De phat trien kinh te bien /C
Viet Nam
LE DANG TUAN*
Nam tr§n ban dao D6ng Nam A (ban dao D6ng Dtfrfng), Vi6t Nam dtfrfc xem la qu6'c gia bi§'n, vdi trfen 1 tri§u km^ viing dac quyln kinh td'va bd biln dai 3.260 km (ttfrfng dtfrfng vdi 0,04 m bd bi§Wngtfdi). Song, de phat huy Idi thi, phat trien kinh te biSn, dao hi§n dang dat ra nhilu va'n d l ca'p bach can giai quyfe't.
LOI THE LON
Vidt Nam cd tren 1 tridu km^ vijng bidn dac quyen kinh Id', vdi hdn 3.000 hdn dao Idn nhd, tiong dd ed 2.773 dao ven bd va hdn 200 dao xa bd. Dffdng bd bidn (khdng bao gdm ca dffdng ven dao) dai trdn 3.260 km, ty Id giffa dien tich luc dia va chieu ddi bd bien dat 100 km71 km (mffc trung binh cua the gidi 600 km-/l km); ed 114 cffa sdng, 12 dam pha, ed 50 vung, vinh ven bd (tiong dd ed 2 vjnh ldn Id Vinh Bac Bp vd Vinh Thdi Lan).
Viing bien Viet Nam ed tinh da dang sinh hpc cao, ngudn ldi hai sdn tffdng dd'i ldn, vdi khoang 11.000 lodi sinh vdt bien, sd'ng trong hdn 20 kieu he sinh thai dien hinh, thudc 6 vung da dang sinh hpc bidn; Trff Iffdng ngudn ldi hai san trdn vung bien nffdc ta ffdc tinh khoang 5 tridu ta^n, trong do khd ndng khai thdc ben vffng Id 2,5 tridu td'n.
De'n nay, da ed 15 khu kinh te ven bien dffdc thid't Idp, long dien lich 662.000 ha;
cd 104 khu cdng nghidp ven bien, vdi didn tieh tu* nhien 29.000 ha. He thd'ng cdng, ciu cang ngdy cang dffdc dffdc ddu tff, ndng ca'p, md rdng, san Iffdng hdng hda tiidng qua cang ngay cang tang; vdi 49 eang bien, cd 45 km eau cang; 79 cdng cd, 81 ben ca, hdn 702 cd sd ddng va sffa chffa tau thuyen trdn toan qudc.
So' Iffdng ddn vi hdnh ehinh d cdc dia phffdng gidp bien so vdi loan qud'c la rd't ldn. Theo Tong cue Thdng kd, trong so' 63 tinh, thanh phd'trffc thude Trung ffdng ciia ca nffdc, thi da cd 28 dia phffdng trffc tid'p gidp bien, ehid'm 44% toan qude.
Tong dan so' cua 28 tinh, thanh phd ven bidn tinh dd'n quy 1/2013 dai khoang
45,75 tridu ngffdi, trong dd cd 18,2 tridu ngffdi sd'ng d vung trifc tie'p giap bien. Day la Iffc Iffdng lao ddng ddi dao, cd stfc khde, nhidt tinh va ldm huyd't vdi nghe, quyd't ldm bam bidn, bam ngtf irtfdng tid'p bffdc truyen thd'ng cha dng.
