PENDAHULUAN
In this world 5.0 era whereby educational institutions are increasing every day, there is a demand or requires a leadership that is apprised with the challenges facing educational institutions and can approve administrative techniques to bring panacea to administrative challenges in educational institutions or any organization. According to Ololube (2013) posits that to be a good leader, one must have the experience, knowledge, commitment, patience and most important the skill to negotiate and work with others to achieve goals.
Again, Bass (1985) affirmed that a leader should transform followers, creating visions of
the goal that may be attained and articulating for the followers and the ways to attain those goals.
Leadership involves how to influence and to make positive impacts on any educational institution or organization, to subordinates, staff members by making productive decisions for the development of the organization. In educational institutions, leaders are directing their efforts to the subordinate like teachers and other non-teaching staff to attain settled goals or to accomplish goals. Leaders in educational institutions are called to give what is needed like service by leading and empowerment other individuals in institutions to make significant decisions. Leaders should show and inspire
Leadership Style: A universal cure for facing 5.0 Era for
Administrative challenges in Educational Institutions
people (subordinates and followers) to make decisions that will bring the development of an organization or educational institution. This implies that the educational leaders must undergo or acquire leadership qualities to enable them to stand on the time trial.
Okorie (2010) asserted that leadership involves the maintenance of an organization in terms of keeping the organization together, satisfying individual needs, encouraging self- direction, promoting interdependence and preserving harmony in the organization. In other words, leadership is the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing organizational goals. And this process can be found everywhere, it starts at the family level to the other levels like group level, community level, up to the national level. Likely any organization in this world has leadership, same to our educational institutions have leadership whereby leaders are influencing the subordinates and followers. Those education leaders are the ones who set goals, making decisions and achieving desired goals and keeping the individual group voluntarily together and harmony.
The word leadership, its history starts from ancient times whereby great men or philosophers discussed it. And this topic is long and widespread of concerning worldwide especially in the 5.0 era. Leadership is very important because the development of educational institutions or organizations are contributed by leadership or affected by leadership. To reach the 5.0 era and develop, there is a need to put the effort in leadership because the core essentials for development in any organization or educational institutions is good leadership. There is a need to have an effective leader who will motivate, ensure the goals and objectives of educational institutions are achieved. A good leader always inspires, directs and motivates the ongoing activities to help the organization to achieve its goals.
Ololube (2013) stated that an ineffective leader always does not contribute the organizational progress and can defame the organizational goal accomplishment. He further asserted that leadership involves a type of responsibility aimed at achieving particular ends by applying
the available resources and ensuring a cohesive and orderly organization in the process.
Udofoto (2009) pointed out that, leadership is about an individual exercising social influence over other members of a group, that leadership involves the use of non-coercive but motivational influence for repositioning advantage. Good leadership can be a panacea for existing administrative challenges in educational institutions or any organization. If any organization or educational institutions want to develop or grow, there is a need to have not only good leadership but effective leadership to foster the development in this 5.0 era.
METODE
According to Obeka (2007) asserted that administration in a complementary sense is the application of authority for the good of all people in the system; it has to do with enforcing compliance with policies, performances, circulars and other forms of instructions/directives from superior officers in the school system. This implies that administrative challenges in any educational institution can be solved by not only good leadership but effective leadership. In an educational institution, leadership always emphasizes on bringing human resources and materials together for effective and functional to foster the development of educational institution or any organizations. All administrative challenges can pull down the development of any organization especially in this 5.0 era, therefore if suitable leadership style used in educational institutions, leadership can be a panacea to all problems facing educational institutions (Okoroma, 2007). Effective leadership style can be conceptualized as workable approaches to creatively direct, control and utilize the efforts of people and available materials towards the achievement of stated goals and objectives of educational institutions within the provided regulations.
What is leadership?
The word leadership has been defined by different scholars all around the world according to their context and this remained an interesting
topic till today. Okai (2013) defined leadership as the ability to lead a group of people in an organization for the attainment of an objective.
This means that leadership occurs when there are followers and leaders and all they want to attain a certain set of goals in any organization.
Leadership deals with coordinating, motivating or inspire workers and groups to achieve the organizational goals. Davis (2003) said the term leadership implies movement taking the organization or some part of it in a new direction, solving problems, being creatives, initiating new programs, building the organizational structure and improving the quality of an organization. That movement should be influenced by a person who is considered a leader in the organization. The organization can be educational institutions or companies or non-government organizations, profit-making organization and so on. Hersey and Blanchard (1977) posit that leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts towards goals achievement in a given situation. This influence can be in a relationship to speed up the development of the organization to achieve the organization's goals. The group of people who have the same mission and vision in an organization can be influenced by leadership.
