc vu cac khach dja phffdng. Nhiing gai mai dam lam viee trong cdng nghiep du hch va boat ddng dffa vao cac quay bar hay cac cffa hang ca phe chiem mdt ty le raft nhd trong tdng so nhiing ngffdi phu nff budn ban tinh due.
3. Ket luan va kien nghj
Phat trien du hch dffa vao cdng ddng la de van ddng va huy ddng cdng ddng tham gia cung cap cac djch vu phat trien du ljch. Cac djch vu xuaft phat tff nhu c l u cua khach du ljch. Cdng ddng tham gia Iffa chpn so lffdng, cha^t Iffdng va phong each phuc vu theo kha nang cua cac thanh vien cdng ddng dja phffdng nham khai thac tinh dac sic cua dja phffdng. Cac boat ddng cung cap djch vu ban dau vdi muc dich la giai quyet cdng an viee lam, cd thu nhap nang cao mffc sd'ng. Trong qua trinh tham gia phat trien du lich, cdng ddng nhan thffc dffdc van de tai nguyen thien nhien va gia tri van boa, phong tuc tap quan, hang thil cdng my nghe... cd vai trd thu hdt khach du hch den tham quan da tao ra viee lam, tang thu nhap cho thanh vien cdng ddng va gdp p h l n nang cao nhan thffc
Hoat ddng du ljch cdng ddng cd nhieu tac ddng, ca tich cffc va tieu cffc, tren ca phffdng dien kinh te lan van hoa, xa hdi, tdi sff phat trien cac cdng ddng dan tdc cua dja phffdng. Du hch da tao nen nhffng cd hdi viee lam mdi va tang thu nhap cho ngffdi dan. Du ljch da gdp phan lam tang kha nang nhan tiiffc, md rdng giao Iffli va the gidi quan eua hp, thue day tff duy kinh te mdi. Trong qua trinh phat trien va dffdi tac dpng cua du hch, nhffng ngffdi dan tpc thieu so tiTng bffdc hoa nhap vao sff phat trien chung cua daft nffdc, vao nen kinh te thj trffdng. Van hoa dja phffdng thdng qua du hch dffdng nhff mem deo da dang, tich cffc , dffdc Iffa chpn va cd kha nang thich nghi. Ban sic dffdc khdi gdi, lam mdi va dffdc bieu dat ra the gidi ben ngoai. Du lich ffong nhieu trffdng hdp lam tdn len Idng Iff hao ve ban sic van boa dan tdc. Du ljch da kich thich va lam tang d i u tff vao dja phffdng, cai thien dieu kien sd'ng cua ngffdi dan.
Ben canh nhiing ldi ich rd ret ma du lich dem lai cho ngffdi dan cdn nhffng tac ddng tieu cffc ve van hoa va xa hdi, de doa sff phat tiien ben vffng cua chinh nganh cdng nghiep nay, dd la
DAO THI MINH HUONG - DU LICH CONG D 6 N G .
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trong khi du hch phat trien thjnh viTdng nhd vao sffc hut dac sic chffa bi buy hoai cua nd thi chinh sff phat trien nganh cdng nghiep du lich hffdng den buy hoai nhffng hap dan dd. Cac san pham van boa bi ddng gdi mat dan tinh chan thffc, mang linh trinh dien va dan trd nen nham chan trong mil khach du lich do khdng truyen tai dffdc hinh tffdng van boa dac trffng. Cac truyen thd'ng van hoa va tinh cd ket cdng ddng cd the bi tdn thffdng.
Sff thffdng mai boa cd the trd thanh thach thffc ddi vdi cac quan he cdng ddng. Vai trd cila nhffng ngffdi dan tdc thieu sd trong du lich cd the bj suy giam, ldi ich ma hp nhan dffdc tff du hch ed the giam sdt, nhffng hau qua tieu cffc ve mdi trffdng cQng cd the de nang hdn len vai hp.
Hoat ddng du ljch la ndi cac ldi ich kinh te dffdc khai thac tff cac gia trj thien nhien, van hda. De ed the phat trien mdt each ben vffng, mdt phln cac ldi ich kinh te thu dffdc tff du lich can sff dung vao muc dich tai dau tff, bao fdn, tdn tao va phat trien thien nhien, van hda. Dd'i vdi hinh thffc du lich cdng ddng, ban than cdng dong dan cff cac dja phffdng c l n thffc sff chu ddng tham gia va hffdng ldi tff boat ddng du lich . De tao lap mdt thj trffdng du ljch hffdng vao kich bin phat trien ben vffng can phd'i hdp nd Iffc cua 4 ddi tac: cd quan quan ly nha nffdc (ma 6 day la Tong cue Du Ijch), cac td chffe kinh doanh, cac cdng ddng cff dan dja phffdng va cac nha tff va'n. Cho den nay, dffdng nhff chffa dat dffdc nhan thffc nay, ma xu hffdng chung van tap trung vao cac dff an ddn le, tiiu ldi trffdc mil, khai thac cac tiem nang rieng biet. De thanh cdng, can xac djnh sff hdi nhap thffdng mai, kinh te va xa hdi gin Ifen vdi phat tiien du hch. Can phai cd cac chinh sach cua nha nffdc ve van de
van hda dan tdc It ngffdi va viee bao fdn nd, trong dd ban sic dan tdc chinh thffc dffdc xem nhff nhffng hinh thffc van hda mang tinh chuan mffc va nhffng da'u an bieu trffng rd net. Ben canh nhffng yeu td' ljch sff rieng eua mdi vung dat, nhffng qua trinh do nha nffdc chi dao nay tao them ddng lffe de ngffdi dan ban dja phat huy ban sic dja phffdng dde dao cua hp. Du hch can tao ra nhffng qua trinh ngay cang gin ket dan lang vdi the gidi ben ngoai, cd kha nang lam hp thay ddi hay xa rdi ndi sd'ng; nhffng ddng thdi, du hch cung can giup cho ngffdi dan di tiep trong qua trinh xac lap lai dja phffdng minh ffen nhffng phffdng dien mdi.
Nha nffdc la cd quan dieu hoa mdi quan he tich cffc nay giffa du lich, phat trien va ban sac dja phffdng, cu the la:
- Phat trien khung phap ly rd rang, cho phep phat trien du lich ben vffng;
- Phat trien ngudn nhan lffe ffong boat ddng du hch. Cung cap bleu biet ve dff dja chi va van hda, dao tao ky nang du hch tdi thieu cho cff dan dja phffdng trong viee cung ca^p cac djch vu du ljch, ddng thdi bao fdn va khuech trffdng van hda;
- Phat trien can bing giffa tinh hien dai va truyen thd'ng;
- Chu trinh vdng ddi san pham cho tha'y phai biet each "ddng gdi" cac san pham van hda, truyen tai nhffng gia trj truyen thd'ng mdt each tffih te, ffanh lap di, lap lai qua lau gay cam giac nham chan, mat tiidi gian vd ich d khach du ljch.
Tffng bffdc nang cap san pham du hch tff hoang sd, qua che tac thd sd, den dan dffng cdng phu, tinh te.