NHCfNG CHUYEN BIEN TICH Cl/C
Dd'n nay, sau gan 30 nam ddi mdi, kinh td'bidn ciia Vidt Nam da cd btfdc chuyen bid'n ddng kd. Quy md kinh te' vung ven bien phdt trien theo chieu htfdng tinh ctfc vd da cd stf chuyen dich cd ciu theo hffdng cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda, ddng gdp rd't Idn vao xua'l khau, thu ngoai td cho qud'c gia. Mtfe sd'ng cua ngffdi ddn viing ven bien ngay edng dffdc cdi thidn, kha nang htfdng thu cdc thdnh tffu ve kinh td, van hda, xd hdi dffdc nang cao. Kinh td' ven bien dd chu trpng dd'n phdt tridn bdn vffng, bao vd mdi trtfdng va thich ffng vdi bid'n ddi khi hau, ddc bidt Id ntfdc bidn ddng, htfdng tdi phdt tridn kinh te bien xanh. Ke't ca'u ha tang viing ven bien da dffde cai thidn nhieu rdid cd sff quan tam, chi dao dau tff tffdng ddi ddng bp eua Chinh phu; xdy dffng dffdc hd thdng cdc dffdng dan dd'n cdc eang bidn, sdn bay, khu du Iich, khu kinh td', khu edng nghidp, khu dan cff.
Kinh te' vung ven bien Vidt Nam cd tdc dd tdng trffdng khd. Trong giai doan 2010-2012, kinh te' vung ven bien dat Id'e do lang trffdng binh quan 7,0%/nam, tiong dd nganh ndng nghiep tang 3.5%/ndm, ngdnh cdng nghiep - xdy dffng tang 7,3%/nam va nganh dieh vu tang 8,1%/ndm. Ridng nam 2012, GDP loan vung ven bien dat 792.000 ty ddng (chid'm 17,2% GDP cua toan qud'c), tiong dd, ndng nghidp 132.000 ty ddng, cdng nghiep 283.000 ly ddng va dieh vu 377.000 ty ddng.
Cd ca'u cdc ngdnh kinh te vung ven bidn cung cd sff thay ddi tuy chffa manh vd rd net. Ty trpng GDP ndng nghidp trong tdng GDP tff kinh Id' vung ven bidn gidm tff 17,8% nam 2010 xudng 16,6% nam 2012; ly trpng GDP nganh edng nghidp - xay dffng tang tff 35,6%
nam 2010 ldn 35,8% nam 2012; cdc con sd'Iffdng ffng rrLfdng Dai hoc Kmh te Dai hoc Quoc gifi Ha Mc Emtiil Iedanqtu3r.05i'7'gn".a'l
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NGHIEM CCfa - TRAO DOI
ddi vdi nganh dich vu Id 46,7% vd 47,6% (Tran Hdng Quang, Hd Cdng Hffdng, 2014). ^ _
Tuy nhidn, vide phdt tridn kinh te bien gan vdi bao vd ehu quyen qudc gia trdn bien vdn cdn nhieu vd'n dd:
- Phat tiien kinh td bidn chffa tffdng xffng vdi tidm nang, quy md eac ngdnh kinh te va mffc dp dau tff cdn nhd, phan tan; ddi sd'ng dan cff sinh sd'ng bdng nghe bien cdn ngheo va rd't khd khan. Thieu cd che, ehinh sdch ffu ddi de thu hut cae tiianh phin kinh te ciing tham gia phdt tridn kinh te bidn; ehinh sdch khuyd'n khich, ffu dai cho ngff ddn bam bien chffa dffdc quan tdm dung mffc, mffc do an tdm bdm bidn eua ngff ddn chtfa cao. Cde giai phap ffng phd vdi bid'n ddi khi hdu cdn eham vd thie'u ddng bd, hidu qua thd'p; hidu qua dau ttf va hoat ddng sdn xua't ciia mdt so' tap doan kinh te, tdng edng ty nha nffde tiong phdt tridn kinh te bien cdn tha'p, kha ndng td chtfc bam bien ehffa lidn tuc, pham vi chffa rdng.
- Life Iffdng, phffdng tidn vd trang bi nghe ca chffa thffc stf ddng bp, chtfa du manh; tau thuyen phd bid'n la vd gd, may cu, trang bi lac hau, ndn cung mdi chu yd'u la lap trung khai thdc hai san ven bd.
- Kinh td'dau khi dang bi dp life trong phdt trien gan vdl ben vffng, gidm thai khi nhd kinh va bdo vd chu quyen qud'c gia trdn bidn.