Also according to Michael et al, (2010) defined leadership as an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes that reflect their mutual purposes. According to this definition, anyone can be a leader but not everyone is a good leader. Therefore, the mutual relationship among people in any organization can be influenced by leadership so that to make real changes that reflect their organizational goals. Leadership has to do with the art of coordination and motivating or stimulating individual workers and groups to achieve organizational goals. It also anchors the ability to influence others to act in a certain way to achieve desired goals and objectives. This implies that the optional and judicious relationships of leadership with followership are based on identified typologies towards the achievement of set goals.
In educational institutions, a leader is an administrator who always directs all activities of
the group of workers (teachers, non-teaching staff) and works towards motivating them to achieve the educational institutions' objectives.
In this light, leaders in educational institutions always deal with motivating staff, performance assessment, and appraisal, staff development, discipline and control and direction of all activities to achieve the organizational goals.
Oluwuo (2004) noted the basic concept of leadership which are;
Leadership always involves other people (followers or subordinates). Therefore no leader if there are no followers or subordinates.
Leadership always involves the use of influence- a moderate form of power.
This means that even those autocratic leaders always influence a small group of people before they change into dictatorship.
The leadership process involves the unequal distribution of power between leaders and followers or group members.
Leadership is a process that is an ongoing activity engaged in by individuals in an organization.
Leadership always focuses on the accomplishment of goals in any organization. The core outcome of the leadership process is goal accomplishment.
This paper focused on leadership limited within bounds which hold that only people in leadership positions are leaders and leadership positions are institutionalized. For example, the commissioner of education, minister of education, lecturers, teachers, etc. it is their statutory position that qualifies their being called leaders.
PEMBAHASAN
According to Okai (2013), leadership style describes the behavior leader's exhibit in the course of directing followers to meet a common goal. This implies that educational institutions, leadership styles could be seen through the behavior they expose in the course of directing their followers to achieve educational institution's objectives. The function of educational leaders is to initiate and influence
staff towards achieving the goals and objectives by motivating, budgeting, coordinating the institution, planning and organizing in any organization.
Ololube (2017) posits that leadership styles are the approaches used to motivate followers or subordinates in any educational institution.
Therefore, leadership style should be carefully selected and adapted to fit any educational institutions or any organization or group and individuals. In this 5.0 era, there is a need to selected an effective leadership style that can bring positive impacts to educational institutions to go parallel with country needs.
Leadership style can be a universal cure to administrative challenges that educational institutions facing today. If a good and effective leadership style be selected among many leadership styles can help to reduce administrative problems which educational institutions are facing in this 5.0 era.
Ololube (2017) identified seven leadership styles which among those seven leadership styles, there is some of them if used effectively can be a panacea or universal cure for administrative challenges in this 5.0 era.
Autocratic Leadership Style
In this style of leadership, the leader alone dictates to the subordinate what should be done (Sydänmaanlakka, 2003). This implies that in education institutions or any organization, the principal or manager as a leader takes the decision alone and dictates to the teachers and other staff who are under him. In other words, he does not involve them in decision making.
An autocratic leader does not allow their staff (teachers or followers) to make use of their initiation and discretion as they take absolute control of the work. There is the impossibility of free-flow of communication. A principal possessing this style of leadership maintains downward communication that is, communication from superordinates (principals) to subordinates (the least staff). Principals with this style always reprimand their staff and hardly give praise for worker (teachers) good performance. Okorie (2000) buttresses that this style of leadership tends to be personal in his praise and criticism of the work of each
member. Olowuo (2004) summarized the characteristics of autocratic style as follows:
1. Autocratic leader is very conscious of his position;
2. He has little trust and faith in his subordinates;
He feels that pay just rewards for work and is the only reward that will motivate the worker;
He gives orders and demands that they are carried out. No questions are allowed and no explanation was given;
3. Group members assume no responsibility for performance and merely do what they are told;
4. Production is good when the leader is present but drops in his absence. All these features constitute an autocratic leader.
Bureaucratic Leadership Style
This style of leadership constitutes the rules and regulations of the organization. Leaders, in this case, follow rules to the latter, no compromise and also ensure that the subordinates follow procedures. Shaefer (2005) opined that Bureaucratic leadership is useful in an organization where employees (staff) do routine tasks. Sandrock (2007) explains that one of the setbacks of this type of leadership is that it is ineffective in teams and organizations that rely on flexibility, creativity or innovation.
Bureaucratic style of leadership emphasizes effective supervision and efficiency, leads to unity of command, resulting in clarity and precision in the attainment of organizational goals.