- He thdng cdng bidn eon thid'u tinh kd't nd'i vdi edc linh vtfc kd't ca'u ha lang khde, ldm giam hidu qua kinh td' vd yd'u trong van tai da phffdng thffc vd phdt trien logistics.
- Md hinh phat tridn kinh td' bidn gan vdi qud'e phong, an ninh vd trdt tff trdn bidn dd dffdc quan tdm, nhimg thffc sff cdn yd'u, chffa hdp Iy. Quy md edc nganh kinh td'bidn edn nhd, mffc do diu tff ha tang kinh td'cdn phdn tan, dau tff, trang bi phffdng lien va Ihidl bi cho san xud't tren bien cdn eham, chtfa hidn dai; vide tridn cdc khu kmh te' - qudc phdng trdn cdc vung bien, dao xa bd cdn chdm, ehffa du life.
- Cdng tdc phd'i, kd't hdp giffa cac life Iffdng thffc Ihi phdp luat va cdc Iffc Iffdng lao ddng tien bien ed luc, cd ndi ehffa chat che, kip thdi. Hien vdn ehffa dam phdn de di dd'n ky kd't vdi mdt sd ntfdc ed tranh chd'p tren bidn vdi nffdc ta, chtfa phdn dinh va giai quyd't dtfdc cdc viing chdng Id'n, ldm anh htfdng de'n cde boat ddng san xua'l trdn bien.
- Dau tff xay dffng mpt sd tdp doan, tdng cdng ty nha ntfdc lam ndng cd'i phat trien kinh te bien chffa dat ydu cau; kha ndng lidn ke't, lidn hoan trong sdn xud't, lien thdng thdng tin va lidn tuc bam bidn chffa thffe sff hidu qua.
N H O N G G I A I P H A P C A N THLfC HI^N
Chid'n Iffdc Bien Viet Nam den nam 2020 da ndu rd
"Dd'n nam 2020, pha'n da'u dffa ntfdc la trd thdnh qud'e gia manh ve bien, Iam giau tff bidn, bao dam vffng chac chu quyen^ quyen chii quyen vd quyen tai phdn qudc gia trdn bien, dao, gdp phan quan trpng trong stf nghidp cdng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda, lam eho da't nffdc gidu.
manh". De dat dffdc nhffng muc tidu do, can tdp trung cae giai phap sau:
Thff nhdt, can sap xdp, to chffe lai khdng gian viing bien va vung bd (dat lien), tao the' vffng chac, lien hodn san sdng vtfdn khdi, bam bien dd phdt tridn kinh te' bidn, bao vd viJng ch^c ddc lap, ehu quyen, todn ven lanh thd ciia To qude.
Thff hai, trong thtfc thi Ludt Bidn Vi6t Nam, can sdm ban hanh nhffng quy dinh ve tuyd'n hang hai vd phdn luong giao thdng trong lanh hai Viet Nam; xay dffng phtfdng an phat trien ngdnh kinh idbi^n;
quy hoach va ke' hoaeh sff dung bien;
ddng thdi, ban hdnh nghi dinh ve giao khu vtfc bidn cho cac td chffe, cd nhSn khai thac, sff dung tai nguydn bien va nghi dinb khuyen khich ffu dai dau ttf phat trien kinh td' trdn edc ddo va hoat ddng trdn bidn... nham trien khai xay dffng chie'n Iffdc, quy hoach sff dung bien cd tinh lidn kd't vung, khu vffc.
Thff ba, thie't lap hd thdng ed che, ehinh saeh du manh trong quan ly, khai thae, sff dung tiem Iffc bien radi cdch ben vffng vd bidu qua. Trpng tam la day manh khai thdc ldi the vd tidm ndng ve bien de phdt trien eae nganh kinh te bi^n mui nhon nhff:
- Day manh khai thdc hai san xa bd, khai thae vung bidn cdng trdn cd sd xay dffng dpi tau hidn dai; cai hoan, ddng mdi tdu cd cd cdng sud't ldn du vffdn khdi de ddnh bat xa bd, ddnh bdt d vung dao Hodng Sa vd Trffdng Sa, edc ngff irffdng qud'c td gan khai thae vdl dich vu hau can trdn bien.
- Hidn dai hda cdng tde thdng tin lien lae, ndng cao nang life quan ly boat dpng nghe ca trdn bidn, phdng chd'ng vd canh bdo thien tai, cffu hp, cffti nan, bao dam an todn cho ngtf dan boat ddng trdn bien.
Dau tff cdc dpi tau edng ich phue vu phat tridn khai thdc va nudi trdng trdn cdc dao va vung bien trong ye'u ciia qud'c gia.
- Tdp trung dau tff ddng bd cang ca, bd'n ca, khu neo ddu tau thuydn phong trdnh tru bao va tim kid'm cffu nan._
- Phat tiien cae nha mdy ehd bien hai san bao dam gan vdi viing san xuat nguyen lidu, doanh nghidp chd' bien gan kd't chat che vdi ngtfdi san xua't. Da^
manh khai thdc tiem ndng mat nffdc de phdt trien nudi trdng thuy san ntfde Id va ntfde man; td chtfe dffa ngff dan ra cac dao xa dd nudi trdng hai san, lap trung d eac dao trpng ye'u; giao quyen sfi dung
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bien va eho thud mat da't bdi tridu, mat nffde bien cho cae hd ddn, cd nhdn va cdc td chffc trong nffdc de phat trien nudi trdng hai san.
- Dd'y manh nghien eff^, thdm dd, khai thac va che bien dau md va khi thidn nhidn trdn bien; hdp tdc lidn ke't, dau tff ra nffdc ngodi trong tham dd khai thdc d£u md cung cd'p nguyen lidu cho cac nha may lpc dau, edc khu edng nghidp diu md. Phdt trien nganh dau khi mpt each ddng bp, an todn vd hidu qud; phat trien mang linh tdng hdp, lidn nganh vd da ITnh vtfc di ddi vdi bao vd tdi nguyen vd mdi trtfdng, he sinh thdi bien va ven bidn, gidm thidu tinh trang thd't thodt ngudn tai nguyen khdng tdi tao.
- Hdp tac va day manh khai thae ldi the' "khdng gian bien" dd phdt trien kinh te' hang hai ddng bd vdi phdt trien eac ngdnh vdn tai Hen quan: dffdng bp, dffdng sdng, dffdng sdt, dffdng khdng.
- Tdp trung dau tff cang bidn nffdc sdu, cang trung ehuydn vd cang cffa ngd qud'c Id' d cdc vung kinh td' trpng didm vd vung dieu kidn ttf nhidn thudn ldi, ffu tien vung cffa sdng hinh pheu (Lach Huydn, Cdi Mep - Thi Vdi) vd vung, vinh mien Trung.
- Tdn dung cdc thd'manh ve sinh thdi bien, dao de phat trien ede hinh thffe du lich bien, dao. Da'y manh phat trien loai hinh du Iich sinh thdi, du lieh nghi dffdng, du Iich mao hiem. Thiel lap mang Iffdi lien ke'l giffa cdc cum du lich tiong nffdc vd qud'c td. Dd'i vdi nhffng vung bien ed hd sinh thai ran san hd va tham co bien e^n thanh lap cac khu bao tdn nhdm tdi lao ngudn ldi, tdng ndng sud't khai Ihde va tao sinh kd' dn dinh eho hdn 8 tneu ngffdi ddn cd sinh kd'phu thudc trffc tie'p vao bidn.
Thff tu, tan dung cdc ldi the' dai eat ven bien de dau tff, xdy dffhg, nang ca'p vd md rdng ede dde khu kinh td, khu kinh Id' ven bidn, khu edng nghiep, khu chd' xua't va eum cdng nghidp de phdt tridn kinh td' bien.