Charismatic Leadership Style
The charismatic leadership style is transformational. The charismatic leader relies on his aura, his personality, and his inspirational qualities, he also relies on his ability, he is competent and he is tactical in approaching problems (Hughes et al 2006). In educational institutions, educational leaders with charismatic leadership command unchallengeable respect among staff because they are adored and loved (Ololube, 2013). The negative side of charismatic leadership is the amount of confidence placed in the leader rather
than in employees and this can create the risk of a project or even in an entire organization collapsing if the leader leaves. This leadership style is less effective hence cannot provide positive impacts to the organization because the whole amount of confidence is placed on the one person rather than to all people in the organization.
Democratic/Participative Leadership Style The democratic leadership encourages people to participate and involve themselves in the decision-making process (Hughes et al 2006).
The democratic leader encourages creativity and initiative. In educational institutions, the leader that operates a democratic style of leadership promotes greater group productivity, teachers and non-teachers shaped by the type of leadership style are usually more mature, capable of achieving the institutional objective and less aggressive. This is one of the leadership styles which is more effective. And if all educational leaders would adopt this type, administrative challenges would never happen in any educational institution.
Laissez-Faire Leadership Style:
This style of leadership offers the subordinates complete freedom to do their work and set their ultimatums (Bass and Avolio,1996). The teams are provided with resources and advice if needed, but otherwise, do not get involved. The leader is very tolerant and the followers are free to do whatever they want. They come to work and leave whenever they like. Under such leadership, there may be no definite code, regulations, no hierarchy of authority and no way of determining whether some are wrong or right. This been when principals or school administrators do not have sufficient control over their staff.
Transactional Leadership Style:
The transactional leadership style appreciates the need to achieve organizational goals but at the same time make sure that individuals members' needs are not ignored as they strive towards institutional goals (Hughes et al 2006). In this type of leadership, the workers before getting the job will agree to obey
their leader (Xiaoxia and Jing 2006). In this case, the leader has a right to punish or discipline group members if their work does not meet an appropriate standard.
KESIMPULAN
Administrative challenges in this 5.0 era can be solved by using an effective leadership style which will make the educational institutions or an organization grow. In other words, all problems or challenges which exist in educational institutions are caused by poor leadership in those institutions. Administrative efficiency and effectiveness in educational institutions lie like leadership style adopted by the leaders in those institutions or organizations.
This means that the realization of organizational goals to a greater extent depends on the style of leadership introduced by the leaders. It is a fact that this paper focused on educational leaders who play a great role in the development of the educational institutions as leaders and as such they categorically fall under functional leadership, this is because of their possession of certain academic and administrative experiences. One will say that principals should always embark on leadership training for them to be acquainted with recent administrative and leadership innovation in the system. The principal as leaders takes initiative to assist the teachers to move towards the realization of acceptable goals. Leadership has many theories and that no one theory is usually accepted but, it can be introduced depending on the circumstances that prevail. A leadership style according to Okoroma (2016) explains that it is a leader’s typical way of behaving towards group members or followers. Leadership style varies from one leader to the other and every environment has its influence on the style of leadership to be adopted. This assertion anchored on the factors that determine leadership styles in the school system.
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PENDAHULUAN
Era revolusi industri 4.0 saat ini, pendidikan dihadapkan pada tantangan yang semakin kompleks. Perubahan terjadi begitu cepat dan non linier tanpa bisa diprediksi apa yang akan terjadi. Berbicara pendidikan berarti otomatis orientasinya adalah ke masa depan. Bagi pendidikan ini adalah masa yang penting bukan hanya berfokus pada pelayanan yang optimal dan berkualitas saja namun juga bagaimana menentukan eksistensi pendidikan itu sendiri terhadap mutu lulusan pendidikan. Hanya ada dua pilihan “berubah” atau “mati”. Jika memilih berubah maka pegiat pendidikan harus bisa
cepat beradaptasi terhadap kemajuan zaman dan perubahan era.
Setelah era 4.0 ini, Indonesia akan segera menghadapi era society 5.0 yang baru diluncurkan oleh negara Jepang pada bulan Januari 2019 lalu. Menurut Arief Budiman (2019), era society 5.0 dikenal dengan super- smart society, yaitu tatanan masyarakat yang berpusat pada human centered dan technology oriented, dimana manusia adalah bagian dari teknologi itu sendiri. Ini berarti tantangan pendidikan akan lebih berat apabila sumber daya manusianya tidak dipersiapkan dengan matang. Karena tantangan pendidikan kedepan bukan lagi masalah akses dan pemerataan