Hodn chinh, khai thdc cd hidu qua he thd'ng san bay ven bien, ede eang cd va cae khu dich vu hau can nghe ca ven bien, trdn cae dao. Xdy dffng tuye'n dffdng bd cao tdc ven bien vd dffdng van tai eao td'c Bae - Nam trdn bien. Phdt tridn mang Itfdi giao thdng vdn tdi nd'i cac vijng bidn, dao vdi ven bien va cac vilng npi dja.
Dd'i vdi vung vung vinh, ludn laeh ntfdc sau, cffa sdng se day manh phat trien he thd'ng cang bien, eang ed, khu neo ddu, bd'n cd va khu cdn ctf bd.
Thff ndm, tiu tidn trien khai diu ttf Itfdng xffng cho ngff dan, ngtf nghiep vd ngtf tnfdng tao tdm ly an tam bam bidn, khang dinh chu quyen qude gia trdn bidn:
- Dd'i vdi ngtf trtfdng, phan dinh eu thd cho tffng ngff trffdng danh bdt hai san gan vdi mua vu va Ioai nghe, phtfdng tidn dffde phdp khai thdc cd dieu kidn; thid't ldp he thdng thdng tin va tao cd chd' chia se thdng tin dd'i vdi tffng ngtf trtfdng, gan vdi dtf bdo ngtf trtfdng va dtf bdo thdi tie't. Dau ttf hd thd'ng cdc au tdu, cang ed, bd'n cd, khu neo ddu tidnh tru bao gan vdi tffng ngtf trtfdng, ffU tidn eho ngff trffdng xa bd; diu tff dpi tau cdng ieh, dpi tdu dich vu phue vu phdt trien khai thae vd nudi trdng irdn cdc dao, vung bidn.
- Dd'i vdi ngff nghidp, can thid't lap dffdc he thd'ng edc chfnh sdch phdt tridn dd cac ngff dan an tdm bdm bidn vd cd the sd'ng bang nghe, Idm gidu tff nghd va duy irl nganh nghd truydn thdng tren bien cho cac Ihd' hd mai sau.
- Dd'i vdi ngtf ddn, ra soat, didu chinh, bd sung ede chinh sdch, hd tid ngff ddn an lam bdm bien, bdm ngff trffdng iruyen Ihdng Hoang Sa, Trffdng Sa va ngff trtfdng bien qud'c te; khac phuc rui ro thidn tai cho boat dpng san xua't trdn bidn, tfu tidn linh vffc khai thdc va nudi trdng hai san tren vung bidn xa bd; hd tid trong ddo tao, ndng cao tnnh dp ky thuat khai thae, bao quan, dff bdo ngtf trtfdng vd kid'n thffe tiong phdng tidnh tai nan, stf cd', xung dot tren bien; trang bi eho ngtf ddn cac kid'n thffc ve Ludt Bien qud'c td', Luat Bien Viet Nam va ludt eua mdt sd nffdc cd dtfdng bidn gidi bien vdi Viet Nam. Q
TAI LI5:U THAM KHAO
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3. Phan Ngpe Mai Phffdng, Nguydn Hodng Ha, Ho Cdng Hffdng (2014). Hffdng di nao cho eae nganh kinh te'bien chu life trong cue dien mdi, Tgp chi Kinh tevd Dubdo, sd'S, thang 03/2014
4. Trin Hong Quang, Ho Cdng Hffdng (2014). Phat tiien kinh td'bidn gdn vdi bao ve chu quyen qudc gia trdn bidn, dao cua Vidt Nam, Nhip cdu Tri thffc, sd07 (79), thang 7/2014
5. Ashley J. Tellis, Travis Tanner, and Jessica Keough (2011). The executive brief of strategic Asia 2011-12; Asia responds to its rising powers China and India, Published in the United States of America byThe National Bureau of Asian Research, Seattle, WA, and Washington, D.C
